DIVERSITY AMONG ANIMALS
PREPARED BY
KINGDOM ANIMALIA OVERVIEW
• Derived from Latin "anima" meaning breath or soul.
Includes all multicellular animals.
Traditional Classification
• Previously, multicellular animals were grouped as Metazoa.
• One-celled animals were classified as Protozoa.
Five Kingdom Classification System
• Adopted from the system introduced by Robert Whittaker.
• Protozoa are now classified under kingdom Protoctista.
Characteristics of Kingdom Animalia
• Consists of multicellular, diploid eukaryotic organisms.
• Ingestive heterotrophs
• Develop from two dissimilar haploid gametes: a large egg and a smaller sperm.
Evolutionary Origins
• Animals are believed to have evolved from protoctists.
• The specific protoctists, time, and environmental conditions of this evolution are
subjects of active debate.
DEVELOPMENT OF COMPLEXITY IN ANIMALS
Multicellularity Across Kingdoms
• Multicellularity is present in kingdoms Fungi, Plantae, and Animalia.
• Most advanced in Animalia, featuring complex cellular junctions for controlled
communication and material flow.
Diversity in Animal Kingdom
• Animals vary widely in size, from microscopic to large sea mammals like whales (Phylum
Chordata).
Subkingdom Parazoa (e.g., Phylum Porifera)
PREPARED BY : AHSAN FAYAZ 1
DIVERSITY AMONG ANIMALS
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• Simplest animals, lacking organized tissues and organs Exhibit indeterminate shape and
asymmetry.
Subkingdom Eumetazoa
• More complex animals with tissues organized into organs and systems.
• Includes radially symmetrical animals (Grade Radiata, e.g., Phylum Cnidaria) and
bilaterally symmetrical animals (Grade Bilateria).
Grade Radiata
• Represents simpler organizational structures within Eumetazoa.
Body Cavity Classification
• Acoelomata: Animals without a body cavity.
• Pseudocoelomata: Animals with a false body cavity (pseudocoel).
• Coelomata: Animals with a true body cavity (coelom).
Phyla Distribution
• Approximately 29 phyla within Kingdom Animalia belong to Subkingdom Eumetazoa.
GRADE RADIATA
Radial Symmetry in Animals
• Animals with radial symmetry are arranged around a central axis.
• Any plane passing through the central axis divides the animal into nearly mirror-imaged
halves.
Characteristics of Radially Symmetrical Animals
• Diploblastic
• Develop from two primary germ layers.
Examples of Radially Symmetrical Animals
• Example: Cnidaria (formerly Coelenterata), which includes sea anemones.
• Sea anemones have a cylindrical body that can be equally divided vertically in any plane.
GRADE BILATERIA
Bilateral Symmetry in Animals
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DIVERSITY AMONG ANIMALS
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Animals with bilateral symmetry have nearly identical right and left sides.
Possess a distinct anterior (front) end and posterior (back) end.
Can be divided into two equal halves by only one imaginary line through the middle.
Features of Bilaterally Symmetrical Animals
• Clearly defined head at the anterior end.
• Distinct dorsal (upper) and ventral (lower) surfaces.
Phyla with Bilateral Symmetry
• Includes Platyhelminthes, Nematoda, Annelida, Mollusca, Arthropoda, Echinodermata,
Hemichordata, and Chordata.
Special Case: Echinodermata
• Larvae exhibit bilateral symmetry.
• Adults develop radial symmetry secondarily due to their lifestyle.
Developmental Characteristics
• All animals in the Bilateria grade are triploblastic (develop from three germ layers).
• Body plan classifications: Acoelomate, Pseudocoelomate, or Coelomate.
Series Protostomia (Protostomes) Series Deuterostomia (Deuterostomes)
1. Cleavage or division of the zygote is spiral and 1. Cleavage is radial and indeterminate.
determinate.
2. During development process the mouth in these 2. During embryonic development, the mouth is
animals arises from the blastopore or from its formed at some distance anterior to the blastopore
anterior margin. and blastopore forms the anus.
3. Coelom or body cavity is formed due to splitting 3. Coelom is developed as an outpouching of
of mesoderm (schizocoelous). archenterons (enterocoelous).
4. Mesoderm is derived from cells on anterior lip 4. Mesoderm is derived from wall of developing gut
of blastopore. (archenteron).
5. This series protostomia includes animals 5. This series includes animals belonging to phyla
belonging to phyla aschelminthes (nematoda), echinodermata, hemichordata and chordata.
annelida, mollusca and arthropoda.
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DIVERSITY AMONG ANIMALS
PREPARED BY
CLEAVAGE FORMATION
ORIGIN OF MESODERM
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DIVERSITY AMONG ANIMALS
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FORMATION OF COELOM
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