 BLACK POWDER– oldest type of gunpowder, standard ingredients are potassium nitrate

 SCIENCE – in general sense, the term of “ballistics” is defined as the motion of the projectiles
 PULL OF GRAVITY – downward movement of the bullet
 TYPE 1 LICENSE – type of license allows a citizen to own and possess a maximum of 5 registered
firearms
 TYPE 2 LICENSE – type of license allows a citizen to own and possess a maximum of 10 registered
firearms
 CHRONOGRAPH – instrument used to determine the muzzle
 RA 10591 – comprehensive firearms and ammunition regulation act of the Philippines
 IMITATION FIREARM – refers to a replica of firearm or other device that is substantially similar in
coloration and overall appearance to an existing firearm as to lead to reasonable person to believe that such
imitation firearm is a real firearm.
 CARTRIDGE – tubular metallic or non-metallic container, w/c holds bullet, gunpowder and primer
 YAW – unstable rotating motion of the bullet
 ONOSCOPE – device use for examining interior surface of the gun barrel
 INDIVIDUAL CHARACTERISTICS – those characteristics that is determinable only after the
manufacture of the firearms whose existence are beyond the control of the man and have a random
distribution. Their existence in firearm is brought about by the tools in their normal operation resulting
through wear, tear, abuse, mutilations, corrosion, erosion and etc.
 PISTOL – short barrel handgun designed to fire a single projectile through a rifled bore for every press of
the trigger
 BARREL – part of the firearm that initiates the path of the bullet
 COMPARISON MICROSCOPE – valuable instrument is especially designed to permit the firearms
examiner to determine the similarity and dissimilarity between fired bullets or fire cartridge cases by
simultaneously observing their magnified image
 TECHNICAL EXAMINATION –job perform by firearms examiners within the laboratory involving
marking of the evidence fired bullets, fired cartridge cases, evidence firearms, and test firing to obtain test
bullets/cartridge cases for comparative examination
 SLIPPAGE – what marks are the most commonly found on bullets fired from worn-out-barrel, oily barrels
and slightly over-sized barrel

 PERCUSSION – Action when the priming mixture of chemical compound hit or struck by firing in would
ignite.
 JUXTAPOSITION – Two objects is evidence bullet and test bullet are examined and compared under the
bullet comparison microscope. Includes also the examination of fired shells.
 FORUM – A Greek word of forensic which means debatable, argumentation in relation to the court of
justice.
 FORENSIC BALLISTICS- The study of firearms identification by means of ammunition fired from them.
 BALLISTICIAN – Person whose knowledge in identification is accepted by the courts and other
investigation agencies.
 ABRASSION – (in the world) Scratches cause by using improper cleaning materials, or by firing
ammunition with bullets to which abrasive material was adhering. Normal enlargement of the bore and
wearing away of lands due to the abrasive action of the bullets.
 BLACK POWDER – A mechanical mixture of charcoal, sulfur and salt paper. Burned with considerable
white smoke.
 AMMUNITION (legal) – SEC. 877 of the RAC – shall mean “loaded shell” for rifles, muskets, carbines,
shotguns, revolvers and pistols which a ball, bullet shot shell or other missile maybe discharges by means of
gunpowder or other explosive. The term includes ammunition for a rifles as mentioned else where in the
code.
 Ammunition (technical) – refers to a group of cartridge or to a single unit cartridge, meaning a complete
unfired unit consisting of bullets, cartridge case, gun powder and primer. The term may also refer to a
single round.

 BALL BULLETS – Bullets have soft lead course inside a jacket.

 ROUND – one single complete cartridge.
 BULLET ENERGY – the powder possessed by a moving bullet, or in other words its ability to keep going
meets an obstacle of immense importance, for obviously, the more powder a bullet has and the harder it
is to stop the, more effective it can be as a weapon.
 BULLET RECOVERY BOX – consist of a wooden box, 12” x 12” x 96 ”, with the hinged to cover and with one
end open. This long box is filled with ordinary cotton and separated into section by card board partitions.
 CALIBER – is the diameter of the inner surface of the barrel that is measured from land to land.
 DUMDUM BULLET – “Dumdum” is an out molded and generally misused term. It was an unofficial name
first applied hallow point bullets maid at the British arsenal at Dumdum, India.
 EROSION – the mechanical wear and tear of the inner surface of the gun barrel due to the mechanical
abrasion or gliding.
 CORROSION – the mechanical wear and tear of the inside of the gun barrel due to rust formation or
chemical action of the by products of combustion after firing.
 CANNELURE (bullet) – A knurled ring or serrated grooved around the body of the bullet which contains
wax for lubrication in order to minimize friction during the passage of the bullet inside the bore.
 CALIPER – an instrument used for making measurement such as bullet diameter and bore diameter.
 CHILLED SHOT – shotgun pellets made from lead especially hardened by the addition of a slight amount of
antimony.
 CLASS CHARACTERISTICS – are those that are determinable even before the manufacture of the firearm. It
is categorized into caliber or gauge number of lands and grooves, width of land and grooves, twist of
rifling, patch of rifling and depth of grooves.
 RANGE – the straight distance between muzzle and target.
 POINT BLANK RANGE – popularity used to indicate the distance the bullet will travel before it drops
enough to require sight adjustment. A shot fired so closed to the target that no sighting is necessary for
effective aiming.
 GALLERY RANGE – the indoor targets range on properly constructed indoor ranges, firing maybe
conducted with center fire pistols and revolvers at range of 25 years and 50 years. Such installation are
generally referred to as indoor ranges the term gallery being applied usually only to short range 22 caliber
installation.
 EXTREME RANGE – the greatest distance the bullet will travel the cartridge is fire.
 EFFECTIVE RANGE – the maximum distance at which a bullet may reasonable be expected types of live
target.
 ACCURATE RANGE – the distance with in which he shoots has control of his shots.
 FOULING - the accumulation of a deposit wit in the bore of a firearm caused by solid by products
remaining a cartridge is fired.
 GUM COTTON – a very powerful explosive, like nitroglycerine which is a chemical compound and not a
mixture. This is formed by the action of nitric and sulfuric acid on cotton or nay other kind of cellulose.
 LANDS – the raised portion between the grooves in the interior surface of the gun barrel.
 LAPPING – is the smoothening of the inner surface of the barrel.
 MACHINE REST – a machine used for testing the accuracy of a firearm.
 KNOCKING POWER – power of the bullet which believer of a very paralyzing blow that put the victim down
and may then recover if the wound inflicted upon is not fatal.
 STOPPING POWER – power of the bullet which put the victim out of the action instantly. So it should be
understood that stopping power is not necessarily the same thing as killing power. However, stopping
power depends very largely on the location of the shot.
 PRIMER – the complete assembly of cup, priming composition, paper discs and anvil.
 PISTOL – a hand firearm usually applied to simple sot and automatic loading.
 REVOLVER – a hand firearm in which a rotating cylinder successively -- places cartridges into position
for firing.
 SHOTGUN – a smooth-bore weapon designed to shoot a number of lead pellets in one charge.
 RIFLE – a type of weapon designed to be fired from the shoulder.
 BULLET – is a projectile propelled from a charge.
 AUTOMATIC – a weapon is automatic when its mechanism is so arranged that it will fire continuously
while the trigger is depressed.
 DOUBLE ACTION – weapon in which pressure upon the trigger both cocks and release the hammer.
 SINGLE ACTION – weapon in which pressure upon the trigger release the hammer that must be manually
cocked.
 CALIBER – term used to indicate the bore diameter which is measured between two opposite lands.
 GAUGE or GAGE – as applied to shotguns, it indicates that the bore diameter is equal to the diameter of a
lead ball whose weight in pounds is equal to the reciprocal gauge index.
 BORE – the cylindrical passage of the barrel through which the projectile travels.
 PITCH OF RIFLING – the distance that the rifling advances to make one complete turn.
 EXPERT – as used in, court includes all witnesses whose opinions are admitted on grounds of specialized
knowledge, training and experience.
 BREECHBLOCK – the steel block which closes the rear of the bore against the force of charge or that part
in the breech mechanism that locks the action against the firing of the cartridges; the face of this block is
known as the breech face.
 CHAMBER – that part of the weapon in which the cartridge is placed into position for firing.
 EJECTOR – that mechanism in a firearm which causes the empty shell or ammunition to be thrown out
from the gun.
 EXTRACTOR – that mechanism in a firearm by which the empty shell or ammunition is withdrawn from the
chamber.
 GROOVES – the depressed channels cut in the interior of a rifled gun barrel.
 LANDS – that raised portion between the grooves inside a rifled gun barrel.
 VELOCITY – is the forward speed at which the bullet travels measured in feet per second.
 PRESSURE – the outward thrust of the burning powder gases against the breechblock, chamber and bore
normally measured one inch from the breech and recorded in pounds per square inch. Ex. 14,000 to
15,000 pounds per square inch for caliber .45 automatic pistol.
 RANGE – the straight distance between the muzzle of the gun and the target.
 PENETRATION – the depth to which a projectile sinks in the tar get. Ex. 6 inches at 15 yards in white
pinewood.
 TRAJECTORY – in the actual pattern or curved path of the bullets in flight.
 FIRING PIN – that part of that firearm which strikes the primer causing the firing of the cartridge.
 HAMMER – that part of the firearm controlled by the trigger which causes the firing pin to strike the
primer striking the gun.
 CORROSION – the chemical eating away of the bore of an arm due to rusting or the action of salts
deposited from they cap or powder.
 EROSION – mechanical wear and tear of the bore of an arm due to sliding friction when the bullet passes
through it.
 BERDAN PRIMER – a primer with two flash holes or vents.
 BOXER PRIMER – a primer with only one flash hole or vents.
  RIM – the projection edge of the base or head of a certain cartridge.
 OGIVE – is the technical name of the cylindrical head critic of the bullets.

Portable –
Carpun gun
Small cannons
Paradocks gun

RA 10591 – comprehensive firearms and ammunition regulation act of the Philippines

ACCURATE RANGE– the distance with in which he shoots has control of his shots.
DOUBLE ACTION – weapon in which pressure upon the trigger both cocks and release the hammer.
EFFECTIVE RANGE – the maximum distance at which a bullet may reasonable be expected types of live target.
1311/1247 – One of the earliest recorded uses of firearms in war far was that of an attack on Seville, Spain.
Yowk
YOKE – Connecting pivot between the frame and cylinder.
MAXIMUM RANGE – the farthest distance that a projectile can be propelled form a firearm.
MOTION – mobility or movement of the projectile
3 TYPES OF MOTION
1. DIRECT MOTION – forward motion of the bullet or shots out of the shell
2. ROTARY MOTION – action of the bullet passing through a rifled bore barrel ( either twisted to left or
right)
3. TRANSLATIONAL – action of bullet once it hits the target and subsequently ricocheted

FORENSIC – latin word “FORUM” means marketplace

FORENSIC BALLISTICS – deals w/ firearms
SCIENCE – systematized body of knowledge w/c has been observed, tested and proven
PROJECTILE – metallic or non-metallic objects propelled from firearms
CALIBER – the bore diameter measured between two opposite lands
BULLET –is a projectile propelled from a charge.
- derived from the French word, BOULETTE, which means small ball
BALLISTICS – motion of projectiles and the condition that affects their motion ( kaalaman patungkol sa galaw ng
bala)
Greek (BALLEIN or BALLO – means “to throw”)
Roman ( BALLISTA – means “ a catapult” or “machine to hurl a stone”)
CALIBER – the diameter of the bore measured from land to land
CALIPER – measuring calibre
ORIGIN OF THE WORD CARTRIDGE
 CHARTA, the Latin for paper
 CARTOUCHE, French for rolling paper

BRANCHES OF BALLISTICS
1. INTERIOR BALLISTICS – anything taking place IN & ON the gun prior to bullet leaving muzzle
( bullet is still INSIDE the barrel)
2. EXTERIOR BALLISTICS – anything taking place when bullet is OUTSIDE of muzzle (bullet is outside
the barrel)
MUZZLE BLAST – sudden sound of barrel (the noise created at the muzzle point of the gun brought by
chemical reaction between the expanded gases and the air outside.)
Muzzle Energy – Energy generated at the muzzle point measured in foot-pound.
 Trajectory –the parabola-like flight of the projectile from the time it leaves the muzzle until it hits the
target. (the actual curve path taken by a bullet during its flight)
Range – the imaginary straight distance from the muzzle of the gun to the target.

3. TERMINAL BALLISTICS – anything taking place on TARGET

4. FORENSIC BALLISTICS – firearms identification

All projectiles are metallic. (.) – FALSE (there is no question mark)

. – true or false
? – yes or no

HENRY GODDARD – first case of forensic firearm examination to be documented was in 1835
CALVIN H. GODDARD – Father or modern ballistics (bullet comparison microscope)
JOHN M. BROWNING – Wizard of modern firearms and pandered breech loading single shot rifle.
DAVID “CARBINE” WILLIAMS – maker of first know carbine (invented the carbine firearm)
ALEXANDER JOHN FORSYTHE – Father of the percussion system.
SAMUEL COLT – (1814-1862) – Produced the first practical revolver.
HORACE SMITH – Founded the great firm Smith and Weapon and pioneered the making of breech – loading
regales.
DANIEL B. WESSON – An associate or partner of smith in revel verb making.
JOHN T. THOMPSON – pioneered the making of Thompson subMachine.
ELISHA KING ROOT – Designed machinery of making colt firearms.
ELIPHALET REMINGTON – One of the first rifle makers in the history of ballistics.
JOHN MALON MARTIN – Founder of martin Firearms Company.
JAMES WOLFE RIPLEY – Stimulated the development of the model 1855 riffled – musket.
HENRY DERRINGER – He gave his name to a whole classes of firearms.
JOHN C. GARAND – Designed the semi-automatic US Rifle, Cal. 30
OLIVER F. WICHESTER – One of the earliest rifles and pistol makers.

EXTRACTOR – mechanism of firearm by w/c cartridge case or shell is withdrawn from the chamber
BORE – hollow internal lumen of the barrel and takes up vast majority portion of the barrel
SHOULDER – portion of the cartridge case that support its neck
RANGE – term for the distance between muzzle and target?
PRIMER – metal cup that contains highly sensitive mixture of chemical compound. Which when hit or stuck by
the firing pin would ignite.
LANDS – portion bet. the grooves of a gun barrel?

HELIXOMETER – measure the pitch of rifling is called?

CHRONOGRAPGH – measure the velocity of bullet
WAD – plastic, paper or fiber disk used to keep ammunition components in place or separated

SCOPE OF FORENSIC BALLISTICS

1. FIELD INVESTIGATION
- the job of the field investigator
- includes recognition, collection, markings, prevention, packing and transmittal of ballistics exhibit
2. TECHNICAL EXAMINATION OF THE BALLISTICS EXHIBIT
- job performed by a firearm identification examiner
- includes markings of evidence, test-firing evidences, photomicrography, and preparation of reports
3. LEGAL PROCEEDING
- the most critical part in the field of firearm identification
- the firearm examiner goes to court to testify as an expert witness
TECHNICAL DEFINITION OF FIREARM
- an instrument used for the propulsion of projectiles by means of expansive force of gases coming
from the burning gun powder
LEGAL DEFINITION OF FIREARM
 includes rifles, muskets, carbines, shotguns, revolvers, pistols and all other deadly weapons from which a
bullet, ball, shot shell or other missile may be discharged of by means of gunpowder or other explosives.
The term also include air rifles except such as being of small caliber and limited range used as toys. The
barrel of any firearm shall be considered a complete firearm for all purposes hereof.”
 provided by Sec 877, Revised Administrative Code and Sec 290, National Internal Revenue Code

EXECUTIVE ORDER (EO) NO. 712 (march 11, 2008)

 to which the Implementing Rules and Regulations of PD 1866
 refers, regulates the manufacture, sale and possession of air rifles/pistols which are considered as firearms.
to which the Implementing Rules and Regulations of PD 1866 refers, regulates the manufacture, sale and
possession of air rifles/pistols which are considered as firearms
PD NO. 1866
 enacted to penalize any person/s who have access to explosives w/c can cause massive destruction to
properties and loss of lives
R.A ACT NO 8294 (Approved: June 6, 1997)
 an act amending the provisions of presidential decree no. 1866, as amended, entitled "codifying the laws on
illegal/unlawful possession, manufacture, dealing in, acquisition or disposition of firearms, ammunition or
explosives or instruments used in the manufacture of firearms, ammunition or explosives, and imposing
stiffer penalties for certain violations thereof, and for relevant purposes."
 This categorized the classes of firearms.

TWO CLASSES OF FIREARMS

1. LOW POWER FIREARM
- Handguns or rifles that use smaller cartridges w/ less muzzle energy. They used for target shooting,
self-defense, or small game hunting
- using cartridges giving a muzzle velocity of less than 1850 ft/sec
2. HIGH POWER FIREARMS
- Rifles that use larger cartridges with more gunpoweder and have greater muzzle energy. It used for
longer distances or long range target shooting
- using cartridges giving a muzzle velocity between 1925 and 2500 ft/sec

HIGH-INTENSITY FIREARM
- firearms using cartridges giving a muzzle velocity of over 2500 ft/sec

CLASSIFICATION OF FIREARMS
1) according to interior barrel construction:
a. smooth-bore firearm – those that do not have rifling inside their gun barrel
b. rifled-bore firearm – those that have rifling inside their gun barrel
2) according to the caliber of the projectile propelled:
a. artillery – those type that propel projectile with more than one inch diameter
b. small arms – those that propel projectile with less than one inch diameter; can be handled, moved
and operated by one man
1. machine guns – designed to fire, automatically or semiautomatically, more than one shot without manual
reloading, by a single press of the trigger
2. shoulder arms – normally fired from the shoulder
3. hand arms – designed or intended to be fired using one hand, either the right or the left
3) according to mechanical construction:
a. single shot firearm – those designed to fire only one shot every loading
b. repeating arm – those designed to fire several loads in one loading
c. automatic – those designed with continuous firing in a single press of the trigger and while the
trigger is pressed
d. slide action type – loading takes place by back and forth manipulation of the under/over forearms of
the gun
e. bolt action type – reloading takes place by manipulating the bolt back and forth
f. lever type (break type) – loading takes place by lever action of the firearms

AUTOMATIC
- when the mechanism is so arranged that it will fire continuously while the trigger is depressed
SEMI-AUTOMATIC (SELF-LOADING)
- when the mechanism ejects the fired shell and put on new one in the chamber and prepares the gun
to be fired
LEGAL DEFINITION OF AMMUNITION
- a loaded shell for rifles, muskets, carbines, shotguns, revolvers and pistols from which a ball, bullet,
shot, shell or other missile may be fired by means of gunpowder or other explosives
TECHNICAL DEFINITION OF AMMUNITION
- a complete unfired unit consisting of a bullet, cartridge case, gunpowder and primer; single round

PARTS OF A CARTRIDGE
1) BULLET
- the projectile propelled through the barrel of a firearm by means of the expansive force of gases
coming from burning gunpowder
2) CARTRIDGE CASE (shell or casing)
- the tubular metallic container for the gunpowder
3) GUNPOWDER (propellant or powder charge)
- the powder charge which when ignited by the primer flash is converted into heated gas under high
pressure and propels the bullet or shots charge through the barrel and to the target
4) PRIMER
- the metal cup containing the highly sensitive priming mixture of chemical compound which when
hit or struck by the firing pin would ignite

CLASSIFICATION OF CARTRIDGES
1. according to location of primer:
a. PIN FIRE – the ignition cap is concealed inside the cartridge case and has a pin resting upon it; the
pin protrudes radially through the side and the gun chamber has a notch for the pin to stand when
loaded and it will be struck by a falling hammer; no longer in use
b. RIM FIRE – the priming mixture is located at the rim of the case; this can be fired only if the
cartridge is struck by the hammer or firing pin on the rim of the case
c. CENTER FIRE – the primer cup is centrally placed in the base of the cartridge case and the priming
mixture is exploded by the impact of the firing pin and with the support of the anvil
2. according to rim diameter:
a. RIMMED CASE TYPE – the case has a well-defined upstanding rim around the base or simply a
cartridge with a rim diameter greater than the body diameter of the shell
b. SEMI-RIMMED TYPE – the rim diameter is slightly greater than the body diameter of the case
c. RIMLESS TYPE – the rim diameter is equal to the body diameter of the case
d. REBATED TYPE – has a rimless pattern but which has rim diameter smaller than the body
diameter of the case
e. BELTED TYPE – with prominent raise belt around its body just in front of the extraction groove
3. according to caliber:
THREE SYSTEMS OF MEASURING CALIBER
a) English system – expressed in thousandths of an inch ( cal. 380)
b) American system – expressed in hundredths of an inch ( cal. 38 )
c) European or continental system – expressed in millimeter

CALIBER – the bore diameter measured between two opposite lands

BULLET – metallic or non-metallic cylindrical ball propelled from a firearm. Also called projectile, slugs
- derived from the French word, BOULETTE, which means small ball

GENERAL TYPES OF BULLETS

1) LEAD TYPE
- composed of lead metal
2) JACKETED TYPE
- consist of the regular lead core, coated with a copper alloy in order to prevent lead fouling of the barrel

TYPES OF BULLET ACCORDING TO THEIR MAXIMUM EFFECT ON TARGETS

1) BALL TYPE – intended for anti-personnel and general use
2) ARMOUR PIERCING – designed to penetrate light steel armour
3) EXPLOSIVE – small arms bullet containing a charge of explosive which will detonate on impact
4) INCENDIARY – used to cause fire in a target
5) TRACER BULLET – capable of leaving visible marks or traces while in flight, giving the gunner the chance to
observe the strike of the shot or make adjustments in the event of a miss

CARTRIDGE CASE
o the metallic or non-metallic tubular container which holds together the bullet, gunpowder and
primer
o the portion of the cartridge that is automatically ejected from the automatic firearm during firing and
this remains at the scene of the crime
o also called shell, casing

TYPES OF GUN POWDER

1) BLACK POWDER
- the oldest of the propellants
- composition is the following:
potassium nitrate = 75%
sulphur = 10%
charcoal = 15%
2) SMOKELESS POWDER
- the most powerful of propellants

FIREARMS CHARACTERISTICS
1) CLASS CHARACTERISTICS
- those properties or attributes of firearms which can be determined even before the manufacture of the gun
- these are factory specifications
- these serve as basis for identifying a certain group or class of firearms
- examples of which are bore diameter or caliber, number of lands or grooves, width of lands, width of grooves,
direction of twist, pitch of riflings and depth of grooves
2) INDIVIDUAL CHARACTERISTICS
- those characteristic markings peculiar and not found in all other firearms
- these serve as basis in identifying a particular firearm
- these are determinable only after the manufacture
BORE DIAMETER (CALIBER) - the diameter in which the bore was reamed
- the distance measured between two opposite lands inside the bore
NUMBER OF LANDS AND GROOVES - the number of lands and grooves are always the same
LANDS – the elevated portions
GROOVES – the depressed portions
DIRECTION OF TWIST - the rifling inside the gun barrel may twist either to the right or to the left
- the twist of the rifling cause the bullet to “rotate” as it passes through the bore, for the bullet to have
gyroscopic stability during its flight from muzzle to target
PITCH OF RIFLINGS
- the measure of the twisting of the lands and grooves
- the distance advanced by the riflings in one complete turn
RIFLINGS
- consist of a number of helical grooves cut in the interior surface of the bore
- the purpose is to impart a motion of rotation to a bullet during its passage inside the barrel in order to ensure
gyroscopic stability in its flight and so that it will travel nose-on towards the target

STAGES IN THE MANUFACTURE OF A BARREL

1) DRILLING
o boring of deep-hole
2) REAMING
o the removal of the scars and scratches left by the drilling process
3) RIFLING
o making of the helical grooves or riflings
4) LAPPING
o polishing operation; the removal of large imperfections on the inside surface of the barrel
MARKS FOUND ON FIRED BULLETS
1) LAND MARKS
- marks made by the lands of the barrel
2) GROOVE MARKS
- marks made by the grooves of the barrel
3) SKID MARKS
- marks generally found on bullets fired from a revolver
4) STRIPPING MARKS
- marks found on bullets fired from a loose-fit barrel riflings of which are already worn out
5) SHAVING MARKS
- marks found on bullets fired from a revolver
6) SLIPPAGE MARKS
- marks found on fired bullets passing through either an oily or oversized barrel
MARKS FOUND ON FIRED SHELLS
1) FIRING PIN MARKS
- marks found at the base portion of the cartridge case made by the firing pin
2) BREECH FACE MARKS
- marks found at the base portion of the cartridge case caused by the backward movement of the breech face
3) EXTRACTOR MARKS
- marks found at the extracting groove of the fired cartridge case caused by its withdrawal from the chamber
4) EJECTOR MARKS
- marks found on a cartridge case fired from an automatic firearm
5) SHEARING MARK
- mark found in the primer near the firing pin mark
6) CHAMBER MARK
- mark found around the body of the fired cartridge case caused by the irregularities of nips inside the walls of the
chamber
THE SEVEN PROBLEMS IN FORENSIC BALLISTICS
1. Given a fired bullet, to determine the caliber, type, and make of the firearm from which it was fired
2. Given a fired shell, to determine the caliber, type and make of the firearm from which it was fired
3. Given a fired bullet and a suspected firearm, to determine whether or not the fired bullet was fired from the
suspected firearm
4. Given a fired shell and a suspected firearm, to determine whether or not the fired shell was fired from the
suspected firearm
5. Given two or more fired bullets, to determine whether or not they were fired from one and the same firearm
6. Given two or more fired shells, to determine whether or not they were fired from one and the same firearm
7. Given a suspected firearm, to determine whether it is serviceable or not

HANDLING OF EVIDENCE
DON’T M-A-C THE EVIDENCE:
M – utilate; A – lter the nature, and C – contaminate

MARKING OF EVIDENCE
A. FIRED BULLETS
 marked by the recovering officer with his initials and the date of recovery
 marks should be made at its nose or ogive or at the base, with the use of any pointed instrument
 never use the letter “X”
B. FIRED SHELLS
 marked by the recovering officer with his initials and the date of recovery
 marks may be made in any of the following parts:
1. inside, near the open mouth
2. outside, near the open mouth
3. on the body of the shell
 never place the marks at the base
 never use the letter “X”

C. SUSPECTED FIREARM
 marked by the recovering officer with his initials
 markings should be made on all of the three main and inseparable parts:
1. barrel
2. cylinder ( if revolver) or slide ( in pistol)
3. frame - a tag should be made with the following information:

1. type of firearm
2. make or model
3. caliber
4. serial number ( very important)
5. date of recovery
6. name of victim (if known)
7. name of suspect (if known)
8. other features of value - always put your markings on the parts that can never be replaced. never use the
letter “X”
QUIZ

 charassein - The term character was derived from the Greek word?
 CHARACTER - It is the solid foundation on which a person’s entire life is based.
 PARENTAL INFLUENCE - It is the most important of all the factors responsible for personality
development.
 Conscientiousness - Planning rather than being spontaneous.
  CHARACTER - According to Caballero, “__________ is the magic ingredient that sets you apart from the
rest. It will also determine our success.”
 OPENNESS - It is the appreciation for a variety of experiences.
 NEGATIVE TRAITS - A person's predisposition to commit evil acts.
 LINCOLN ------He is known as the lone crusader of nonviolence.
 HOME ENVIRONMENT - It is known as the cradle of human character and personality largely
contribute to the character formation of a child.

MIDTERM EXAM
 LOVE AND CARING - Filipino women are loving and value the relationship, always staying faithful to
their husbands. What character is being portrayed?
 Claire who always says po and opo.- What best illustrates respect in Filipinos?
 SAMPAGUITA - It is the national flower of the Philippines: symbolizing purity and simplicity , the flower
is small, white and pleasantly fragrant.
 The following are persons of character, except: A. Mother Theresa B. Lincoln C. Gandhi D. ZORO
 BOTH LOVE AND CARE - It is expressed by both foreigners and Filipino women that most Filipino men
are so sweet and romantic when it comes to love
 GRACEFULLNESS - What symbolized by the dance cariñosa and tinikling?
 FILIPINO TIME------ Tardiness is similar to what character?
 LACK OF LEADEARSHIP -- What best describe passivity?
 HOME ENVIRONMENT - It is known as the cradle of human character and personality largely contribute
to the character formation of a child.
 SELF-REALIZED - A person with this type of character is ever enthusiastic for he knows his potentialities
and limitations.
 PATRIOSM - It is seen as the intense feeling of pride for one's "nation" or loyalty to one's nation.
 Filipinos are racially similar to _______?
 SPANIARDS - In terms of culture Filipinos are more like the ___________?
 Pakikiramay - _________Derick gives unsolicited help to others in any way he can. What character is he
portraying?
 strong work ethics-- Filipinos always find creative ways to earn a living like creating small business from
their home where they sell foods or other items for the convenience of their neighbors. What character is
being portrayed?
 GENEROSITY - When you will be in trouble, Filipinos cannot refuse to help you. They are always willing
to assist you or lend a hand
 SOCIAL CLIMBING - It means living beyond their means.
 Mañana Habit - _____ What is the synonymous to the word procrastination?
 CRAB MENTALITY - This prevalent in politics where people tend to push each other down to clear the
way their own gain.
 PO AT OPO - These words are spoken by the Filipinos when talking to elders, or to show respect to
persons in authority. These Filipino words mean "yes," when answering or talking to the elders.
 SELF-RELIANCE - What is the meaning of the Filipino term pagsasarili?
 RESPECT - What pillar does the Golden Rule in Human Relation, "Do unto others as you would have them
do unto you," illustrates?
 Neutral Character /Neutral Trait_____Commonly used to describe a person who doesn't pick sides in
disputes; neutral also peg anything that refuses to be bold.
 Conscientiousness ____ Planning rather than being spontaneous.
 LUPANG HINIRANG - What is the official title of our Philippine National Anthem?
 PAGMAMANO - Another way of showing respect to the elders when greeting them. This is done by
putting their elders' hands on their foreheads
 COMPLACENT - Filipinos are sometimes_____ because they feel too confident that they don’t need some
changes.
 CHARACTER - It is the solid foundation on which a person’s entire life is based.
 LAZINESS - Flor is excellent in starting her projects but failed to finish it because of laziness and lack of
excitement. What character is being portrayed by Flor?
 Covetous Character.____Refers to a jealous or acquisitive character.
 PATRIOT - What is the term referring to the someone who loves and respects their country?
 Thriftiness- It means allowing oneself and others to spend only what is necessary.
 Egoistic character - This person thinks the world runs due to him and everything and everybody should
respect him as such.
 PHILIPPINE FLAG - What specific symbol represents our identity as Filipinos or citizens?
 Openness _________ It is the appreciation for a variety of experiences.
 Galang (Respect)_________ It indicates deference to the opinions of elders, peers, or those in authority,
during important deliberations.
 HOSPITALITY - When a person visits a friend's house, the host greets him or her with a very warm
welcome. The host will immediately let their visitor sit down and will prepare a meal or a snack plus drinks
for the visitor.
 strong family ties and religion --Families go to church and pray together because their religion is important
and creates a strong bond, marking God as the center of their lives. What character is being portrayed?
 PERSONALITY - What is the social, emotional, and intellectual manifestation of character?
 LINCOLN - He is known as the lone crusader of nonviolence.
 NEGATIVE TRAITS - A person's predisposition to commit evil acts.
 strong work ethics - Filipino farmers though earning so little but they work harder with not much
compensation.
 CHARACTER - According to Caballero, “__________ is the magic ingredient that sets you apart from the
rest. It will also determine our success.”
 ALERTNESS - A character trait of being aware of what is taking place around.
 Speak Out our Language_________ It is our unique means of communicating and interacting with our
fellowmen.
 TOO SENSITIVE - Ana, the class president is being teased by her classmates as onion-skinned. What
character is being portrayed by ana?
 Parental Influence________- It is the most important of all the factors responsible for personality
development.
 Charassein - The term character was derived from the Greek word?