AP Biology Exam Review

Topic 1.1: Structure of Water and Hydrogen Bonding

Learning SYI-1.A Explain how the properties of water that result from its polarity and hydrogen bonding
Objective affect its biological function.
 I can describe a hydrogen bond.
 I can explain how two strands of DNA bind to create the double helix.
 I can explain ways that R groups affect the structure of a protein.
I can…  I can identify the properties of water caused by hydrogen bonds.
 I can explain what makes water polar.
 I can explain what moves water against gravity up a capillary tube.
 I can explain what allows a water strider to walk on water.
A weak bond that is formed from an electrostatic attraction between proton and a electronegative atom in other
1. What is a hydrogen bond? They are found between the hydrogen atom of one water molecule and pair of electrons on a neighboring oxygen
2. Where are hydrogen bonds found in water? H2o molecule
3. Where are hydrogen bonds found in DNA? Between 2 strands
a. How many hydrogen bonds are found between each complementary base pairing? A-T 2 hydrogen bonds C - G 3 hydrogen bonds
4. What is the structure of an amino acid? R - CH (-NH2)
a. What are the three options for the R group? Non-polar, uncharged polar and charged polar R groups
The polar is water loving hydrophilic and nonpolar is
b. For each R group option, describe the polarity and justify your response.
hydrophobic
5. What are three properties of water? heat specific , cohesion and adhesionHydrogen bonds are formed by the polar nature of water molecules. Water has distinct
a. How did hydrogen bonding allow for each property?
qualities as a result, including high specific heat, comparatively high boiling point,
6. Describe why water is considered a polar molecule?
cohesion, adhesion, and density.
7. Using the properties of water, describe how water can move up a capillary tube to move from the roots to the leaves
in a plant.
8. Using the properties of water, describe how a water strider can walk on water.

6) The electrons in the molecule tend to 7) Water that adheres to a vessel's 8) Some things work together to allow water

clump closer to the oxygen atoms than walls will push the liquid upward at striders to walk on top of the water. Water

the hydrogen atoms because oxygen the edges, creating an upward- striders stay above the water by using their

has a higher electronegativity than turning meniscus. When the long, hydrophobic legs and the high surface

hydrogen. cohesive forces between the liquid tension of the water. Water striders' specially

molecules are weaker than the designed legs and evenly distributed weight

adhesion to the walls, capillary allow them to take advantage of this surface

action takes place. tension.

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 AP Biology Exam Review
Topic 1.2: Elements of Life
Learning ENE-1.A Describe the composition of macromolecules required by living organisms.
Objective
 I can identify the macromolecules required by living organisms.
 I can describe the function of proteins in living organisms.
 I can describe the function of lipids in living organisms.
 I can describe the function of carbohydrates in living organisms.
 I can describe the function of nucleic acids in living organisms.
 I can describe how the R group affects the folding of a protein.
 I can identify the elements found in carbohydrates.
I can…  I can identify the elements found in proteins.
 I can identify the elements found in nucleic acids.
 I can identify the elements found in lipids.
 I can describe how macromolecules are formed.
 I can describe how macromolecules are broken down.
 I can identify which macromolecules contain nitrogen.
 I can identify which macromolecules contain phosphorus.
 I can identify which macromolecules contain sulfur.

1. What are the four macromolecules? Carbohydrates, lipids , fats and nucleic acids
2. What are the elements found in a carbohydrate? Carbon , hydrogen and oxygen
3. What are three functions of carbohydrates in living organisms? They include the synthesis of energy, storage of energy, synthesis of macromolecules,
4. What are the elements found in a protein? CO2,H, O2 and N2 protein sparing, and support of lipid metabolism.

a. What are the functional groups found in all amino acids? (-NH2) (-COOH) 8 (a) The three main types of lipids
5. What are three functions of proteins in living organisms? Hormones, Enzymes and transport are triacylglycerols, phospholipids,
6. What are the elements found in nucleic acids? Carbon , hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen and phosphorus
and sterols, with triacylglycerols
a. What are parts found in all nucleotides? Adenine, Thymine , Guanine and Cytosine
being the most abundant dietary
7. What are three functions of nucleic acids in living organisms? Cell Signaling, Metabolism and Enzyme reactions
lipid found in fried foods, oils, dairy
8. What are the elements found in a lipid? Carbon, hydrogen and Oxygen
products, and meats.
a. How are the three different types of lipids different?
9. What are three functions of lipids in living organisms? serve as structural components of cells,function also as energy houses and signaling molecules
10. Which macromolecule(s) contain nitrogen? Nucleic acids and proteins
11. Which macromolecule(s) contain phosphorus? ADP
12. Which macromolecule(s) contain sulfur? Carbon, hydrogen, oxygen and nitrogen
13. How does the R group affect the folding of the protein? (include polar and nonpolar R groups) The side chains of polypeptides interact to
14. What is dehydration? Less amount of tissue fluid form a unique protein structure that is

a. Provide an example of dehydration. Shriveled skin necessary for the function of the

15. What is hydrolysis? the dissolution of a compound chemically brought on by an interaction with water. polypeptide within the cell.

a. Provide an example of hydrolysis. Soap is an example of hydrolysis

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 AP Biology Exam Review
Topic 1.3: Introduction to Biological Macromolecules
Learning SYI-1.B Describe the properties of the monomers and the type of bonds that connect the monomers
Objective in biological macromolecules.
 I can describe the process of hydrolysis.
 I can describe the process of dehydration.
I can…  I can identify the bond between carbohydrate monomers.
 I can identify the bond between protein monomers.
 I can identify the bond between nucleic acid monomers.

1. What is the hydrolysis? the dissolution of a compound chemically brought on by an interaction with water.
a. Identify inputs and outputs using a specific example. Urea- Outputs ammonia and Carbon Dioxide and Input is Urea
2. What is the dehydration? Insufficient amount of less tissue Using the example of dehydration synthesis Inputs , hydrogen monomer
a. Identify inputs and outputs using a specific example. + hydroxyl group and H20
3. What type of bond is found in carbohydrates? glycosidic bond
a. Specifically, where is this bond located? formed during dehydration synthesis
4. What type of bond is found between protein monomers? peptide bonds
a. Specifically, where is this bond located? In within the proteins
5. What type of bond is found between nucleic acid monomers? phosphodiester bonds
a. Specifically, where is this bond located? located between the hydroxyl group of two sugars and a phosphate group

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 AP Biology Exam Review
Topic 1.4: Properties of Biological Macromolecules
Learning SYI-1.B Describe the properties of the monomers and the type of bonds that connect the monomers
Objective in biological macromolecules.
 I can describe the structural components of the monomer of a carbohydrate.
 I can describe the structural components of the monomer of a protein.
 I can describe the structural components of the monomer of a nucleic acid.
 I can describe the structural components of a phospholipid.
I can…
 I can describe the difference between the bonds of starch and cellulose.
 I can describe the structural differences between DNA and RNA.
 I can identify an R group as hydrophobic, hydrophilic, or ionic.
 I can describe the effect of level of saturation on function of lipids.

1. What is the monomer of a carbohydrate? Sugar

a. Identify the components of the monomer. contains carbon, oxygen molecules and hydrogen
2. What is the monomer of a protein? Amino acids
a. Identify the components of the monomer. Carboxyl group, hydrogen and a side chain
3. What is the monomer of a nucleic acid? nucleotide
a. Identify the components of the monomer. RNA or DNA and 4 bases , A-T and C-G
4. Identify the components of a phospholipid. Phospholipids consist of fatty acids, a platform, a phosphate, and an alcohol attached to the phosphate, forming a
has differents placements of hydroxyl groups
5. Starch vs. Cellulose crucial component of cell membranes.

a. What type of bond is found in starch? Glycosidic bond

b. What type of bond is found in cellulose? hydrogen bond
c. Which bond can be broken by animals? Covalent bond
6. Compare and contrast DNA and RNA using the following chart:
DNA RNA
Pentose Sugar yes yes
Nitrogenous Bases yes A-T C-G yes T--U and C-G

Strandedness 5' to 3' and 3' to 5'

5' to 3' only one strand
(traditionally) Antiparallel

7. Identify the group as hydrophobic, hydrophilic, or charged?

Hydrophilic hydrophobic Hydrophilic

hydrophobic Hydrophilic hydrophobic

8. How does a saturated and unsaturated fatty acid differ? Double bonds distinguish unsaturated fatty acids.
a. How does the level of saturation affect the function of the lipid?
Saturation level affects lipid function through membrane fluidity and stability.

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 AP Biology Exam Review
Topic 1.5: Structure and Function of Biological Macromolecules
Learning SYI-1.C Explain how a change in the subunits of a polymer may lead to changes in structure or
Objective function of the macromolecule.
 I can explain how changes in the subunits of a protein may lead to changes in structure.
 I can explain how changes in the subunits of a protein may lead to changes in function.
 I can explain how changes in the subunits of a nucleic acid may lead to changes in structure.
 I can explain how changes in the subunits of a nucleic acid may lead to changes in function.
 I can describe the directionality of a nucleic acid.
 I can describe the directionality of a protein.
 I can identify the appropriate base pairing based on Chargaff’s rules.
I can…  I can identify the location of a growing nucleic acid strand.
 I can describe the levels of folding found in a protein.
 I can describe the structure of carbohydrate polymers.
 I can describe the structure of nucleic acid polymers.
 I can describe the structure of protein polymers.
 I can describe the structure of a fat.
 I can describe the structure of a phospholipid.
 I can describe the structure of a steroid.

A protein's three-dimensional form

1. Describe how a nonpolar to polar R group substitution changes the structure and function of a protein.
is determined by the interaction of
2. Describe how a cytosine to thymine substitution changes the structure and function of DNA.
hydrophobic and hydrophilic amino
• Note this is a pyrimidine-to-pyrimidine substitution
acids during folding, and changing
3. Describe how a cytosine to guanine substitution changes the structure and function of DNA.
the R group from nonpolar to polar
• Note this is a pyrimidine-to-purine substitution
can affect the structure and
4. Describe how a deoxyribose to ribose changes the structure and function of a nucleic acid.
5. Describe the structure of the nucleic acid polymer. Nucleic acid: polymer of nucleotides, carrying genetic information andfunctional function.
properties of the protein.

a. What are the ends called and what is found at each end? 5' and 3' ends.
b. Which end is the location of the growing nucleic acid strand? 3' end is the growing location of nucleic acids.
The complementary base pairings found in nucleic acids are adenine (A) with
6. What are the complementary base pairings found in nucleic acids?
thymine (T) in DNA or uracil (U) in RNA and cytosine (C) with guanine (G).
a. Identify the number of hydrogen bonds found between these two nitrogenous bases. 2 between A-t and 3 between C-G
7. Use the following chart to describe the levels of folding found in proteins.
Level of Folding Description Types of Bonds
1. Primary Structure: Linear sequence of amino acids joined by peptide bonds.
Primary
Secondary 2. Secondary Structure: Local folding patterns (alpha helix, beta sheet) stabilized by hydrogen bonds.

Tertiary 3. Tertiary Structure: Overall three-dimensional folding stabilized by. various interactions.

Quaternary 4. Quaternary Structure: Arrangement of multiple protein subunits interacting to. form a functional unit.
8. What are the ends of a protein called and what is found at each end? The amino group is found at the N terminus; a carboxyl group is found at the C
a. Which end is the location of the growing polypeptide strand? terminus
9. Describe the structure of a carbohydrate polymer.
10. What are the components of a fat molecule? glycerol backbone (3 carbon atoms, 5 hydrogen atoms, and 3 hydroxyl groups) and fatty acids.
11. What are the components of a phospholipid?A phospholipid consists of a glycerol molecule, two fatty acids (hydrophobic tails), and a phosphate group
12. Describe the structure of a steroid. (hydrophilic, negatively-charged head) modified by an alcohol.
Fused ring structure .Four linked carbon rings

8 (a) Through dehydration synthesis, the amino

9) Carbohydrates, composed of two or more
group of an incoming amino acid reacts and joins
simple sugars, are polymers containing a
with the carboxyl group of the existing chain.
ratio of 1 carbon, 2 hydrogen, and 1 oxygen

atom, along with hydroxyl groups.

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 AP Biology Exam Review
Topic 1.6: Nucleic Acid
Learning IST-1.A Describe the structural similarities and differences between DNA and RNA.
Objective
 I can describe the structure of DNA
 I can describe the structure of RNA
 I can describe the structural similarities between DNA and RNA
I can…  I can describe the sugar differences between DNA and RNA
 I can describe the nitrogenous base differences between DNA and RNA
 I can describe the structural differences between polymers of DNA and RNA
 I can describe the structural differences between directionality of DNA and RNA

1. What are the three components of a DNA or RNA molecule? Pentose sugar., nitrogenous base and phosphate group
2. Identify differences between DNA and RNA using the following chart:
DNA RNA
Pentose Sugar Deoxyribose Ribose
Nitrogenous Base Adenine to Thymine Thymine to Uracil

Difference Guanine to Cytosine Guanine to Cytosine

Strandedness
Double Stranded Single stranded
(traditionally)
Directionality 5' to 3' 3' to 5'

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 AP Biology Exam Review
Multiple Choice Practice
1. Scientists examined the folded structure of a purified protein resuspended in water and found that amino acids with
nonpolar R groups were primarily buried in the middle of the protein, whereas amino acids with polar R groups were
primarily on the surface of the protein. Which of the following best explains the location of the amino acids in the
folded protein?
a. Polar R groups on the surface of the protein can form ionic bonds with the charged ends of the water
molecules.
b. Polar R groups are too bulky to fit in the middle of the protein and are pushed toward the protein’s surface.
c. Nonpolar R groups that cannot form hydrogen bonds with water are pushed into the middle of the protein.
d. Nonpolar R groups from different parts of the protein form covalent bonds with each other to maintain the
protein’s structure.

2. Rosalind Franklin’s x-ray diffraction images taken in the 1950s most directly support which of the following claims
about DNA?
a. The ratios of base pairs are constant.
b. The nucleotide sequence determines genetic information.
c. The two strands of DNA are antiparallel.
d. The basic molecular structure is a helix.

3. Which of the following does not result from hydrogen bonding in water molecules?
a. Cohesion c. Surface Tension
b. Adhesion d. Dissolving fats

4. Why is water considered polar?

a. Nonpolar covalent bonds in structure c. Polar covalent bonds in structure
b. Ionic bonds in structure d. Hydrophobic interaction in structure

5. Which macromolecule(s) have nitrogen?

a. Carbohydrates c. Nucleic Acids
b. Proteins d. Nucleic Acids & Proteins

6. Which macromolecule(s) have phosphorus?

a. Carbohydrates c. Nucleic Acids
b. Proteins d. Fats

7. Which macromolecule(s) have sulfur?

a. Carbohydrates c. Nucleic Acids
b. Proteins d. Fats

8. Describes the forming of a bond between monomers with the removal of a water molecule.
a. Hydrolysis b. Dehydration

9. Describes the breaking of a bond within a polymer using water.

a. Hydrolysis b. Dehydration

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 AP Biology Exam Review
10. Which of the following is NOT in the monomer of a nucleic acid?
a. pentose sugar c. phosphate
b. nitrogenous base d. amino acid

11. Which of the following is NOT in the monomer of a protein?

a. Amine Group c. Carboxyl Group
b. R Group d. Nitrogenous Base

12. Describe the orientation of the phospholipids in the membrane.

a. Phospholipids orient in bilayer with hydrophilic heads on exterior
b. Phospholipids orient in monolayer with hydrophilic head on extracellular
c. Phospholipids orient in bilayer with hydrophobic tails on exterior
d. Phospholipids orient in monolayer with hydrophobic tails on extracellular

13. How is DNA/RNA synthesis directionally oriented?

a. new nucleotides are added to 5' phosphate
b. new nucleotides are added to 3' phosphate
c. new nucleotides are added to 5' hydroxyl
d. new nucleotides are added to 3' hydroxyl

14. Identify the pairing and number of bonds in DNA double helix
a. A pairs with T (2 bonds) & G pairs with C (3 bonds)
b. A pairs with G (2 bonds) & T pairs with C (3 bonds)
c. A pairs with T (3 bonds) & G pairs with C (2 bonds)
d. A pairs with G (3 bonds) & T pairs with C (2 bonds)

15. What component of the polypeptide is the next amino acid added forming the peptide bond?
a. amino group c. carboxyl group
b. hydrogen d. R group

16. Which protein involves R group bonding to form the final three-dimensional structure?
a. primary c. tertiary
b. secondary d. quaternary

17. Which protein structure involves the peptide bonds between amino acids?
a. primary c. tertiary
b. secondary d. quaternary

18. DNA and RNA differ on many qualities, which of the following is NOT a difference?
a. Sugar c. Phosphate Group
b. Nitrogenous Base d. Strandedness

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 AP Biology Exam Review
Multiple Choice Key
Question Correct Answer Unit/Topic Source
1 C. Nonpolar R groups that cannot form hydrogen bonds with water are pushed 1.4 2020
into the middle of the protein. CED #12
2 D. The basic molecular structure is a helix. 1.5 2013 #6
3 D. Dissolving fats 1.1 Self
4 C. Polar covalent bonds in structure 1.1 Self
5 D. Nucleic Acids & Proteins 1.2 Self
6 C. Nucleic Acids 1.2 Self
7 B. Proteins 1.2 Self
8 B. Dehydration 1.3 Self
9 A. Hydrolysis 1.3 Self
10 D. Amino Acid 1.4 Self
11 D. Nitrogenous Base 1.4 Self
12 A. Phospholipids orient in bilayer with hydrophilic heads on exterior 1.4 Self
13 D. new nucleotides are added to 3' hydroxyl 1.5 Self
14 A. A pairs with T (2 bonds) & G pairs with C (3 bonds) 1.5 Self
15 C. carboxyl group 1.5 Self
16 C. tertiary 1.5 Self
17 A. primary 1.5 Self
18 C. Phosphate Group 1.6 Self

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 AP Biology Exam Review
Multiple Choice Explanations
Q Explanation:
A Polar groups are formed from polar covalent bonding (unequal sharing of electrons) which gives the polar
groups a partial charge. An ionic bond is the attractive bond between an cation and an anion which result
from the loss or gain of an electron.
B Polar groups will be attracted to the polar nature of water resulting in the polar groups on the surface of
the protein.
1 C Nonpolar groups are formed from nonpolar covalent bonding (equal sharing of electrons) which results in no
partial charge. The absence of the partial charge inhibits the hydrogen bonding with water molecules which
are polar.
D Bonding (including covalent) between R groups will allow for covalent bonding (and other bonds). It does not
apply to only the nonpolar R groups nor does it explain the location of the polar R groups on surface and
nonpolar R groups buried in the middle (as stated in the prompt).
A The images would be unable to show the nitrogenous bases thus unable to determine the ratios
B The images would be unable to show the nitrogenous bases thus unable to determine the nucleotide
sequence

2 C The images would be unable to show the phosphate versus hydroxyl groups thus unable to determine the
directionality (to determine antiparallel)
D The image clearly shows a circular shape with an X through the middle. This demonstrates there are two
strands or a double helix (circular shape) with binding in the middle of nitrogenous bases (making the X
shape).
A Cohesion is due to water molecules hydrogen binding to one another
B Adhesion is due to water molecules hydrogen binding to other polar molecules

3 C
D
Surface tension of water is due to water molecules hydrogen bonding to one another at the surface
Dissolving fats involves the water molecules surrounding the fat molecule creating a hydration shell. The
fats are nonpolar while the water molecules are polar, which means there are no hydrogen bonds formed
between these two.
A Nonpolar covalent bonds are the result of equally sharing valence electrons. This equal sharing does not
result in partial charges that allow for the polar nature of water.
B Ionic bonds result from the gain or loss of electrons resulting in opposite charged ions. Water does not have

4 C
ionic bonds as these come form between metals and nonmetals.
Polar covalent bonds are the result of unequally sharing valence electrons. This unequal sharing results in
partial charges that allow for the polar nature of water.
D Hydrophobic interaction results from nonpolar (hydrophobic) groups associating. Nonpolar bonds result
from equal sharing due to a similar electronegativity between the atoms.
A Carbohydrates are made up of only carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen.
B Great Job! Proteins do have nitrogen in their amino groups. You didn’t read all of the answer choices.
5 C Great Job! Nucleic acids do have nitrogen in their nitrogenous base. You didn’t read all of the answer
choices.
D Nucleic acids have nitrogen in their nitrogenous bases and proteins have nitrogen in their amino group.
A Carbohydrates are made up of only carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen.

6 B
C
Proteins are made up of carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen, and sulfur.
Nucleic acids are made up of carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen, and phosphorus.
D Fats are made up of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen.
A Carbohydrates are made up of only carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen.

7 B
C
Proteins are made up of carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen, and sulfur.
Nucleic acids are made up of carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen, and phosphorus.
D Fats are made up of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen.
A Hydrolysis involves breaking a water molecule to break a bond between monomers of a polymer.

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 AP Biology Exam Review
B Dehydration involves forming a water molecule and forming a bond between monomers of a polymer. The
8 hydroxyl group combines with the hydrogen resulting in the water molecule that is removed.

A Hydrolysis involves breaking a water molecule to break a bond between monomers of a polymer.
9 B Dehydration involves forming a water molecule and forming a bond between monomers of a polymer. The
hydroxyl group combines with the hydrogen resulting in the water molecule that is removed.
A Pentose sugar is in nucleotides. DNA has a deoxyribose. RNA has a ribose.

10 B
C
Nitrogenous bases are in nucleotides. DNA has A, T, C, & G. RNA has A, U, C, & G.
Phosphates are in ALL nucleotides.
D Amino acids are the monomer for proteins and not found in the nucleotide monomer.
A Amine group is in an amino acid. It makes up the N-terminus of the protein.
B R group is the variable group found in all amino acids.
11 C
D
Carboxyl group is in an amino acid. It makes up the C-terminus of the protein.
Nitrogenous bases are found in the nucleotide monomer of nucleic acids. This is not found in the amino acid
monomer.
A Phospholipids are composed of a polar phosphate group and two nonpolar fatty acid tails. Since the
phosphates are polar, there will be bilayer with these polar groups facing the aqueous intracellular and
extracellular region.
B Phospholipids will not orient into a monolayer since the intracellular and extracellular areas are both
12 C
aqueous, so the nonpolar fatty acids need to associate together in the interior.
Phospholipids will orient into a bilayer, but the fatty acids tails are hydrophobic. The tails will associate to
the interior of the membrane to avoid the water/polar substances.
D Phospholipids will not orient into a monolayer since the intracellular and extracellular areas are both
aqueous, so the nonpolar fatty acids need to associate together in the interior.
A DNA/RNA is synthesized in the 5’ to 3’ direction. At the 5’ end, there is a phosphate. Since it is
synthesized 5’ to 3’, the new nucleotides will be added to a 3’ end not a 5’ end.
B DNA/RNA is synthesized in the 5’ to 3’ direction. At the 3’ end, there is a hydroxyl group. Since it is

13 C
synthesized 5’ to 3’, the new nucleotides will be added to a 3’ hydroxyl group.
DNA/RNA is synthesized in the 5’ to 3’ direction. At the 5’ end, there is a phosphate. Since it is
synthesized 5’ to 3’, the new nucleotides will be added to a 3’ end not a 5’ end.
D DNA/RNA is synthesized in the 5’ to 3’ direction. At the 3’ end, there is a hydroxyl group. Since it is
synthesized 5’ to 3’, the new nucleotides will be added to a 3’ hydroxyl group.
A Based on the base pairing rules, A pairs with T and C pairs with G. It is important to know the number of
hydrogen bonds between them. There are 2 between A and T (remember since there are two lines that make
the T) and there are 3 between C and G (remember since C is the third letter in the alphabet).
B A and G do not pair together as these are both purines. C and T do not pair together as these are both

14 C
pyrimidines. In order to maintain, equal width in the double helix a purine binds with a pyrimidine.
A and T do pair together and C and G do pair together. This answer choice has the wrong number of
hydrogen bonds. There are 2 between A and T (remember since there are two lines that make the T) and
there are 3 between C and G (remember since C is the third letter in the alphabet).
D A and G do not pair together as these are both purines. C and T do not pair together as these are both
pyrimidines. In order to maintain, equal width in the double helix a purine binds with a pyrimidine.
A A peptide bond forms between the carboxyl group of one amino acid and the amine group of the next amino
acid. The amine group is the NEXT amino acid.
B A peptide bond forms between the carboxyl group of one amino acid and the amine group of the next amino
15 acid. The hydrogen group is not involved in the peptide bond. The hydrogen group is involved in the hydrogen
bonding in the secondary structure.
C A peptide bond forms between the carboxyl group of one amino acid and the amine group of the next amino
acid.

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 AP Biology Exam Review
D A peptide bond forms between the carboxyl group of one amino acid and the amine group of the next amino
acid. The R group is not involved in the peptide bond. The R group is involved in the bonding in the tertiary and
quaternary structure.
A Primary structure is the “string of amino acids” which involves the peptide bonds between amino acids
B Secondary structure is the alpha helix and beta pleated sheets which involves the hydrogen bonding
16 C
between the polypeptide backbone.
Tertiary structure is the final three-dimensional structure which involves the R groups bonding
D Quaternary structure is the final three-dimensional structure with multiple polypeptides
A Primary structure is the “string of amino acids” which involves the peptide bonds between amino acids
B Secondary structure is the alpha helix and beta pleated sheets which involves the hydrogen bonding
17 C
between the polypeptide backbone.
Tertiary structure is the final three-dimensional structure which involves the R groups bonding
D Quaternary structure is the final three-dimensional structure with multiple polypeptides
A DNA has deoxyribose and RNA has ribose for their pentose sugar.
B DNA has thymine while RNA has uracil. The other three nitrogenous bases are the same (adenine, cytosine,
18 C
and guanine)
Both DNA and RNA have a phosphate group.
D DNA is traditionally a double stranded molecule while RNA is traditionally a single stranded molecule.

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