MECHANICS OF

MATERIALS 7th Edition in SI Units

Ferdinand P. Beer
E. Russell Johnston, Jr.
John T. DeWolf
Topic 3 :
David F. Mazurek

Lecture Notes:
J. Walt Oler
Bending Stresses –
Texas Tech University symmetrical section
Modified by:
Tracy Dong Ruan
Swinburne University
of Technology
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MECHANICS OF MATERIALS Beer • Johnston • DeWolf • Mazurek

Contents

1. Introduction

2. Symmetric Member in Pure Bending

3. Deformations in a Symmetric Member in Pure Bending

4. Stresses and Deformations in the Elastic Range

5. Moments of Areas

6. Deformation (curvature)

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MECHANICS OF MATERIALS Beer • Johnston • DeWolf • Mazurek

1. Introduction

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Pure Bending: members subjected to equal and opposite couples acting in

the same longitudinal plane (symmetric plane).

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MECHANICS OF MATERIALS Beer • Johnston • DeWolf • Mazurek

2. Symmetric Member in Pure Bending

A prismatic member AB possessing a plane of

symmetry and subjected to equal and opposite
couples M and M’ acting in that plane.

Following the usual convention, a positive sign

will be assigned to M when the member is bent
as sown, i.e., when the concavity of the beam
faces upward, and a negative sign otherwise.

smiley face: positive bending (moment)

sad face: negative bending (moment)

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MECHANICS OF MATERIALS Beer • Johnston • DeWolf • Mazurek

If a section is passed through the member AB at

some arbitrary point C, the conditions of
equilibrium of portion AC require that the
internal forces in the section are equivalent to the
couple M.

Thus, the internal forces in any cross section are

equivalent to the couple M. The moment of the
couple is the section bending moment.

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• Three stresses components on the section:

 x ,  xy ,  xz

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 xy  0  xy  0  zx  0  zx  0

The only non-zero stress component is x

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MECHANICS OF MATERIALS Beer • Johnston • DeWolf • Mazurek

• The sum of the components of the forces in any direction is zero.

• The system of the elementary internal forces exerted on the section is
equivalent to the couple M.

Fx  0    x dA Fy  0 Fz  0

M z  M    y x dA My 0 Mx  0

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The actual distribution of stresses in a given cross section can not be

determined from static alone. It is statically indeterminate and may be
obtained only by analysing the deformations in the member.

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MECHANICS OF MATERIALS Beer • Johnston • DeWolf • Mazurek

3. Deformations in a Symmetric Member in Pure Bending

Beam with a plane of symmetry in pure bending:

• it remains symmetric with

respect to that plane.

• it bends uniformly since the

bending moment is the same
in any cross section.

• cross-sectional plane
perpendicular to the axis of the
member remains plane and
passes through arc center C.

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MECHANICS OF MATERIALS Beer • Johnston • DeWolf • Mazurek

• Original straight line, AB, will be

transformed into a circle of centre
C. And so will the line A’B’.

• length of top (AB) decreases and

length of bottom (A’B’) increases.

• a neutral surface must exist that is parallel to the upper and lower surfaces and
for which the length does not change; the normal strain and stress are zero.

• stresses and strains are negative (compressive) above the neutral plane and
positive (tension) below it.

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MECHANICS OF MATERIALS Beer • Johnston • DeWolf • Mazurek

Strain due to bending

Consider a beam segment of length L.

After deformation, the length of the neutral
surface remains L. At other sections,
L    y 
  L  L    y      y
 y y
x    (strain varies linearly)
L  
c c
m  or ρ
 m
y
x   m
c
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MECHANICS OF MATERIALS Beer • Johnston • DeWolf • Mazurek

4. Stress and Deformations in the Elastic Range

• For a linearly elastic material,

 x  E x   y E m
c
y
  m (stress varies linearly)
c

• Static equilibrium,
y 
0  F x    x dA     m dA   m
 y dA
c c

0   m
 y dA
c

First moment with respect to neutral plane is zero. Therefore, the neutral
surface must pass through the section centroid.

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MECHANICS OF MATERIALS Beer • Johnston • DeWolf • Mazurek

• Static equilibrium,
 y 
M    y x dA    y    m  dA
 c 
m  mI
M  y dA 
2

c c
Mc
m  elastic flexure formula
I

y
Substituting  x    m
c
My
x   elastic flexure formula
I

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MECHANICS OF MATERIALS Beer • Johnston • DeWolf • Mazurek

5. Moments of Areas (Appendix A.1-A.5, P.736-745)

(1) The first moment of an area:

The first moment of an area with respect to the x axis:

Qx   A ydA

The first moment of an area with respect to the y axis:

Q y   A xdA

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Centroid of an area:

 

 A xdA  A x  A ydA  A y
 

Qy  A x Qx  A y

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MECHANICS OF MATERIALS Beer • Johnston • DeWolf • Mazurek

A rectangle possesses two axes of symmetry, the centroid C of a rectangular

area coincides with its geometry centre.

The centroid of a circular area coincides with the centre of the circle.

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MECHANICS OF MATERIALS Beer • Johnston • DeWolf • Mazurek

When the centroid C of an area can be located by symmetry, the first

moment of that area with respect to any given axis can be readily obtained.

For example: the rectangular area:

 1 1
Q y  A x  (bh)( b)  b 2 h
2 2

 1 1 2
Qx  A y  (bh)( h)  bh
2 2

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(2) Determination of the first moment and centroid of a composite area

Qx  A ydA  A1 ydA  A2 ydA  A3 ydA

  
Qx  A1 y1  A2 y 2  A3 y 3

 
Qx   Ai y i Q y   Ai x i
   
A Y   Ai y i A X   Ai x i
 
 yi Ai

 Ai x i
Y X
 Ai  Ai

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MECHANICS OF MATERIALS Beer • Johnston • DeWolf • Mazurek

Example A.02:
Locate the centroid of area A

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MECHANICS OF MATERIALS Beer • Johnston • DeWolf • Mazurek

Solution:

A1 20  80  1600 70 1600  70  112  10 3

A2 40  60  2400 30 2400  30  72  10 3

Sum 4000 184 103

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When an area possesses an axis of symmetry:

Qy  0

x0

The first moment of the area with respect to that axis is zero.

Its centroid C is located on that axis.

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When as area possesses a centre of symmetry O:

Qy  0
Qx  0

The first moment of the area about any axis through O is zero.

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MECHANICS OF MATERIALS Beer • Johnston • DeWolf • Mazurek

(3) Second Moment / moment of inertia of an area:

The second moment of an area with respect to the x axis:

I x  A y 2 dA
The second moment of an area with respect to the y axis:
I y  A x 2 dA
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MECHANICS OF MATERIALS Beer • Johnston • DeWolf • Mazurek

Polar moment of inertia

J  A  2 dA

 
J  A  2 dA  A x 2  y 2 dA  A y 2 dA  A x 2 dA  I x  I y

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Radius of gyration:

I x  rx2 A I y  ry2 A

Ix Iy
rx  ry 
A A

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MECHANICS OF MATERIALS Beer • Johnston • DeWolf • Mazurek

Example: calculate Ix and Iy

y I x   y 2 dA  hh22 y 2 dA
 hh22 y 2 bdy 

 b hh22 y 2 dy
h 2
y  3
 b  
x  3  h 2
b  h 3  h 3  bh 3
       
3  8  8  12

  h  b 3
 b 3
  3
b 3 b2
h
I y   x dA   b 2 x hdx   h     3   8    8   12
2 b2 2 x
 3  b 2   
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I x' 
bh 3 ? Ix
12

h x'
x

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MECHANICS OF MATERIALS Beer • Johnston • DeWolf • Mazurek

(4) Parallel-axis theorem:

I x  A y 2 dA

 
I x  A y 2 dA  A  y ' d  dA  A y '2 2 y ' d  d 2 dA
2

 A y '2 dA  2d A y 'dA  A d 2 dA

A y ' dA Qx '  A y '  A(0)  0

I x  A y '2 dA  A d 2 dA  I x '  Ad 2
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I x  I x '  Ad 2

y I x  I x '  Ad 2
bh 3 1 2
  bh( h)
12 4
h x' bh 3 bh 3
h/4 x  
12 16
7bh 3

48
b

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MECHANICS OF MATERIALS Beer • Johnston • DeWolf • Mazurek

(5) Determination of the moment of inertia of a composite area

Example A.06

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Solution

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MECHANICS OF MATERIALS Beer • Johnston • DeWolf • Mazurek

Mc
m  elastic flexure formula
I

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MECHANICS OF MATERIALS Beer • Johnston • DeWolf • Mazurek

Sample Problem 1

A cast-iron machine part is acted

upon by a 3 kN-m couple.
Knowing E = 165 GPa and
neglecting the effects of fillets,
determine:

(a) the maximum tensile and

compressive stresses;

(b) the radius of curvature.

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MECHANICS OF MATERIALS Beer • Johnston • DeWolf • Mazurek

SOLUTION:
(a) Based on the cross section geometry,
calculate the location of the section centroid
and moment of inertia.

Area, mm 2 y , mm yA, mm3

1 20  90  1800 50 90  103
2 40  30  1200 20 24  103
3
 A  3000  yA  114  10
3
 yA 114  10
Y    38 mm
A 3000

  121 bh3  A d 2 
I x   I  A d 2  
 12
1 90  203  1800  12 2    1 30  403  1200  182 
12
I  868  103 mm 4  868  10-9 m 4

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MECHANICS OF MATERIALS Beer • Johnston • DeWolf • Mazurek

• Apply the elastic flexural formula to find the maximum tensile and
compressive stresses.
Mc
m 
I
M c A 3 kN  m  0.022 m
A    A  76.0 MPa
I 868  10 9 m 4
M cB 3 kN  m  0.038 m
B     B  131.3 MPa
I 868  10 9 m 4

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MECHANICS OF MATERIALS Beer • Johnston • DeWolf • Mazurek

Mc M
m   elastic flexure formula
I S

I
s elastic section modulus
c

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MECHANICS OF MATERIALS Beer • Johnston • DeWolf • Mazurek

• The maximum normal stress due to bending,

Mc M
m  
I S
A beam section with a larger section modulus
will have a lower maximum stress.

• Consider a rectangular beam cross section,

I 121 bh 3 1 2 1
S   6 bh  6 Ah
c h2
Between two beams with the same cross
sectional area, the beam with the greater depth
will be more effective in resisting bending.

• Structural steel beams are designed to have a

large section modulus.
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MECHANICS OF MATERIALS Beer • Johnston • DeWolf • Mazurek

Properties of American Standard Shapes

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MECHANICS OF MATERIALS Beer • Johnston • DeWolf • Mazurek

6. Deformation

• Deformation due to bending moment M is

quantified by the curvature of the neutral surface
1 m m 1 Mc
  
 c Ec Ec I
1 M
 curvature of the neutral surface
 EI

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MECHANICS OF MATERIALS Beer • Johnston • DeWolf • Mazurek

Sample Problem 1: Solution (continued)

(b) Calculate the radius of curvature

1 M

 EI
3 kN  m


165 GPa  868 10-9 m 4 
3000 N  m

 
165 109 Pa 868 10-9 m 4 
1
The curvature is:  20.95  10 3 m -1

The radius of curvature is:   47.7 m
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MECHANICS OF MATERIALS Beer • Johnston • DeWolf • Mazurek

Summary of formulae and sample problems

Stress:
Mc My
 max  and  x  
I I

1 3
I bh  Ad 2
12

Curvature of the neutral surface

1 M

 EI

Sample Problem 1
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