Programming
Translator
(Compiler /Interpreter)
Machine Code
What is Python?
Python is simple & easy
Free & Open Source
High Level Language
Developed by Guido van Rossum
Portable
Our First Program
print("Hello World")
Python Character Set
Letters – A to Z, a to z
Digits – 0 to 9
Special Symbols - + - * /etc.
Whitespaces – Blank Space, tab, carriage return, newline, formfeed
Other characters – Python can process all ASCII and Unicode characters as part of data or literals
Variables
A variable is a name given to a memory location in a program.
name = "Shradha"
age = 23
price = 25.99
Memory
name = "Shradha"
age = 23
price = 25.99
Rules for Identifiers
Data Types
Integers
String
Float
Boolean
None
Data Types
Keywords
Keywords are reserved words in python.
*False should be uppercase
Print Sum
Comments in Python
# Single Line Comment
"""
Multi Line
Comment
"""
Types of Operators
An operator is a symbol that performs a certain operation between operands.
Arithmetic Operators ( +, - , * , / , % , * * )
Relational / Comparison Operators ( ==, != , > , < , >=, <=)
Assignment Operators ( =, +=, -=, *= , /= , %= , **= )
Logical Operators ( not , and , or )
Type Conversion
a, b = 1, 2.0
sum = a + b
#error
a, b = 1, "2"
sum = a + b
Type Casting
a, b = 1, "2"
c = int(b)
sum = a + c
Type Casting
Input in Python
input( ) statement is used to accept values (using keyboard) from user
input( ) #result for input( ) is always a str
int ( input( ) ) #int
float ( input( ) ) #float
give code eg of all 3
Let‘s Practice
Write a Program to input 2 numbers & print their sum.
Let‘s Practice
WAP to input side of a square & print its area.
Let‘s Practice
WAP to input 2 floating point numbers & print their average.
Let‘s Practice
WAP to input 2 int numbers, a and b.
Print True if a is greater than or equal to b. If not print False.
Strings
String is data type that stores a sequence of characters.
Basic Operations
concatenation
“hello” + “world” “helloworld”
length of str
len(str)
Indexing
A p n a _Co l l e g e
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11
str = “Apna_College”
str[0] is ‘A’, str[1] is ‘p’ ...
str[0] = ‘B’ #not allowed
Slicing
Accessing parts of a string
str[ starting_idx : ending_idx ] #ending idx is not included
str = “ApnaCollege”
str[ 1 : 4 ] is “pna”
str[ : 4 ] is same as str[ 0 : 4]
str[ 1 : ] is same as str[ 1 : len(str) ]
Slicing
Negative Index
Appl e
-5 -4 -3 -2 -1
str = “Apple”
str[ -3 : -1 ] is “pl”
String Functions
str = “I am a coder.”
[Link](“er.“) #returns true if string ends with substr
[Link]( ) #capitalizes 1st char
[Link]( old, new ) #replaces all occurrences of old with new
[Link]( word ) #returns 1st index of 1st occurrence
[Link](“am“) #counts the occurrence of substr in string
Let‘s Practice
WAP to input user’s first name & print its length.
WAP to find the occurrence of ‘3’ in a String.
Conditional Statements
if-elif-else (SYNTAX)
if(condition) :
Statement1
elif(condition):
Statement2
else:
StatementN
Conditional Statements
Grade students based on marks
marks >= 90, grade = “A”
90 > marks >= 80, grade = “B”
80 > marks >= 70, grade = “C”
70 > marks, grade = “D”
Let‘s Practice
WAP to check if a number entered by the user is odd or even.
WAP to find the greatest of 3 numbers entered by the user.
WAP to check if a number is a multiple of 7 or not.
Lists in Python
A built-in data type that stores set of values
It can store elements of different types (integer, float, string, etc.)
marks = [87, 64, 33, 95, 76] #marks[0], marks[1]..
student = [”Karan”, 85, “Delhi”] #student[0], student[1]..
student[0] = “Arjun” #allowed in python
len(student) #returns length
List Slicing
Similar to String Slicing
list_name[ starting_idx : ending_idx ] #ending idx is not included
marks = [87, 64, 33, 95, 76]
marks[ 1 : 4 ] is [64, 33, 95]
marks[ : 4 ] is same as marks[ 0 : 4]
marks[ 1 : ] is same as marks[ 1 : len(marks) ]
marks[ -3 : -1 ] is [33, 95]
List Methods
list = [2, 1, 3]
[Link](4) #adds one element at the end [2, 1, 3, 4]
[Link]( ) #sorts in ascending order [1, 2, 3]
[Link]( reverse=True ) #sorts in descending order [3, 2, 1]
[Link]( ) #reverses list [3, 1, 2]
[Link]( idx, el ) #insert element at index
List Methods
list = [2, 1, 3, 1]
[Link](1) #removes first occurrence of element [2, 3, 1]
[Link]( idx ) #removes element at idx
Tuples in Python
A built-in data type that lets us create immutable sequences of values.
tup = (87, 64, 33, 95, 76) #tup[0], tup[1]..
tup[0] = 43 #NOT allowed in python
tup1 = ( )
tup2 = ( 1, )
tup3 = ( 1, 2, 3 )
Tuple Methods
tup = (2, 1, 3, 1)
[Link]( el ) #returns index of first occurrence [Link](1) is 1
[Link]( el ) #counts total occurrences [Link](1) is 2
Let‘s Practice
WAP to ask the user to enter names of their 3 favorite movies & store them in a list.
WAP to check if a list contains a palindrome of elements. (Hint: use copy( ) method)
[1, 2, 3, 2, 1] [1, “abc”, “abc”, 1]
Let‘s Practice
WAP to count the number of students with the “A” grade in the following tuple.
[”C”, “D”, “A”, “A”, “B”, “B”, “A”]
Store the above values in a list & sort them from “A” to “D”.
Dictionary in Python
Dictionaries are used to store data values in key:value pairs
They are unordered, mutable(changeable) & don’t allow duplicate keys
“key” : value
dict[”name”], dict[”cgpa”], dict[”marks”]
dict[”key”] = “value” #to assign or add new
Dictionary in Python
Nested Dictionaries
student[”score”][”math”]
Dictionary Methods
[Link]( ) #returns all keys
[Link]( ) #returns all values
[Link]( ) #returns all (key, val) pairs as tuples
[Link]( “key““ ) #returns the key according to value
[Link]( newDict ) #inserts the specified items to the dictionary
Set in Python
Set is the collection of the unordered items.
Each element in the set must be unique & immutable.
nums = { 1, 2, 3, 4 }
set2 = { 1, 2, 2, 2 }
#repeated elements stored only once, so it resolved to {1, 2}
null_set = set( ) #empty set syntax
Set Methods
[Link]( el ) #adds an element
[Link]( el ) #removes the elem an
[Link]( ) #empties the set
[Link]( ) #removes a random value
Set Methods
[Link]( set2 ) #combines both set values & returns new
[Link]( set2 ) #combines common values & returns new
Let‘s Practice
Store following word meanings in a python dictionary :
table : “a piece of furniture”, “list of facts & figures”
cat : “a small animal”
You are given a list of subjects for students. Assume one classroom is required for 1
subject. How many classrooms are needed by all students.
”python”, “java”, “C++”, “python”, “javascript”,
“java”, “python”, “java”, “C++”, “C”
Let‘s Practice
WAP to enter marks of 3 subjects from the user and store them in a dictionary. Start with
an empty dictionary & add one by one. Use subject name as key & marks as value.
Figure out a way to store 9 & 9.0 as separate values in the set.
(You can take help of built-in data types)
Loops in Python
Loops are used to repeat instructions.
while Loops
while condition :
#some work
print hello 5 times
print numbers from 1 to 5
show infinite, iterator
Let‘s Practice
Print numbers from 1 to 100.
Print numbers from 100 to 1.
Print the multiplication table of a number n.
Print the elements of the following list using a loop:
[1, 4, 9, 16, 25, 36, 49, 64, 81,100]
Search for a number x in this tuple using loop:
[1, 4, 9, 16, 25, 36, 49, 64, 81,100]
Break & Continue
Break : used to terminate the loop when encountered.
Continue : terminates execution in the current iteration & continues execution of the loop
with the next iteration.
take search example
& stop the search when found
print all numbers but not multiple of 3
Loops in Python
Loops are used used for sequential traversal. For traversing list, string, tuples etc.
for Loops
for el in list:
#some work
for Loop with else
for el in list:
#some work
else:
else used as it doesn’t execute
#work when loop ends when break is used
Let‘s Practice
using for
Print the elements of the following list using a loop:
[1, 4, 9, 16, 25, 36, 49, 64, 81,100]
Search for a number x in this tuple using loop:
[1, 4, 9, 16, 25, 36, 49, 64, 81,100]
range( )
Range functions returns a sequence of numbers, starting from 0 by default, and increments by
1(by default), and stops before a specified number.
range( start?, stop, step?)
Let‘s Practice
using for & range( )
Print numbers from 1to 100.
Print numbers from 100 to 1.
Print the multiplication table of a number n.
pass Statement
pass is a null statement that does nothing. It is used as a placeholder for future code.
for el in range(10):
pass
generally used in execption handling
Let‘s Practice
WAP to find the sum of first n numbers. (using while)
WAP to find the factorial of first n numbers. (using for)
Functions in Python
Block of statements that perform a specific task.
def func_name( param1, param2..) : Function Definition
#some work
return val
func_name( arg1, arg2 ..) #function call
Functions in Python
Built-in Functions User defined Functions
print( )
len( )
type( )
range( )
Default Parameters
Assigning a default value to parameter, which is used when no argument is passed.
Let‘s Practice
WAF to print the length of a list. ( list is the parameter)
WAF to print the elements of a list in a single line. ( list is the parameter)
WAF to find the factorial of n. (n is the parameter)
WAF to convert USD to INR.
Recursion
When a function calls itself repeatedly.
#prints n to 1 backwards
Base case
Recursion
#returns n!
Let‘s Practice
Write a recursive function to calculate the sum of first n natural numbers.
Write a recursive function to print all elements in a list.
Hint :use list & index as parameters.
File I/Oin Python
Python can be used to perform operations on a file. (read & write data)
Types of all files
1. Text Files : .txt, .docx, .log etc.
2. Binary Files : .mp4, .mov, .png, .jpeg etc.
Open, read & close File
We have to open a file before reading or writing.
f = open( “file_name”, “mode”)
[Link] r : read mode
[Link] w : write mode
data = [Link]( )
[Link]( )
Reading a file
data = [Link]( ) #reads entire file
data = [Link]( ) #reads one line at a time
Writing to a file
f = open( “[Link]”, “w”)
[Link]( “this is a new line“ ) #overwrites the entire file
f = open( “[Link]”, “a”)
[Link]( “this is a new line“ ) #adds to the file
with Syntax
with open( “[Link]”, “a”) as f:
data = [Link]( )
Deleting a File
using the os module
Module (like a code library) is a file written by another programmer that generally has
a functions we can use.
import os
[Link]( filename )
Let‘s Practice
Create a new file “[Link]” using python. Add the following data in it:
Hi everyone
we are learning File I/O
using Java.
I like programming in Java.
WAF that replace all occurrences of “java” with “python” in above file.
Search if the word “learning” exists in the file or not.
Let‘s Practice
WAF to find in which line of the file does the word “learning”occur first.
Print -1 if word not found.
From a file containing numbers separated by comma, print the count of even numbers.
OOPin Python
To map with real world scenarios, we started using objects in code.
This is called object oriented programming.
Class & Object in Python
Class is a blueprint for creating objects.
#creating class
class Student:
name = “karan kumar”
#creating object (instance)
s1 = Student( )
print( [Link] )
Class & Instance Attributes
[Link]
[Link]
__init_ _Function
Constructor
All classes have a function called __init__(), which is always executed when the object is being
initiated.
#creating class #creating object
class Student: s1 = Student( “karan” )
def init ( self, fullname ): print( [Link] )
[Link] = fullname
*The self parameter is a reference to the current
instance of the class, and is used to access variables
that belongs to the class.
Methods
Methods are functions that belong to objects.
#creating class #creating object
class Student: s1 = Student( “karan” )
def init ( self, fullname ): [Link]( )
[Link] = fullname
def hello( self ):
print( “hello”, [Link])
Let‘s Practice
Create student class that takes name & marks of 3 subjects as arguments in constructor.
Then create a method to print the average.
Static Methods
Methods that don’t use the self parameter (work at class level)
class Student:
@staticmethod #decorator
def college( ):
print( “ABC College” )
*Decorators allow us to wrap another function in order to
extend the behaviour of the wrapped function, without
permanently modifying it
Important
Abstraction
Hiding the implementation details of a class and only showing the essential features to the user.
Encapsulation
Wrapping data and functions into a single unit (object).
Let‘s Practice
Create Account class with 2 attributes -balance & account no.
Create methods for debit, credit & printing the balance.
