CHE471
TOPIC 2
PROCESS & PROCESS
VARIABLES
Credit to:
DR NORLIZA & PM DR JUNAIDAH
LECTURE OUTLINE
2.1 MASS AND
VOLUME
2.4 PRESSURE
2.2 FLOW RATE
2.5 TEMPERATURE
2.3 CHEMICAL
COMPOSITION
CHE471: CHEMICAL PROCESS PRINCIPLES I 2
PROCESS
INPUT Process OUTPUT
or Unit or
FEED PRODUCT
INPUT 1 OUTPUT 1
Process Process OUTPUT 2
Unit 1 or Unit 2
INPUT 2
Generally, the INPUTs and OUTPUTs are known as process streams.
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PROCESS UNIT
There are a number of process unit. Each of the process unit is selected based on
the individual function. Most of the process units are used for the physical
separation particularly,
• Distillation-separation of mixture liquids based on boiling point
• Absorption-separation of mixture of gases based on gas solubility in liquid solvent
• Adsorption-separation of mixture of liquids or gases based on affinity into solid
adsorbent
• Heat Exchanger-particularly for condenser, separation of mixture of gases by
removing heat at lower temperature
• Crystallization- separation of mixture of liquids by vaporizing the liquid component
and remaining the dissolved solid component to form crystal.
• Extraction- separation of mixture of liquid based on liquid affinity into liquid
solvent.
• Membrane-separation of mixture of liquids or gases or mixture solids & gases
based on molecular sizes.
• Dryer- separation of mixture of solid & liquid by removing the liquid component by
heating.
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PROCESS UNIT
AND:
for conversion to the desired products particularly,
• Reactor- converting reactants into desired products by the present of
catalyst.
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PROCESS UNIT
AND:
for conversion to the desired products particularly,
• Reactor- converting reactants into desired products by the present of
catalyst.
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PROCESS UNIT
Knowledge of these characteristics of the process
streams is very important particularly in the
following terms:
1. Amounts - mass, volume
2. Composition - mole %, wt %, ratio
3. Conditions - Pressure, Temperature, etc
This information is required so that you will be able
to carry out the mass and energy balances.
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EXAMPLE 1
PRODUCT 1, V1
(rich with Ethanol at T, P)
FEED, L1 kg/h Distillation The quality of PRODUCT 1
50 wt % Water (heating at depends on the efficiency
50 wt % Ethanol 80oC) of the distillation unit.
at T, P
PRODUCT 2, L2
(rich with Water at T, P)
Given:
Bp of water = 100oC
Bp of ethanol = 80oC
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EXAMPLE 2
PRODUCT 1, G2 kmol/h (G) FEED 2, L1 kmol/h
1 mol % CO2 Pure amine solvent at T, P
99 mol % CH4 at T, P
The gas stream is in contact with
the liquid stream through various
Absorption packings, and due to the high
solubility CO2 into amine, it
dissolves into the liquid stream
remaining CH4 in gas stream.
FEED 1, G1 kmol/h PRODUCT 2, L2 kmol/h
10 mol % CO2 containing CO2 at T, P
90 mol % CH4
at T, P
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PROCESS VARIABLES
MASS & VOLUME
Density, ρ = mass / volume
units: g/cm3, kg/m3, lbm/ft3
Independent of pressure, vary slightly with temp.
Specific Gravity, SG, is ratio of density of a substance to density of a
reference:
SG = ρ/ ρref
ρref , usually water at 4oC = 1.000 g/cm3
related quantities:
Molar density= n/V=ρ/M
Specific volume = V/m=1/ ρ
Molar volume = V/n=M/ ρ
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3.1 MASS AND VOLUME
q Density – mass per unit volume ( kg/m3, g/cm3, lbm/ft3, ect.)
q Specific volume - inverse of density (m3/kg, cm3/g, ft3/lbm, ect.)
q Specific gravity - ratio of the density of substance (ρ) to the density of
reference (ρref ); (SG = ρ/ρref )
20 o C / 4 o C
SG = 0 .6 Commonly used ρref :
r H 2O ( l ) ( 4 o C ) = 1.000 g
* SG of subtance at 20oC with reference to water cm 3
at 4oC is 0.6. = 1000 kg 3
m
= 62.43 lbm 3
Refer TABLE B.1 for SG of selected compounds. ft
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EXAMPLE 3
1) Calculate the density of mercury in lbm/ft3 from a tabulated specific
gravity and calculate the volume in ft3 occupied by 215 kg of mercury.
2) Calculate densities in lbm/ft3 of the following substances:
i. A liquid with density of 995 kg/m3
ii. A solid with a specific gravity of 5.7
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CONT….3.1 MASS AND VOLUME
Try the following
questions:
qTest your self (page 37)
qExample 3.1-1
qExample 3.1-2
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EXAMPLE
1. Given,
m (hexane) = 6.59 g/s , r =0.659 g/cm3
so, V = m/r = 6.59 g/s = 10 cm3/s
0.659 g/cm3
2. Given,
V (CCl4) = 100 cm3/min, ρ =1.595 g/cm3
so, m = Vρ = 100 × 1.595
= 159.5 g/min
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3.2 MASS AND VOLUMETRIC FLOW RATE
Mass flow rate: (m! = kg / s )
Volume flow rate : (v! = m 3 / s )
Density = mass/volume = mass rate/volume rate
!
r =m =m
v v!
qTest your self (page 39)
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EXAMPLE
Calculate the volumetric and mass flowrate if a volume of 500
liters of water is collected for a period of 5 minutes. Given the
density of water is 1000 kg/m3.
i. Volumetric flowrate = 500/5= 100 liters/min
ii. Mass flowrate
100 liter 1m3 1000 kg
100 kg/min
1 min 1000 liter 1 m3
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PROBLEM
3.3 The SG of gasoline is approximately 0.70.
a) Determine the mass (kg) of 50.0 liters of gasoline
b) The mass flow rate of gasoline exiting a refinery tank is
1150kg/min. Estimate the volumetric flow rate in liters/s.
c) Gasoline and kerosene (SG=0.82) are blended to obtain a
mixture with a SG of 0.78. Calculate the volumetric ratio (volume
of gasoline/volume of kerosene) of the two compounds in the
mixture, assuming Vblend = Vgasoline + Vkerosene. Use volume of
kerosene of 1 cm3
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3.3 CHEMICAL COMPOSITION
3.3a Moles and molecular weight
Molecular weight - sum of the atomic weight of the atoms
that constitute a molecule of the compound
Example: Atomic oxygen (O), its atomic weight is 16
Molecular oxygen (O2), its molecular weight is 16*2 = 32
Refer Table B.1 for the molecular weight (MW) value of other compounds
Other types of mole:
g-mole = mol Example:
kg-mole = kmol Carbon monoxide (CO), its MW is 28. Hence,
Ib-moles
ton-moles 1 mol of CO contains 28 g = 28 g/mol
1 kmol of CO contains 28 kg = 28 kg/kmol
1 Ib-mole of CO contains 28 Ibm = 28 Ibm/Ib-mole
1 ton-mole of CO contains 28 tons = 28 tons/ton-mole
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3.3 CHEMICAL COMPOSITION
3.3a Moles and molecular weight (cont.)
MW can be used as a conversion factor that relates the mass
and the number of moles of the compounds
Example : To convert 34 kg of ammonia (NH3) to kmol (MW = 17)
34 kg 1 kmol
2.0 kmol NH3
17 kg
Please try the following questions:
q Example 3.3-1
q Test your self (page 42)
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3.3 CHEMICAL COMPOSITION
3.3b Mass and mole fraction and average molecular weight
mass of A æ kg A gA Ibm A ö
Mass fraction : xA = ç or or ÷
ç
total mass è kg total g total Ibm total ÷ø
Mole fraction : moles of A æ kmol A
ç
gmol A Ibm - moles A ö
÷
yA = ç or or
total moles è kmol total gmol total Ibmmole total ÷ø
Average molecular weight : M = y 1M1 + y 2M 2 + ......
1 x x
= 1 + 2 + .....
M M1 M 2
Please try the following questions:
q Example 3.3-2
q Example 3.3-3
q Example 3.3-4
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3.4 PRESSURE
3.4a Fluid pressure and hydrostatic head
Ø Pressure - ratio of a force to the area on which the force acts.
Ø Unit - N/m2, Pa, dynes/cm2, Ibf/in2 or psi
Ø Hydrostatic pressure - (P = Po + ρgh)
Po
Ø Head - (P = ρgh) where Po = 0
ρ
Please try the following examples: h
Ø Example 3.4-1 (page 48) P
Ø Example 3.4-2 (page 49)
Ø Test your self (page 49)
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3.4 PRESSURE
3.4b Atmospheric pressure, absolute pressure and gauge pressure
Pabsolute = Pgauge + Patmospheric
Patmospheric = 1 atm (standard pressure)
Pgauge = pressure from pressure-measuring devices
Standard pressure 760 mmHg ~ 1 atm
Pabsolute = Pgauge (Patm = vacuum)
Please try - Test yourself (page 50)
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3.4 PRESSURE
3.4c Fluid pressure measurement
Manometer
Barometer when P1 = Patm
P1 P2
General manometer equation: ρ2
P1 + ρ1gd1 = P2 + ρ2gd2 + ρfgh d2
d1
when fluid 1 and 2 are the same,
ρ1 = ρ2 = ρ
ρ1 ρf
Differential Manometer equation:
P1 - P2 = (ρf - ρ)gh
If either fluid 1 or 2 is gas at moderate pressure, part ρgd can be neclected
Manometer formula for gasses:
Please try the following equations:
P1-P2 = h
q Test yourself (page 53)
q Example 3.4-3 23
3.4 TEMPERATURE
Temperature conversion & conversion factor:
T(K) = T(oC) + 273.15
T(oR) = T(oF) + 459.67 Kelvin (K)
Rankine (R)
T( R) = 1.8T(K)
o
T(oF) = 1.8T(oC)+32
1.8 o F 1.8 o R 1o F 1o C
o
, , o ,
1C 1K 1 R 1K
Please try the following equations:
q Test yourself (page 55)
q Example 3.5-1, 3.5-2 and 3.5-3
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