Analog and Digital Communication EC223

Introduction

Subject Coordinator
Dr. GAURAV KUMAR BHARTI
Department of ECE
E-Mail ID: [email protected]
 Introduction
• Communication can be defined as the process of exchange of information
through means such as words ,signs, etc., between two or more individuals.
• Parts of Communication are Sender, Channel, Receiver.

Channel
Sender Receiver

Fig 1: Communication system

• Classified into two types:

• Analog Communication
• Digital Communication

Subject Coordinator: DR. GAURAV KUMAR BHARTI Subject Name & Code: ADC EC223 Semester: IV 2
 • Analog Communication: This uses signals that can be represented by sine waves. The message signal is
in analog form i.e., continuous time signal.
m(t)
m(t) is Amplitude of the signal
0 t

Fig 2: Analog Signal

• Digital Communication: Digital communication uses signals that can be represented by square waves.
Usually digital data i.e., discrete time signals containing information is transmitted.
m(t)

0 t

Fig 3: Digital Signal

Subject Coordinator: DR. GAURAV KUMAR BHARTI Subject Name & Code: ADC EC223 Semester: IV 3
 • Basic Blocks of Communication System:

Information Input
Transmitter Channel Receiver
Source Transducer

• Information Source: This information originates in the information

source.
• Input Transducer: A transducer is a device which converts one form
of energy into another form. Information in Output
• Transmitter: The function of the transmitter is to process the electrical original form Transducer
signal from different aspects.
• Channel: Medium through which the message travels from the
transmitter to the receiver. Fig 4: Basic Blocks of Communication System
• Receiver: Receiver is to reproduce the message signal in electrical
form from the distorted received signal
• Output Transducer: Destination is the final stage which is used to
convert an electrical message signal into its original form.

Subject Coordinator: Dr. GAURAV KUMAR BHARTI Subject Name & Code: ADC EC223 Semester: IV 4
 Baseband and Passband Signals

Source of
Destination
Information Channel

• Baseband Signals: The term “baseband” is used to designate the band of frequencies
representing the original signal as delivered by a source of information.
• Baseband, as the name suggests, refers to the original transmission signal with no
modulation of high frequency carrier.

Fig 5: Baseband Signal

Subject Coordinator: DR. GAURAV KUMAR BHARTI Subject Name & Code: ADC EC223 Semester: IV 5
 • Passband Signal: Passband signal refers to filtered signal or modulated signal in which the frequency or phase of
the carrier signal is modulated to transmit the bits.
• If a modulated signal is transmitted over the channel, it is called Passband transmission.

Information Source Modulator

Modulating Signal
A(X)
Carrier Signal Generator
a f

High pass Low pass

filter filter
b f

c f
Fig 6: Passband Signal
Subject Coordinator: DR. GAURAV KUMAR BHARTI Subject Name & Code: ADC EC223 Semester: IV 6
 Modulation and Demodulation
• Modulation: The process of shifting the baseband signal to passband range for transmission is known as
MODULATION
• It improves the strength of the signal without disturbing the parameters of the original signal.
• Need For Modulation: Baseband signals are incompatible for direct transmission. For such a signal, to
travel longer distances, its strength has to be increased by modulating with a high frequency carrier
wave, which doesn’t affect the parameters of the modulating signal.
• In modulation, one characteristic or more of a signal (generally a sinusoidal wave) known as the carrier
is changed based on the information signal that we wish to transmit.
• The characteristics of the carrier signal that can be changed are the amplitude, phase, or frequency,
which result in Amplitude modulation, Phase modulation, or Frequency modulation.
carrier signal C(t)=Ac sin ωct
• The process of shifting the passband signal to baseband frequency range at the receiver is known as
DEMODULATION

Subject Coordinator: DR.GAURAV KUMAR BHARTI Subject Name & Code: ADC EC223 Semester: IV 7
 • Amplitude Modulation: The amplitude of the carrier signal varies in accordance with the
instantaneous amplitude of the modulating signal.” Which means, the amplitude of the carrier signal containing no
information varies as per the amplitude of the signal containing information, at each instant. This can be well
explained by the following figures.

Fig 7a Fig 7b

Fig 7c

Subject Coordinator: DR. GAURAV KUMAR BHARTI Subject Name & Code: ADC ECE223 Semester: IV 8
 • The figure 7a shows the modulating wave, which is the message signal. The fig 7b is the carrier wave, which is a
high frequency signal and contains no information. While, the fig 7c is the resultant modulated wave.
• It can be observed that the positive and negative peaks of the carrier wave, are interconnected with an imaginary
line.
• This line helps recreating the exact shape of the modulating signal. This imaginary line on the carrier wave is called
as Envelope. It is the same as that of the message signal.
• Following are the mathematical expressions for these waves.
• Time-domain Representation of the Waves Let the modulating signal be,

m(t)=Am cos(2πfmt)
and the carrier signal be, c(t)=Ac cos(2πfct)

• Am and Ac are the amplitude of the modulating signal and the carrier signal respectively.
• fm and fc are the frequency of the modulating signal and the carrier signal respectively.

Subject Coordinator: DR. GAURAV KUMAR BHARTI Subject Name & Code: ADC EC223 Semester: IV 9
 • Then, the equation of Amplitude Modulated wave will be
s(t)=[Ac+Amcos(2πfmt)]cos(2πfct) ------------- (Eq. 1)
• Modulation Index of AM
A carrier wave, after being modulated, if the modulated level is calculated, then such an attempt is called as
Modulation Index or Modulation Depth.
It states the level of modulation that a carrier wave undergoes.
Rearrange the Eq.1 then
s(t)=Ac[1+(Am/Ac)cos(2πfmt)]cos(2πfct)
s(t)=Ac[1+μcos(2πfmt)]cos(2πfct) -------------- (Eq. 2)
Where, μ is Modulation index or Modulation Depth and it is equal to the ratio of Am and Ac.
we can write it as μ=Am/Ac ---------------- (Eq. 3)
By Using the Eq.3 we can calculate the Modulation Index when the amplitude of modulation and carrier signals
are known.

Subject Coordinator: DR. GAURAV KUMAR BHARTI Subject Name & Code: ADC EC223 Semester: IV 10
 References:
1. https://www.tutorialspoint.com/analog_communication/analog_communication_amplitude_modulation.htm
2. https://www-elec.inaoep.mx/~rogerio/DemodulationGeneral.pdf
3. https://faculty.kfupm.edu.sa/EE/wajih/files/EE%20370/EE%20370,%20Lecture%2007.pdf
4. https://electronicspost.com/block-diagram-of-communication-system-with-detailed-explanation/

Subject Coordinator: DR. GAURAV KUMAR BHARTI Subject Name & Code: ADC EC223 Semester: IV 11
 Thank You

Subject Coordinator: DR.GAURAV KUMAR BHARTI Subject Name & Code: ADC EC223 Semester: IV 12