Leo Shiina, Darby Powell, Kara da Luz, Misato Sobue, Jinwon Lee

SPACE NOɅ＋
Colony orbiting around Ross 128 b
Terraforming Space Station

1
Table of Contents

1-Introduction 3
2-Method 4
3-Background 5
4-Setting condition of Space NoɅ+ 6
5-Investigation 8
(1) Second Earth 8
(2) Flight plan 10
a. Flight plan 10
b. Flight plan A (Outer planet) 12
c. Flight plan B (Extrasolar planet) 13
(3) Space NoɅ+ Design 17
a. Zoning 17
a-1. Control center Zone 19
a-2. Residential Zone 20
a-3. Artificial Hibernation Zone 26
a-4. Work Zone 27
b-1. Accelerated plasma propulsion engine 28
b-2. Ion engine experiment 31
c. Small nuclear reactor 33
d. Space NoɅ’s recycling 37
(4) Life support activity 39
a. Water supply and demand 40
b. Air supply and demand 41
c. Food supply and demand 42
d-1. Artificial Hibernation mechanism 43
d-2. Artificial Hibernation equipment 44
d-3. Hibernation health maintenance management program 45
d-4. Overview of the artificial hibernation meeting with Dr. Genshiro Sunagawa 46
6-Conclusion 47
7-Members 48
8-References 49

2
1-Introduction
“God said to Noah
Make yourself an ark of cypress wood;
Make room in it and coat it with pitch inside and out.”(1)

With increasing space development technology, it is

possible to explore planets farther than Jupiter. However, the
farther we get from the sun, the weaker the sunlight becomes
and solar-powered energy can not be obtainable. The desire
to go to more distant stars is a human dream. However,
these explorations may last for decades, and many problems
have to be solved.
We made a scenario where Earth is unlivable and
people have to look for a new planet to live on. In this way, we
can more easily identify problems with space travel.
We had three obstacles when designing Space NoɅ+;
1-Design a concept of a new engine called an “Accelerated
Plasma Propulsion Engine” and Methods of interstellar
travel.
2-Proposal for an artificial hibernation program.
3-An environmental design for long-term living in the space
station.

Figure(1) 1994,Pale Blue Dot: A Vision of the Human Future in Space, By Carl Edward Sagan (2)

3
2-Method
It was difficult to get together and have meetings because members went on summer vacation. So, we
had Zoom meetings for consecutive days. We searched the internet for related topics and brainstormed by
watching videos. The Zoom meeting was recorded, and the members' opinions were added to the Google
classroom. In addition, each member selected their theme and held their Zoom seminar. Then, each member
wrote down one chapter. Each member put together their chapter and made a proposal. For the design, to have
an identity on the proposal, one of the members designed the whole image using Blender. To propose artificial
hibernation, we received direct advice from Dr. Genshiro Sunagawa, a world top-class scientist on artificial
human hibernation. We visited the SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory of Stanford University and received
advice from a researcher to design the accelerated plasma propulsion engine. We also studied
electromagnetism to understand the Lorentz force. In addition, we learned mechanics and mathematics to
calculate interstellar travel.

Figure(2) Zoom Meeting

4
 3- Background
Earth was made 4.6 billion years ago. (3) Microorganisms started
living on Earth 3.5 billion years ago. (3-1) During 3.5 billion years, five great
extinction occurred. (4) 65 million years ago, dinosaurs were extinct in a
single meteorite impact. (5) Three hundred thousand years ago, mankind
appeared in Africa. (6) We evolved and developed science and technology,
and now we travel to space. In the 21st century, mankind will build colonies
on the Moon and Mars. (7) The Space NoɅ project, that was our previous
proposal to NSS Space Settlement Contest 2022, was built to conserve life
on Earth. We are now living in a new era of space exploration.
We assumed the following situation to clarify the problems in
proposing the contest. Earth is facing the 6th mass extinction. Humanity has
already built colonies on the Moon and Mars and completed the space
station named Space NoɅ on Lagrange point 1. People were temporarily
evacuation to these facilities. However, the damage to Earth was worse
than expected, and people have to give up returning to Earth. Colonists
building their civilization on the Moon or Mars have frequent health
problems due to the lack of gravity. When babies are born in the colonies,
their bone structure is abnormal from the lack of enough gravity,(8) soon will
wipe out all colonies. The passengers of Space NoɅ concluded that it
became impossible for them to return to Earth and that we could not survive
in the solar system anymore. We dismantled Space NoɅ and built the flying
space station, called Space NoɅ+. However, there are no planets or
satellites that are Earth-like nearby. So, we selected Ross 128 b(12), which
is close to the solar system and it is an Earth-like planet. The reason for
the selection is that it is located in the habitable zone, the gravity is almost
the same as Earth, and there is liquid water, having an atmosphere. The
sun of Ross 128 b, Ross 128(12-1) is 7 billion years old, so the radiation is
not strong. To get to Ross 128 b, it was necessary to develop a new engine
that would enable interstellar travel, and the power could not be solar
energy but is a small nuclear reactor (SNR) because we will be leaving the
solar system. We also have to make artificial hibernation technology. In
Earth addition, it is not possible to land immediately on Ross 128 b. It is thought
that a very long period is required to create an environment where humans
and other life can survive. Space NoɅ+ will remain as a colony in orbit of
Figure(3) Earth Ross 128 b permanently as a terraforming development base.
5
4- Setting condition of Space NoɅ+

Figure(4) Maximum capacity of passengers

person Calculation
Passengers 27,000 2,200 (family/wing)×{ 2 (parents)+2.1(person/ family)(9) } ×3 (wings) =27,060 (person)
Figure(5) Maximum capacity of passengers
*Tower Size Person Calculation
A-Tower L=500m, H=30m, D=20m 2,250 125(families/Floor)×6(floors)=750(families)
750(families)×3(person/family)=2,250(person)
B-Tower L=785m, H=30m, D=20m 6,840 190(families/Floor)×6(floors)=1,140(families)
C-Tower 1,140(families)×3(person/family)×2(towers)=6,840(person)
Total 27,000 9,090(sub total of one wing)×3(wings)=27,270(person)
Average one housing unit size, A:W=4.0m, D=20m, H=3.5m, S=80m 2 ,B:W=4.0m, D=15m, H=3.5m, S=60m2
* See Figure(13)
Figure(8) Structure of Space NoɅ+

Figure(6) Population composition by age

15 years old or younger 9,000(person)
15 years old and more 18,000(person)
Total 27,000(person)

Figure(7) Occupational population

(1)Control 500(person)
(2)Engineer 3,000(person)
(3)Factory 2,700(person) 10%
(4)Food 2,700(person) 10%
(5)Handling (three wings) 2,700(person) 10% each wing
(6)Medical care, Hibernation 2,700(person) 10% each wing
(7)Scientists/Education 1,000(person)
(8)Child 9,000(person)
(9)Other 2,700(person)
Total 27,000(person)
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Figure(9) Artificial gravity
a- Acceleration g=9.8m/s2
b- Rotation T=63.44 (s) g=rω2 , ω=(g/r) 1/2, T=2π/ω=2π(r/g)1/2 , r=1,000 (m/s),

Figure(10) Weight of Space NoɅ+

ISS (w×d)=( 108m×73m ), weight=450(t)
One tank of Space NoɅ+
(120m×30m ) ≒1/2 ISS
Volume of Space NoɅ+ Figure(13) Apartment house layout plan of the wings
={1/2×500(tank)+500(wings)
1,500
677,000(t) +500(main machine)}×450(t)= 676,750 (t) 250 500 500 250

Figure(11) Weight of water

Volume of one water tank
=3.14×152×60=42,390(m3)

500
=42.39(t)
Total weight of water B-Tower C-Tower
={(240(tanks)+260(tanks)}×42.39
21,195(t) =21,195(t)

Figure(12) Weight of liquid hydrogen

Total weight of Hydrogen

500
Mass of liquid hydrogen 70.8 (kg/m3) (10)
500 (tanks)×42,390(m3)×0.0708(t/m3)
1,500,606(t) =1,500,606(t) A-Tower

7
 5- Investigation
5-(1) Second Earth
Figure (14) List of the second Earth
List the most suitable terrestrial planets
for human migration.
1-Proxima Centauri b(11) 2-Ross128 b(12)
Planetary state
a. Rocky planet a. yes a. likely
b. Habitable zone b. yes b. yes
c. Rich in liquid water c. possibly c. possibly
d. Not too close to the main star. d. yes d. yes
e. Belonging constellation e. Centaurus e. Virgo
f. Distance from the earth f. 4.25 light years f. 11.02 light years
g. Main star g. Proxima Centauri g. Ross128
h. Orbital period h. 11.2 earth days h. 9.9 earth days
i. Size compare to Earth i. <~130% i. >30%
j. Atmosphere j. unknown j. possibly
k. Water k. possibly k. If there is an atmosphere
l. Distance from the main star l. 1/20 (0.05au) l. 1/20 (0.05au)
(comparison between Earth Keplar-186f
(c=580)
and the sun) Possibility of life underground There is a high possibility of
because of x-rays and radiation life. We chose Ross 128 b to
the second Earth.

Trappist 1e,1f,
(c=40)

Earth

Proxima Centauri b Ross 128 b

(c=4.25) (c=11.02) 8
Figure (15) List of the second Earth

3-Trappist 1f(13) 4-Trappist-1e(14) 5-Keplar-186f(15)

a. unlikely fully rocky a. yes A .possibly

b. yes b. yes b. yes
c. unknown c. unknown c. unknown
d. yes d. yes d. yes
e. Aquarius e. Aquarius e. Cygnus
f. 40 light years f. 40 light years f. 580 light years
g. Trappist-1 g. Trappist-1 g. Keplar - 186
h. 9.2 6 earth days h. 6.099 earth days h. 129.9 earth day
i. <~1.045 radius i. 91% earth radius i. <11%
j. likely (not confirmed) j. unknown j. unknown/possibly
k. possibly k. possibly k. If it is rocky
l. 0.037 2u l. 0.02928285 au l. 0.04 au

Seasonal changes like

Mars

9
5-(2)-a. Flight Plan
Figure(16) Outer Planets (Solar system)
As this is a continuation of Space NoΛ, the last
year’s project, we started at Lagrange Point One, an area 1-Mars (18) 2-Europa (Jupiter) (21)
where neither the Earth’s nor the Moon’s gravity pulls
Space NoΛ to either body. And our goal is Ross 128 b a. Orbital period a. Orbital period
which is a relatively close exoplanet from Earth and its =1.88085yr. =0.009729yr.
distance is 11.02 light years. The flight plan is divided into b. Surface gravity a. Surface gravity
two parts, which are outer planet and interstellar. =3.720m/s2 =1.314m/s2
This flight method of Space NoɅ+ is similar to the c. Escape velocity c. Escape velocity
ancient navigation method. For example, according to =5.027km/s<11.2km/s (19) =2.025km/s<11.2km/s (19)
Herodotus Book 4, 2,600 years ago, the Phoenicians set (Earth) d. Rocky planet
sail from the Red Sea to explore Africa. In the spring, d. Rocky planet e. Rich in liquid water
they landed and sowed wheat, waited for the harvest, and e. Rich in liquid water f. Rich Hydrogen
then went out again. (16) They returned to the f. Rich Hydrogen
Mediterranean from the Straits of Gibraltar in the third g. Rich in gas Xenon
year. The flight plan of Space NoɅ+ was made regarding
such ancient navigational methods. Liquid water on the surface
Solar energy cannot be used outside the solar of Nars does not exist
system, so we installed a small nuclear reactor (SNR) for because the atmosphere is
electrical energy. Also, there is no place to refill water or thin.
liquid hydrogen out of the solar system until we get to Hydrogen exists in the
Ross 128 b. Therefore, we have to prepare enough water form of H2O or OH. (20)
and liquid hydrogen before we leave the last port of call,
Charon (Pluto).
The fastest human-made vehicles are Helios-2. Its
speed is 70 km per second. (17) If we travel at the speed
of Helios-2, It would take 47,229 years to get to Ross 128
b. But with a Space NoɅ+ engine, just by accelerating 1G
(9.8m/s2) for 60 days, the ship can go 17% of light speed.
After that, the ship flies in a linear motion for 65 years,
and then deaccelerates for 60 days again. The
technology for this is already built, as humans can travel
faster than 1G.

10
Figure(17) Outer Planets (Solar system)

3- Enceladus (Saturn) (22) 4- Miranda (Uranus) (23) 5- Triton (Neptune) (24) 6- Charon (Pluto) (25)

a. Orbital period a. Orbital period a. Orbital period a. Orbital period

=0.00375402yr. =0.003872545yr. =0.01610096yr. =0.01749863yr.
a. Surface gravity a. Surface gravity a. Surface gravity a. Surface gravity
b. =0.113m/s2 =0.077m/s2 =0.779m/s2 =0.59m/s2
c. Escape velocity c. Escape velocity c. Escape velocity c. Escape velocity
=0.241km/s<11.2km/s (19) =0.193km/s<11.2km/s (19) =1.455km/s<11.2km/s (19) =0.59km/s<11.2km/s (19)
d. Rocky planet d. Rocky planet d. Rocky planet d. Rocky planet
e. Rich in ice water e. Rich in ice water e. Rich in ice water e. Rich in ice water
f. Rich Hydrogen f. Rich Hydrogen f. Rich Hydrogen f. Rich Hydrogen

Enceladus has the organic The reason for choosing

matter, heat sources, and Miranda is that there is water
water needed for life, so life on the surface and the
may exist. escape velocity is low.

11
5-(2)-b. Flight Plan A (Outer planet)

The flight plan is divided into two parts, which are outer planets and extrasolar planets. During outer space flight, we
have to prepare for interstellar flight such as water, liquid hydrogen, mineral, and so on. Space NoɅ+ has no landing function.
Instead, there are small spacecraft with chemical fuel rocket engines to collect water and other materials. Space NoɅ+ has four
fixed small nuclear reactors (SNRs) and one portable SNR. Two SNRs for the Plasma Propulsion engines, one SNR for energy
for living, and one SNR for backup. The portable SNR is installed on a small spacecraft inside Space NoɅ+. It is used to power
other ships and collect frozen water together with the work spacecraft. The necessary water will be secured on the Moon
before departure. The water, that is used during the flight, will be replenisged at other stops along the way.
Space NoɅ+ stops on three satellites along the voyage to load water and necessary materials from the trip and swings
by three planets. Travel time to each port of call will be two years on average. We will pass the Moons of Mars, Jupiter, and
Neptune because their escape velocity is over 1.0km/s. It means to need a lot of energy to take out water. Instead, Space
NoɅ+ will swing by and accelerate.
Continuing to Saturn’s Moon, Enceladus, they collect water and liquid hydrogen on Miranda of Uranus and Charon of Pluto.
Space NoɅ+ has to fill all tanks with water and liquid hydrogen before leaving each stop.

Figure(18) Flight Plan A (Outer planets )

(6) Charon (Pluto)

Sun
(5) Neptune : swing by
Lagrange Point (L1)(26)

(4) Miranda (Uranus)

(3) Enceladus (Saturn)

(2) Jupiter : swing by

(1) Mars : swing by

12
5-(2)-c. Flight Plan B (Extrasolar planet)

From Pluto’s Moon, Charon, we travel straight to Ross 128 b. The voyage will be divided into three stages. *Phase
1 is to accelerate Space NoɅ+. The ship will take 60 days to accelerate at 1G (9.8m/s2) with the plasma propulsion engine
and the top speed will be 50,800km/s, which is 17% of the speed of light. Phase 2 is a period of constant velocity flight. It
lasts 65 years and all passengers are in intermittent artificial hibernation. During the flight, Space NoɅ+ will be fully
automated and the AI computer uses radar to check for obstacles ahead and calculates the safest and shortest course to
fly. Phase 3 is the period to deaccelerate. And it is 60 more days. Passengers are programmed to wake up sequentially
based on an artificial hibernation schedule, starting one year before the end of Phase 2. Our extrasolar travel from Charon
to Ross 128 b will take a total of 65 years and 120 days.
When Space NoɅ+ enters orbit around Ross 128 b it will be the colony of terraforming development for several
generations. Space NoɅ+ has a lot of animals and plants brought from Earth. When the animals migrate to Ross 128 b,
we need to carefully observe whether Earth life forms can live together with Ross life forms. We must never be invaders.
*See Figure(22)

Figure(19) Flight Plan B (Outer planets )

Space NoɅ+

Charon (Pluto) Ross 128 b

Ross 128

13
 Figure(20) Water & Liquid Hydrogen Collection System

Water Tank
Space NoɅ+
&
Liquid Hydrogen Tank

Goods transport rocket with crane

Space Carrier
It carries substances
such as people and
water as a shuttle
between Space NoɅ +
Small nuclear reactor (SNR) and planets or
EWC Tank power supply satellites.

Evaporation Water Collection (EWC) Tank Turn ice into steam with a magnetron. Cool the steam and collect distilled
water. Collecting as water does not require drilling hard ice and 50% or more
efficient than carrying ice.
14
Figure(21) Flight plan B: from Charon to Ross 128 b (11.02 light year away(12))
Plan-A Plan-B
The fastest spacecraft developed by mankind Accelerated plasma propulsion engin rocket
(Helios-2: 70km/sec) (Acceleration time: ±60 days)

(1) How far light speed can travel in a year (1) Speed after acceleration (km/sec)
Seconds in a year g: Gravity (9.8m/s2)
=365×24×60×60 c: Speed of light (300,000km/sec)
=31,536,000 (sec/year) t60: 60days’ time (sec)
Distance that one light year v60: After 60days accelerated velocity
= 31,536,000×300,000 t60 = 60×24×60×60
=9.4608e12 (km/year) = 5,184,000 (s/60days)
(2) The fastest spacecraft developed v60 = g×t60 (m/sec)
Velocity=70 (km/sec)* = 9.8×5,184,000
Distance that one year = 50,803,200 (m/sec)
=70×365×24×60×60 = 50,803.2 (km/sec)*<300,000 (km/sec): 16.93%
=2.20752e9 (km/year) (2) Distance to Ross 128 b (km)
Time required to fly one light year Lc.year : Distance traveled for one year of light speed
=9.4608e12/2.20752e9 L60.year: Distance traveled for one year by v60
=4,285.714 (year) Lc11.02 : Distance traveled for 11.02 light year
(3) The required time to go to Ross 128 b tyear = 365×24×60×60
the required time = 31,536,000 (sec/year)
=11.02×4,285.714 Lc.year= 300,000×31,536,000
=47,229 (years) = 9.4608e12 (km/year)
Lc11.02 = 11.02×9.4608e12
*How is speed measured in interstellar flight? = 1.04258e14 (km)
Accurate speed cannot be obtained as the flight L60.year= 50,803.2×31,536,000
speed becomes faster than the time on the ground. In = 1.60213e12 (km)
Space NoɅ+, the speed measured by the redshift of the (3) The required time to go to Ross 128 b
target sun’s light (Ross 128). Due to the Doppler effect, t = Lc11.02/L60.year
the spectrum shifts to the blue direction when = 1.04258e14/1.60213e12
accelerating, and to the red direction when decelerating. = 65.071
= 65(years)

15
Figure(22) Flight plan from Lagrange Point One to Ross 128 b Ross 128 b

Flight Plan A
1-Fligft rout Phase 3
Start: Earth (Lagrange point one)
(1)Mars …swing by
(2)Europa (Jupiter) …swing by
(3)Enceladus (Saturn) …port of call
(4)Miranda (Uranus) …port of call
(5)Triton (Neptune) …swing by
(6)Charon (Pluto) …port of call
*Go to flight Plan B
Flight Plan B
2-Total Period 10years
As for the departure time from one port of call to the Phase 3
next port of call, consider the time of water and fuel 1- Engine restart
Space NoΛ＋
collection and closest approach each other. 2-Period 60days
The average travel period from one port of call to the 3-Acceleration a=-9.8m/s2
next port of call is two years. Phase 2 4-Velocity Orbital speed

Phase 2
Flight Course A 1- Engine stop
2-Period 65 years
3-Acceleration a= 0
4-Velocity vmax=50,800km/s
(Ratio to the Light speed r=17%)

Charon Phase 1
Phase 1 1- Engine start
Sun 2-Period 60days
3-Acceleration a=9.8m/s2
Triton 4-Velocity from v=0km/s to vmax=50,800km/s
Earth (Ratio to the Light speed r=17%)
Miranda
Mars
Enceladus
Europa 16
5-(3) Space NoɅ+ Design
5-(3)-a. Zoning
Space NoɅ+ diameter is 2km. The height is 3km. There are three wings. Each wing is 1km wide and 1.5km long. The
main rocket is located in the center and the residential zone and work zones are located on the three wings. The wings are
rotating around the rocket producing artificial gravity. The wings will complete a full rotation in one minute, and give the
artificial gravity g=9.8m/s2. The center rocket is an accelerated plasma propulsion engine those are mainly used for
interstellar flights. The wing has a chemical engine rocket that is used inside the solar system. The chemical rocket is docked
on the ship meaning it can undock and fly independently. The three wings are connected by a passageway. Inside the
passageway are elevators and different types of cables and pipes supplying the wings with electricity and water etc.
Figure(23) Zoning list Figure(24) Zoning of Space NoɅ+
1-Control center zone Located in the center to control the spacecraft.
Control center, computer room, flight deck, observation Control center zone
room, engine room, power room, machine room,
battery room, fuel tanks (500 tanks), Small nuclear
reactors (4 SNR), accelerated plasma propulsion
engines (49 engines), space-based laser station on
small scale space debris.
Artificial
2-Residential Zone To spend daily life divided into three wings. Hibernation
Housing, park, tennis court, soccer court, baseball zone
ground, trekking course, wall climbing, ski resort, skate,
ice hockey field, sports gym, hospital, school,
Assembly hall, training center, virtual library, music
halls, shopping mall, recreation center, restaurant, residential zone
virtual museum, virtual art museum, health promotion
Work zone
center.
3-Artificial Hibernation Artificial Hibernation is necessary for future space
Zone development. There is a hospital in the artificial
hibernation laboratory. To go to Ross 128 b, we will
hibernate 65 years.
4-Work Zone Places for food production and space station maintenance activities. Water tanks(500tanks), power
room, machine room, water supply, air conditioning, battery room docking port, chemical fuel
rockets, solar panel, space factory (3D printers), maintenance repair, recovery room, field, fish
tanks, food stockpile, orchard, pharmaceutical factory, chemical factory, clothing factory,
construction. (All of the work is done by robots and will be monitored by a computer.)
17
Figure(25) Three Zones of the wing

Residential zone

Summer season Winter season

Section of condominium Ski resort

Camp sight Fishing

Hibernation pods room Artificial Hibernation zone

Recycle tanks of Space NoɅ

Work zone

18
5-(3)-a-1. Control center Zone Control center zone is in the middle of Space NoɅ+. The people on board
Figure(26) Control Zone the control center is listed on the chart bellow.

Figure(27) The population of the Control center

Position Person Criteria: Each position member is divided into 2 teams.
Each teams is also divided into 4 other groups.
① Officer 50 Commanders.
Crew 450 Pilots mission Specialists etc.
Engineer 3,000 Mechanical engineer, Air conditioning engineer, Electrician
② Rocket engine engineer, Nuclear power plant engineer, etc.
③ Total 3,500
During interstellar flight the passengers will be in artificial hibernation.
④ ⑤ Space NoɅ+ will use intermitted hibernation, so 1/7 of the passengers will always
be awake. For the three wings, there will be at least 2 commanders, 20
⑩⑥⑩ crewmember, and 140 engineers. They control space NoɅ+ for 24 hours in two
shifts. The chart for the crew is below.

Figure(27-1) ⑩
⑧⑦⑧ In artificial hibernation Normal time Capacity
one wing three wings one wing three wings
Officer 2 6 14 42 50
Crew 20 60 140 420 450
⑧ ⑧ ①Flight deck
Engineer 140 420 980 2,940 3,000
Total 162 486 1,134 3,402 3,500
②Control center
⑨ ③Computer room
④ Engine room
⑩ ⑤Power room Figure(28) Work 2-months rotation Figure(29) Working one day hours
⑥Machine room
Team-A Team-B Work 4-days rotation
⑦ Battery room
Group-1 a b c -
⑧SNR team-A ⃝ - Group 1~4 b:8~17 a:0~8
Group-2 b c - a
⑨ AIE team-B - ⃝ Group 1~4 Group-3 c - a b
⑩ Fuel tank
Group-4 - a b c
c:17~24

19
5-(3)-a-2. Residential Zone

Various open space

Being in a space station for a long time is stressful so we proposed diverse weather
conditions. This picture is from the climate DF’s open space. It is snowing by an artificial
snow-making machine. The ski resort has a 30-degree angle and is 1km. It can be used for
ski competitions as well. The ski course surrounded by trees will feel like it is on Earth. We
can fully enjoy life in the space station.

Figure(30) Ski resort

20
 The Largest city park in the world
Each wing can hold up to 9,000 people so in total there are 27,000 people on Space NoɅ + The living space is 1.5km
by 1km. The residential unit is a high-rise apartment building to secure open space. All of the open spaces are parks so that
passengers can continue to live in space for a long time. As a result, the area of the city park per resident became the
largest in the world. (27)
Figure(31) The area of the city park per resident (m2/person)
People on board can enjoy skiing, swimming,
hiking, and camping, and fun activities that can make
the passengers forget about being trapped in space. To
make the passengers feel like they are on Earth there
will not be a torus-shaped design, but rather a
horizontal design similar to Earth. The large lake is
dangerous if the artificial gravity stops, so there is an
acrylic wall separating the lake in two. The top part will
be 1 meter and the bottom part will be 5 meters. On the
top part of the lakes, there is a high-speed drainage
system so that if the gravity stops only 1 meter of the
lake will be drained and the bottom 5 meters will not
because there is an acrylic wall that prevents the water
from escaping.
Figure(32) Residential zone lake Figure(33) a high speed drainage system

1.0m
Condominium

Camp ground
Acrylic panel

5.0m
Fishing Zone
Fishing Zone Acrylic panel

21
Campout
Three of our members are Boy Scouts. I am one of them. The first time I went
camping I was astonished by all the stars in the sky. Especially since I live in the downtown
area, the light pollution makes it hard to see stars. Looking at the stars I felt how small we
were compared to the universe and that there is so much more to explore. When ancient
people looked at the sky they made up all kinds of stories to try to understand it. But now
and in the near future, we can go to space and watch and even go to the stars that our
ancestors gazed upon long ago.

Figure(34) Campout
22
 Conservation of animals and plants
The purpose of Space NoɅ+ is to preserve a variety of life on Earth. It is the Figure(36) Weather in the wing
natural environment that divides life into various species. Humans are a part of these
diverse life chains. And it is the climate that has a great influence on the natural Winter Summer
environment. (28) One wing has three separate parks. The parks have different weather
and seasons. Every park has four seasons. Using these changes in weather we can
conserve animals by letting them live not by hibernation. These diverse weathers will
make the passengers feel elated.
The Residential zone animal and plant conservation criteria are listed on the
chart below. Heat exchange
Figure(35) Animal and plant selection criteria
1. Animals that can make humans happy (dogs, cats, etc.)
2. Small wildlife animals (Birds, Fish, etc.)
3. Organisms that are beneficial to the natural environment (Bees, Moles, etc.) Residential building
4. Animals that represent the specific climate (Butterfly, Dragonflies, Rabbits, Deer
(for Santa), etc.)
5. Different Food for different climates (Mushrooms, Strawberries, Blue Berries, etc.)

Figure(37) Köppen climate classification of the open space (29) (30)

Winter Summer Autumn Summer Winter Summer

Wig-1 Df: Continental climate(31) Wig-2 Cfa: Humid subtropical climate(32) Wig-3 Cfb: Temperate oceanic climate(33)
Continental climate. Hot Humid subtropical climate. Hot Temperate oceanic climate.
Summers Cold Winters, Some and humid summers and cool to Temperate, no dry season, warm
precipitation, Animals include mild winters, Animals include summer, Animals include salmon,
squirrels, prairie dogs, Plants turtles, frogs, snakes, capybaras, tuna, anglerfish, Plants include
include everlasting pea, big plants including shrubs, bushes, seaweed
leaf maple, English holly broadleaf, evergreen 23
 Housing Plan
Figure (38) Housing Plan
4.0 2.5 8.5

I am one of the few kids that

live in San Francisco downtown.
Downtown houses are very small.

4.0
Kid Room When my friends come, we have to
assemble chairs that we don’t use for
dinner in the living room, and the living
2F Master Bedroom room turns into the bedroom. And
when I get projects from school my
4.0 2.5 8.5 living room becomes a laboratory, and
of course, during online learning, the
living room became a classroom. The
living room in my house is usually
Kitchen never used as its actual intention.

4.0
The Downtown plaza is always
Dining Table VR Room
Bathroom used for many things as well due to
the lack of space. At some times it is a
1F consort, and sometimes it is an ice
skating ring. Downtown is always
15.0 changing its figure. When I designed
Space NoɅ+ with limited space,
downtown’s idea of changing for
events was useful. Space NoɅ+
housing design has only one room. If
there is only one room a lot of things
can be changed around. We turned
the living room into a VR room so that
there is no feeling of isolation.

Figure(39) View the VR room from the kid’s room

24
Virtual-Room Figure(41) Before the image
Most images of spacecraft living areas do
not have windows. The reason is that there is no
outside meaning so windows are not required. But
windows are a very important component. It has an
important function of connecting the internal and
external spaces as well as the function of the
barrier. Without windows, we would feel trapped.
It is said that the isolation chamber used for
astronaut training is very uncomfortable. General
people will not be able to live in these conditions for
long. (34)(35) So Space NoɅ+, we proposed Virtual-
Room. The glass is an LCD screen and it can be
projected many landscape images on the window.
The ceiling screen shows the sky so the house
could be set as if you were outside. The wall-
mounted windows can stop the feeling of isolation.
For example, in the case of a high-rise house
in downtown San Francisco, the price of the house Figure(42) After the image
is very high, so my house is very small and narrow.
Residents put a big mirror on the wall and try to
release the feeling of being trapped, but it is not
very effective. Furthermore, the position of the
windows is also limited to the minimum, so it is a
closed space just like the isolation chamber. I think
that if residents use the Virtual Room, they can
immediately solve the problem of space and make
their downtown life more comfortable.

Figure(40)
my house

25
5-(3)-a-3. Artificial Hibernation Zone
Artificial hibernation is an important technology to support Figure(43) Artificial hibernation
the Space NoɅ＋ project. When we are going to Ross 128 b, after
we leave the solar system, we will hibernate for 65 years. There
are 28,350 hibernation pods (including spare pods 5%). There will
be one expert in charge of 10~15 people to hibernate. The experts
will make sure everyone is accounted for and is safely hibernating.
During artificial hibernation, family members from small groups of
10~15 people with relatives or friends.
The hibernation pods are located between the water tanks
and the Residential zone. Both the top and the bottom layers have
water protecting the artificial hibernation pods from dangerous
cosmic rays. The hibernation pods are separated into small
isolated rooms so that if something punctured the outer wall, those
rooms will shut down until the repairs are made. People can safely
survive in the hibernation pods even if the room is temporarily out
of the air during this time. In other words, the Artificial hibernation Figure(44) Wing’s section
zone is also a shelter for serious accidents, such as a small
meteorite hitting a space station and causing an air leak. The
Artificial hibernation zone is located on the lower floor of the Residential Zone
Residential Zone, so people can evacuate within 3 minutes.
Evacuation drills are held regularly, and each of the three wings
competes for evacuation time and then has a big party, making it a
fun event.
In Space NoɅ+, people must obtain a license to operate an
artificial hibernation pod until the age of 18. People can learn how
to operate artificial hibernation pods at school or hospital seminars Artificial hibernation Zone
and obtain the hibernation’s operating licenses. This system is
similar to a car driver’s license on Earth. The hibernation’s
operating license is divided into three ranks. The beginners start
with operating pods, middle-level operations related to medical
Work Zone
equipment, and advanced-level mastering of maintenance and
management of artificial hibernation systems.
The artificial hibernation takes in the outer planet stage
(Flight plan B), but for over fifty years old, it can be done in the
extrasolar planet stage (Flight plan A) if desired and with the
approval of a doctor. 26
5-(3)-a-4. Work Zone
The equipment of the work zone will be a reuse of Space NoɅ’s facilities. The visitor zone of Space NoɅ was
closed so, we recycled them to the work zone. For example in the space station, viruses are a big threat. So the
training dormitories of the visitor zone will be turned into an infectious disease ward (IDW) of Space NoɅ’s Work Zone.
The artificial hibernation hospital and the IDW will be connected by an elevator directly for easy access. The virus can
be completely isolated by the elevator from IDW and other compartments of the space station.
Figure(46) Facility to reuse from Space NoɅ

Agriculture field Seed Storage Isolated Laboratory

Fish tanks Artificial hibernation laboratory Artificial hibernation tanks

Meeting room Restaurant (Isolation hospital Reform)

27
 5-(3)-b-1. Accelerated plasma propulsion engine
There are two types of rockets. Chemical fuel rockets and Electric propulsion rockets. Furthermore, Chemical fuel
rockets can be classified into two types as well, solid fuel rockets and Liquid fuel rockets. (36)(37) As typical electric propulsion
rockets are mainly ion rocket engines. (38) Chemical fuel rockets are good for propulsion, but it requires a large amount of fuel
to travel long distances. (39) Electric propulsion rocket has small propulsion, but they can travel long distances with little fuel.
(40) In recent years, xenon ion thrusters are used to power satellites such as Akebono and Hayabusa. (41)(42) Compare to

previously used chemical thrusters, xenon-ion propulsion thruster has 10 times higher velocity. Also, xenon propellant is 1/10
lighter than chemical fuel. (43) (Ashley, 1995, as cited in Beattie’s)
We will be using an accelerated plasma propulsion Engine (44) that will be powering Space NoɅ+ to Ross 128 b. Xenon,
which has a large atomic weight and is highly efficient in acceleration, is used in the ion engine. (45)(46) But we will be using
hydrogen because of the following reasons.

Figure(47) The reason why Space NoɅ+ uses liquid Hydrogen instead of Xenon

1- When we collect oxygen from ionizing onboard water, we can get hydrogen at the same time(47)(48), and that can be
used as fuel.
2- Since the melting point of liquid hydrogen is -259.2°C(49) and the temperature in outer space is -270.45°C(50),
hydrogen can be stored in its liquid state without temperature modifications.
3- The density of xenon is 5.89g/L at 0°C(46), while hydrogen is 0.08988 g/L at 0°C(49). To make up for the shortfall, the
amount and speed of release are increased using a linear accelerator.
4- Xenon(46) is a very rare gas and during the flight Space NoɅ+ will not be able to resupply.

One accelerated plasma propulsion (APP) engine’s diameter is 9m and the width is 1,100m. There are
seven APP engines in one bundle. The seven bundles make the whole engine have 49 APP engines. The APP engine is
made of three parts. The top 10m of the APP engine are the rotary and the electromagnetic field. The bottom 1,000m is the
linear accelerator. The rotary plasma generator works by liquid hydrogen turning into gas then with a high heat source the
gas will turn into plasma. After that, the plasma will be compressed by the electromagnetic field and shot out into the
accelerator at high speeds. The linear accelerator is 1km increasing the speed of the plasma. There are four small nuclear
reactors (SNR) on the bottom of the linear accelerators. The SNR is mostly used to power the accelerator. Constantly
electricity is produced and some of the energy goes to a storage battery. The maximums storage battery voltage is
4,882MW/day. The APP engines are used for the first 60 days and the last 60 days of travel so the APP is only used for
120 days. The fuel is liquid hydrogen and they are stored in 500 outer liquid hydrogen tanks. Like the water tanks it docks
to the ship and it can independently fly to satellites to find hydrogen. The electrolysis of water can be used to make
hydrogen as well.
28
 Figure(48) Accelerated plasma propulsion engine section
Rotary plasma generator Electromagnet Field Linear Accelerator (1,000m)

Electromagnet
Hydrogen gas
Acceleration coil
High heat
source
Glass coating
Accelerated plasma

Compressed plasma

Accelerated plasma propulsion engine Figure (50) System of APP engine

Accelerated plasma propulsion (APP) engines are made 1. System
by 3D printers in Space NoɅ+’s factory. -The APP engine accelerates plasma with Linear Accelerator in
_order to make the ship go faster.
Figure(49) APP engines features(51)(52) -Use hydrogen for fuel, the space station needs oxygen and to
1.Merit do electrolysis of water hydrogen is needed.
- It can go far with little energy. -When hydrogen becomes plasma, small nuclear reactors
- Specific impulse is 10X more than a regular rocket. _(SNR) will supply a lot of energy.
2.Demerit 2. Steps
- It takes time to accelerate, but the linear accelerator -Turn liquid hydrogen into gas.
makes up for those. -The small nuclear reactors (SNR) heat and exchange hydrogen
- It can only use in vacuum space. _gas for plasma.
-When the hydrogen becomes plasma with momentary ultra-
Figure (51) Rocket engine nozzle high temperature will expand rotating the rotary.
-The plasmas are compressed and bringing them to the center
_with the electromagnet and launched from the linear
accelerator.
-Using a coil the plasma gets accelerated, and the inner wall of
_the accelerator has a glass coating so that the plasma can
90m

_accelerate easier.
-The exterior has magnetic shielding so that all of the
_accelerators don’t get affected by the ones next to it.
29
Calculation of liquid hydrogen fuel of Space NoɅ+
Mass of Space NoɅ+ Required of liquid hydrogen fuel
(1) Size of ISS (52) (1) Calculate the required fuel using Hayabusa data.(54)
-Mass 444,615kg -Wet mass 510(kg)
-Length 73m -Dry mass 380(kg)
-Width 109m -Fuel ratio to wet mass
-high 20m 510(kg)/380(kg)=1.34
-Volume 73×109×20=159,140m3 (2) Liquid hydrogen
(2) Size of Space NoɅ+ (one tank=main parts) -Mass 70.8(kg/m3)
-Length 60m -Melting point -259.20℃
-Diameter 30m -Vacuum universe temperature -270.45℃
-Volume of one tank 152×3.14×60=42,390m3 -Temperature difference
(-259.20℃)-(-270.45℃)= 11.25℃
(3) Number of tanks (Space NoɅ+) (3) Required of liquid hydrogen fuel
(a)Main tanks -Fuel ratio to wet mass of Space NoɅ+
3(wings) ×12 (tanks)×16 (row) = 576(tanks) Wet mass(without acceleration)
(b)Water tanks =(Dry mass)×(1.34)=337,168(t)×1.34=451,805(t)
3(wings) ×5 (tanks) ×16 (row) = 500(tanks) (Required of liquid hydrogen fuel)
(c)Habitant Zone (≒Main tanks) = 576(tanks) =(Wet mass)-(Dry mass)
(d)Sola panel (=1/2aria of Habitant Zone) =451,805(t)-337,168(t)
1/2×576 (tanks) = 288(tanks) =114,637(t)
(e)Control Center Zone + Machine room -Assume 300% up to accelerate fuel
3×1,000/60≒50 (times of one tanks) = 50(tanks) (Required of liquid hydrogen fuel with acceleration)
(f)Accelerated ion engine =(Required of liquid hydrogen fuel without acceleration) ×4
7×1,500/60=175 (times of one tanks) = 175(tanks) =114,637(t) ×4 =458,548(t)
(g)Liquid hydrogen tanks = 500(tanks) (4) Maximum mounting weight of liquid hydrogen
Total =2,665(tanks) -Mass of liquid hydrogen 70.8 (kg/m3)
(4) Volume comparison of (1) and (2) 300 (cylinders)×42,390(m3)×0.0708(t/m3) =900,363(t)
(1)/(2)=159,140 (m3)/42,390(m3) ≒3.75 (5) Capability margin
ISS=3.75×one tank (4)/(3)=900,363(t)/ 458,548(t)= 1.96 >1.0
(5) Mass of Space NoɅ+
(a)444.615(t)×1/3.75×2,665(tanks) =315,973(t) Total load capacity of liquid hydrogen is about 2 times the
(b)Water 500(tanks)×42,390(m ) 3 = 21,195(t) required amount.
Total =337,168(t)

30
5-(3)-b-2. Ion engine experiment
Hypothesis: Investigate whether ions have the power to move material.
Method:
Figure(52) Material method and assembly
-cpper pipe(7x)
The flux was spread The copper-plated
-copper nails(7x) on each copper pipe nails were hammered
-30,000 volt at 30 mAH NST fitting. The copper
3cm deep into a wood
(neon sign transformer) pipes were bounded in
piece. A thick wire
-wood planks a honeycomb
pattern. A positive wire was wrapped on the
-thick wire
was soldered onto the back of the nails and
-solder stuff
honeycomb copper the piece of wood was
-solder flux pipe. placed under the
-sandpaper
copper pipe in a way
-hot glue gun The honeycomb
copper pipe was that the copper pipe
-thin wire
placed on a piece of will be horizontal and
-eraser
paper and flipped over aligned with the nails.
-push rod
and shaded over with Using a hot glue gun,
-foil and paper a pencil. carefully hot glued the
With a ruler, the nail board and copper
center of the copper
pipe together.
pipe was marked.

The honeycomb Lastly, the piece of

shape was cut out. paper (6.3cmx6cm)
Using a hammer and was folded in half and
a nail, the nail was
placed on a custom
hammered over the
center of each circle. rack. The rack was
placed between
the nails and the
copper pipes.
31
Results
Figure (53) Data of Ion engine experiment
Position (A) (B) Figure(54) Swing width of sheet caused by ions
Material foil paper foil paper (A) Left Center (B) Right
Moving
Distance(mm) × ±1mm × ±1mm
×: The foil was moved by magnetic field.
1. Washi paper in position A&B
The washi paper in position A&B moved
±1mm because of the ionized oxygen
molecule that pushed the paper.
2. Aluminum foil in position A&B
The aluminum foil was pulled toward the
honeycomb pattern because the honeycomb
pattern was emitting a magnetic field and the
foil was not moved by ions.

Two things can be concluded from the above.

1. The ionized oxygen molecules do have the
potential to push light objects.
2. The paper in position B moved about the
same distance as the washi paper in position Discussion
A. So, it can be concluded that the ions gain In this experiment, it was found that ionized oxygen molecules have
enough speed to pass through the the power to move objects, but the power is very small. The spaceship
honeycomb pattern without getting pulled by Hayabusa (54) has xenon gas, which has a large molecular weight. It is turned
the honeycomb pattern. into plasma using microwaves, which are then accelerated by a strong
electric field and ejected at high speed. However, Space NoɅ+ is 579,058
times heavier than Hayabusa and uses hydrogen to refuel during flight, so I
don’t think the same engine as Hayabusa can provide enough propulsion for
flight. To increase propulsion, it is necessary to inject plasma hydrogen from
the engine at high temperature, high pressure, and high speed. Therefore,
we proposed an accelerated plasma propulsion engine in which a linear
accelerator is attached to the ion engine to compensate for the small
molecular weight.

32
5-(3)-c. Small nuclear reactor (SNR)
Figure(55) Small nuclear reactor(55)(56)

Main coolant pump Steam generator

Motor generator Main turbine

Reactor
Main condenser
Pressurizer

Boiling water Cooling water

The main power for spacecraft is solar energy. But as the distance gets farther the illumination gets weaker.
The solar system snow line(57) is near the asteroid belt.(58) Inside the snow line water evaporates but outside of the line
water freezes. Outside the snow belt there will not be enough sunlight for the solar panels to produce enough
electricity for a whole settlement. So that is why we used an SNR. Space is a vacuumed area so the heat cannot
escape.(59) We used the heat generated by the SNR to regulate the temperature by keeping the water tanks of Space
NoɅ+ at 4 degrees Celsius (the state of highest water density). (60) We also used heat conduction metals to bring the
heat to the thermoelectric generator, which can be used to generate energy again, and will be used to cool down the
SNR. The biggest use of the SNR will be phase 1 and phase 3. The acceleration is ±9.8 m/s2 and will be used for 60
days. 2 SNR operate at 100 MW to power 49 plasma propulsion engines which need 196 MW. Another SNR is
operated at 7 MW to support passengers lives. There are 4 SNRs including 1 backup on Space NoɅ+.
33
 Figure(56) SNR cooling system
No1- Small nuclear reactor (SNR)

Boiling water

Cooling water

Boiling water Cooling water

SNR generates high heat during
operation, so it needs to be cooled down
with cooling water. (61) In 2011, the three
Machine room pump
reactors of the Fukushima Daiichi
Nuclear Power Plant exploded one
another the other in a massive
earthquake off the coast of Miyagi
Prefecture, Japan. The cause was that
the cooling water pump did not work due
to the loss of all power. (62) Since outer
space is a vacuum, it is difficult for heat
to be released.
Space NoɅ+ uses water tanks to
exchange heat and cool the SNR. In
addition to the SNR cooling system, the
heat which was generated by SNR is
used in various places such as the air
conditioning heat source, the sewage To keep at
water purification system using 4 degrees Celsius
evaporation, etc. in Space NoɅ+.

No2- Boiling/ Cooling water piping route of Wing No3-Water tank 34

 Figure(57) Evaporation sewage purification system

Evaporation sewage purification (10)

plant boils water to make steam Condensed water
and cools it to make distilled water. Water supply
So, it can be drunk. 2/3 of the used (11)
water is recycled.
(9)
How does it work(63) Drinking water
(1)Collect sewage in the
Evaporation sewage purification
plant
(2)Submerge small debris, mud, Small Nuclear Reactor (SNR) Water vapor
etc. in the sewage
(3)Clean sewage with
microorganisms
(4)Sink the mud
(5)Remove small dust
(6)Send some of the cleaned water
to agricultural water and urban
infrastructure water
(7)Collect skim water Sewage Heat exchanger
(8)Use SNR’s waste heat to make
steam in the Evaporation sewage
purification tank Sewage purification system Boiling water Cooling water
(9)Steam turns turbine to generate
electricity. (1)
(10)Send vapor water to the cooling (3) (4) (7)
tower (2)
(11)Collect the condensed water (5) Heat exchanger
(6) (8)
into a tank Sludge
(12)Produces drinking water by Evaporation tank
mixing an appropriate amount of
minerals and sending it by pump Use as organic fertilizer To agricultural water Urban infrastructure water
Evaporation sewage purification plant
35
Figure(58) Comparison of Space NoɅ+ and SLAC(64) Figure(59) SLAK facility tour photo 10/14/2022
Space NoɅ+ SLAC

Classification Accelerated plasma Research center for physics,

propulsion engine chemistry, and biology using
X-ray generated from
accelerated electrons
Acceleration Electromagnetic thruster Electrostatic charge
principle accelerator
Acceleration force Lorentz force Coulomb force

Acceleration One engine has the Does not move anything How does a linear accelerator accelerate
capacity capacity to accelerate plasma？ (our question)
45,000 tons of mass at Plasma is attracted by magnetic force and
an acceleration of accelerates while dancing. (SLAC’s answer)
9.8m/s2 for 60 days
Acceleration Plasma gasification Ionization
substance
Magnetic field
Source of energy Liquid Hydrogen Electrons +-
-+
Structure Full length: 1.3km Full length: 3.2km +-
Length of acceleration Length of acceleration part: -+
part: 1km 3.2km +-
Diameter: 90m Diameter: 1.5m -+
System 1-Rotary plasma 1-Injector
+ + +-
generation 2-Linac -+
2-Electromagnet Field 3-Undulator +-
Plasma dance -+
3-Linear Accelerator 4-Experimental Hall
+-
-+
Lorentz force
Power 1 ion engine needs (Information was not found)
4 MW/h

Target 50,800km/s 50 GeV

(Light speed 17%) (Light speed 99.999%)
Electromagnetic field 36
5-(3)-d. Space NoɅ’s recycling Figure(60) Space NoɅ’s recycling
1,000
Space NoɅ, the first space station was built in only Solar panel
five parts. Space NoɅ+ can reuse 100% of Space NoɅ’s

500
parts. All of Space NoɅ’s parts can get recycled to half a
wing. Space NoɅ+ will be made in outer space. The space

1,000
factories have giant 3D printers which make parts of Space
NoɅ+, and its module is the same as Space NoɅ. The
materials are iron and other minerals from asteroids. In this

500
way, space debris can be reduced by recycling old space
stations and rocket wreckage. Wing-1 Wing-2 Wing-3
Space NoɅ+ Space NoɅ
Tanks of half brock Tanks of one station
6 (tanks)×16 (row)=96 (tanks) 20 (tanks) ×4 (Blocks)=80 (tanks)
Water tanks Water tanks
2(tanks) × 16 (row)+16/2 (tanks)=40 (tanks) 10 (tanks)×4 (blocks)=40 (tanks)
Figure(61) Space NoɅ+ and the Wing-1 Space NoɅ

Recycling

37
Figure(62) Calculation of SNRs and pellets required

Demand Supply

(1) The Plasma Propulsion engine (first and last 60

SNR can produce 100 MW of electricity without fuel bundle
days)
replacement for 2 years(67)
(1a) Hourly electric power
Each Plasma Propulsion engine needs 4 MW(65)of electricity
(1) 2 SNRs for the Plasma Propulsion engines
every hour
196 MW ÷ 100 MW per SNR = 2 SNR
4 MW x 49 Engines = 196 MW
No fuel bundle replacement is necessary because the
(1b)Total electric energy
plasma Propulsion engine only runs for 120 days
196 MW x 24 hours x ( 60 days + 60 days ) = 564 GWh
We will use 564 GWh for the Plasma Propulsion engines
(2) 1 SNR for the passengers and hibernation
100 MW x 2 years = 7 MW x 28.5 years
(2) Passengers + hibernation
By reducing power generation down to 7 MW, the fuel
(2a) Hourly electric power
bundle will last for 28.5 years. Fuel replacement is required
Average family of four uses 27 kWh per day(66)
2 times for our 65 year journey.
Less electricity consumption is estimated when the
passengers are hibernated
(3) 1 SNR for backup
27 kWh x 6,600 families ÷ 24 hours = 7 MW
We will have 1 extra SNR as a backup for emergency use.
(2b) Total electric energy
(1a) x 24 hours x 365 days x 65 years = 3,986 GWh
(4) Potableb 1 SNR for water collection missions
The necessary water will be secured on the moon before
(3) Whole Flight
departure. The water will be replenished at each stop.
(3a) Hourly electric power (1a) + (2a) = 203 MW
(3b) Total electric energy (1b) + (2b) = 4,550 GWh
(5) Total SNRs (1) + (2) + (3) = 4 fuel bundles for 4 SNRs

(6) Pellets
Each fuel bundle contains 289 fuel rods (17 x 17)(68)
each rods contains 200 pellets(68)
200 pellets x 289 fuel rods x 6 bundle = 346,800 pellets for
the whole flight

38
 5-(4) Life support activity
Figure(64) Water supply and demand
Flight condition
Flight Plan A (Outer planet)
10-year travel
Replenish water and liquid hydrogen at three ports of call
When Space NoɅ+leaves ports of call, water liquid hydrogen tanks are always 100% full

Flight Plan B (Extrasolar planet)

65-year travel
There can not be water replenishment until Ross 128 b
This period is artificial hibernation
6/7 of the population goes into hibernation
A water supply and demand check was done on Flight Plan B, which does not have a supply base

Domestic Water 192(tanks)>240(tanks)

*Water Demand(65 years) (149,650+2,463,750+18,250)(m /year)×1/7×65(years)= 24,436,750(m3)
3

2/3 of the used water is recycled.

Fresh water is 1/3 24,436,750(m3) 24,436,750(m3) ×1/3= 8,145,583(m3)
Amount of water in one water tank; 15(m)×15(m)×3.14×60(m)= 42,390(m3)
Amount of water tank required 3 3
8,145,583(m )/ 42,390(m )= 192(tanks)
Maximum loading capacity 3
240(tanks)×42,390(m )= 10,173,600(m3)
Rate of surplus 240(tanks)/ 192(tanks)= 125(%)
*Figure(64) Annual water supply and demand)

Oxygenated Water 238(tanks)>260(tanks)

*Air Demand(per year) 3
137,970,000(m /year)
*Amount of O2 produced water in one water tank; 42,390(m3/tank)×888.88(m3)= 37,679,623(m3/tank)
3 3
Amount of water tanks required 65 years 137,970,000(m ) ×65(years)/ 37,679,623(m )= 238(tanks)
Maximum loading capacity 3
260(tanks)×42,390(m )= 11,021,400(m3)
Rate of surplus 260(tanks)/ 238(tanks)= 109.2(%)
*Figure(65) Annual air supply and demand

In Space NoɅ+, in addition to the electrolysis of the water system, oxygen is generated by photosynthesis in plants and
artificial photosynthesis devices.
39
5-(4)-a. Annual water supply and demand
Figure(64) Annual water supply and demand (A):Normal flight (B):During artificial hibernation flight
1. Control center Zone (A) (A-1)+(A-2)+(A-3)= 49,650(m3)
(1)Officer (A-1) 50(person)×100(ℓ/day)(69)×365= 1,825,000(ℓ)
(2)Crew (A-2) (69)
450(person)×100(ℓ/day) ×365= 16,425,000(ℓ)
(3)Engineer (A-3) 3,000(person)×120(ℓ/day)(69)×365= 31,400,000(ℓ)
2. Residential Zone (A),(B) (A-4)= 2,463,750(m3)
(B-5)= 821,250(m3)
(4)Residence (A-4) 27,000(person)×250(ℓ/day)(70)×365= 2,463,750,000(ℓ)
(B-5) 27,000(person)×1/7×250(ℓ/day)(71)×365=35,196,429(ℓ)
3. Artificial Hibernation Zone (A-6)= 18,250(m3)
(6)Medical doctor (A-6) (69)
500(person)×100(ℓ/day) ×365= 18,250,000(ℓ)
4. Work Zone (A) Σ(A-7)~(A-20)= 1,124,959(m3)
a. Worker
(7) Wings’ Maintenance (A- 7) 2,700(person)×120(ℓ/day)(69)×365= 118,260,000(ℓ)
(8) Factory (A- 8) 2,700(person)×120(ℓ/day) (69)×365= 118,260,000(ℓ)
(9) Food (A- 9) 2,700(person)×120(ℓ/day) (69)×365= 118,260,000(ℓ)
(10) Scientist / Education (A-10) 1,000(person)×120(ℓ/day) (69)×365= 43,800,000(ℓ)
b. Agricultural Block
Plant Block : 20m×70m×7(floors: one tanks)=8,400m2 (8.4ares)
(11) Wheat (2times/ year, 12tanks) (A-11) 2(times/ year)×8.4(ares)×12(tanks)×280(t/ are)(72)= 56,448(t)
(12) Rice (2times/ year, 6tanks) (A-12) 2(times/ year) ×8.4(ares)× 6(tanks)×400(t/ are) (72)= 40,320(t)
(13) Corn (3times/ year, 18tanks) (A-13) 3(times/ year)×8.4(ares)×18(tanks)×210(t/ are) (72)= 95,256(t)
(14) Potato / Bean (4times/ year, 12tanks) (A-14) 4(times/ year)×8.4(ares)×12(tanks)×250(t/ are) (72)=100,800(t)
(15) Vegetable (Yield per unit area 648 lettuce/ m2 , 0.11ℓ/one lettuce(73),12times/ year,16floors,6tanks)
(A-15) 12(times/ year)×19,200(m2)×648(lettuce)×0.00011(ℓ/one lettuce)×6(tanks)=98,537,472(ℓ)
(16) Fruit (1 times/ year, Annual rainfall suitable for grapes 800mm~900mm/ spring~ autumn (74)
(A-16) 1(times/ year)×19,200(m2)×1(t/m2)×6(tanks)= 115,200(t)
c. Fish Block
(17) Large tank (A-17) 12(m)×12(m)×3.14×18(m)×24(tanks)= 195,333(m3)
(18) Medium tank (A-18) 6(m)× 6(m)×3.14× 6(m)×24(tanks)= 16,278(m3)
(19) Small tank (A-19) 2.5(m)×2.5(m)×3.14×2(m)×36(tanks)= 707(m3)
(20) pond(Residential Zone, 4-ponds) (A-20) 25(m)×15(m)×5(m)×4(ponds)= 7,500(m3)
Total 3
A= 3,656,609 (m / year)
40
5-(4)-b. Annual air supply and demand
Figure(65) Annual air supply and demand
1- Annual air usage 137,970,000(m3/year)
The daily respiration rate of a person weighting 50kg is 14m3
0.5(ℓ)×28,800*(times/day)(75)=14,400(ℓ)=14(m3)
*Breathing rate per minute: 20 times
Average ventilation per volume: 0.5(ℓ)
The number of crew is 27,000(people). Total daily respiration in Space NoɅ+ is 63,000(m3/day).
14 (m3)×27,000(people)=378,000(m3/day)
378,000(m3)×365=137,970,000(m3/year)
2- Air volume inside Space NoɅ+ 101,816,720(m3)
(1)-Control center zone
30(m) ×30(m) ×3.14×1,500(m)=4,239,000(m3)
(2)-Residential zone
1,000(m) ×1,000(m)×40(m)×3(wings)= 120,000,000(m3)
(3)-Work zone
96(cylinders) ×2(blocks)×3(wings)×15(m) ×15(m)×3.14×60(m)=24,416,640(m3)
4/3×3.14×{15(m3)}×96(cylinders) ×3(wings)= 4,069,440(m3)
(4)-Subtotal
{(1)+(2)+(3)} ×2/3= 101,816,720(m3)
3- Air stock 269(days)
(1)- Day air usage 3
378,000(m /day)
(2)- Air volume inside Space NoɅ+ 101,816,720(m3)
(3)- (2)/(1)=101,816,7209(m3)/378,000 (m3/day )= 269(days)
When all supply of new oxygen is stopped, the residual oxygen period is 269 days. Then emergency power supply kicks in
and activates an emergency oxygen supply system connected to 40 water tanks.
4- Amount of water tanks required 65 years 237.9(tanks)
(1)- Amount of water in one water tank; 15(m)×15(m)×3.14×60(m)=42,390(m3)
(2)- Amount of oxygen gas produced in 1m3 of water(76)
a. Molecular weight of water (H2O=18(77)),density of water (1g/cm3,1ℓ=1,000mℓ=1,000g);1Molar mass of water=18g/mol
b. Number of H2O molecules in 1ℓ of water at 0℃ (1mℓ=1g); 1,000g/18(g/mol)=55.555(mol)
c. Number of O2 molecules in 1ℓ of water ; 55.555(mol)/2=27.8(mol)
d. Amount of O2 produced in 1ℓ of water (atomic number of oxygen atom = 16); 32(ℓ/mol) ×55.555/2(mol)=888.88(ℓ)
e. Amount of O2 produced water in one water tank; 42,390(m3/tank)×888.88(m3)=37,679,623(m3/tank)
(3)- Amount of water tanks required per year; 137,970,000(m3/year)/ 37,679,623(m3/tank)=3.66(tanks/year)

41
5-(4)-c. Food supply and demand
Figure(66) Yield and Consumption of the three major grains (9,000person/one wing)
Wheat (n=10) Corm (n=8) Rice (n=4)
(1)Planted area 108,000 (m2) 86,400 (m2) 43,200 (m2)
20(m)×60(m) ×9(floors) ×n(cylinders) =1,080 (a) =864 (a) =432 (a)
(2)Unit yield (kg/10a) (78)(79)(80) 810 (kg/10a) 1,490 (kg/10a) 535 (kg/10a)
(3)Number of harvest (times/year) 2 (times/year) 3 (times/year) 2 (times/year)
(5)Annual yield (kg/year), (1) ×(2) ×(3) 1,749,600(kg/year) 3,862,080(kg/year) 462,240(kg/year)
Figure(67) Amount of consumption (Wheat type ; France )(81)
Wheat Corm Rice
(6)Per person (kg) 318.2 (kg/person) 124.0 (kg/person) 4.3 (kg/person)
(7)person, 3,000×(6) 954,600kg) 372,000(kg) 12,000(kg)
Figure(68) Amount of consumption (Corn type ; USA )(81)
Wheat Corm Rice
(8)Per person (kg) 138.8 (kg/person) 683.3 (kg/person) 14.4 (kg/person)
(9)person, 3,000×(8) 416,400(kg) 2,049,900(kg) 43,200(kg)
Figure(69) Amount of consumption (Rice type ; Japan )(81)
Wheat Corm Rice
(10)Per person (kg) 49.6 (kg/person) 131.8 (kg/person) 72.6 (kg/person)
(11)person, 3,000×(10) 148,800(kg) 395,400(kg) 217,800(kg)
Figure(70) Rate of surplus
Wheat Corm Rice
(12)Yield, (5) 1,749,600(kg) 3,862,080(kg) 462,240(kg)
(13)Consumption, (7)+(9)+(11) 1,519,800(kg) 2,817,300(kg) 273,000(kg)
(14)Rate of surplus, (13)/(12) 115(%) 137(%) 169(%)
42
 5-(4)-d-1. Artificial Hibernation mechanism Figure(71) . Artificial Hibernation mechanism
Scientists say that the amount of energy and oxygen is reduced
during hibernation. (82) Archaeologists also believe that early humans
430,000 years ago, may have hibernated during the ice age when food
was scarce. (83) This can be easily imagined from the fact that humans
are a kind of mammal. The reason modern humans are unable to
hibernate is not that they have lost their ability to hibernate, but
because they haven’t needed to hibernate for a long time. We believe
that the function that commands hibernation is sleeping somewhere in
our brains.
In an experiment conducted by a research group at the RIKEN and
the University of Tsukuba, the brains of mice were stimulated and they
Hypothalamus
started to hibernate. (84)(85) Also, we think animals go into hibernation
mode when the temperature drops due to seasonal change and wake
up from hibernation when the temperature rises. Dr. Sunagawa said
that mouse hibernation may be controlled by Quiescence-inducing
neurons (Q-neurons). (86) If these Q-neurons control the hibernation
function, artificial hibernation in humans will become possible in near
future. However, since our brain has not used the information pathway
Brain
related to hibernation for a long time, it is necessary to activate the
information transmission pathway. (87) Quiescence-inducing neurons
The mechanism that we think about artificial hibernation of humans.
(1)-Stimulates Q- neurons in the hypothalamus. (88)
(2)-Stimulated Q- neurons will produce Dopamine. (88) Axon
(3)-The Dopamine is sprayed out from the synapse which is grabbed by
the Dopamine receptor of the next neurons. (88)
(4)-The synapse receives information about body temperature,
breathing, heart rate, etc. Regular humans have a body temperature of Synapse
37 degrees Celsius. With the hibernation pod, the temperature will
slowly decrease bringing the body temperature to 30 degrees. (89) When
the metabolism lowers, the human will enter a state of hibernation.
(5)-To ensure that everyone in hibernation is alive and healthy, a Dopamine metabolites
computer will monitor them 24 hours 7 days a week.
(6)-When humans wake us from hibernation, the hibernation peptide will
stop and slowly increase metabolism. This work can be done on Dopamine receptor
demand.
43
 Figure(72) Hibernation suit
5-(4)-d-2. Artificial Hibernation equipment

We designed the hibernation pod and suit. The passenger of Space NoɅ+ will
be assigned to their hibernation pod. The hibernation pod is used not only for artificial
hibernation but also for health management in daily life, as it is linked with medical
equipment. The hibernation suit has a measuring terminal that records their heart rate,
breathing, and more. In case of a medical emergency, an automatic treatment device
linked to the hibernation pod will activate. The hibernation pod has a shield that
protects the human body from harmful cosmic rays.

Hibernation suit
(1)-The hibernation suit has a double-layer structure.
(2)-A mesh of thin water tubes is placed inside the suit to regulate body temperature
just like the astronaut space suit used for spacewalk missions.
(3)-On the suits, some sensors monitor the vital organs, and the information is sent to
a life support computer 24 hours every day.
(4)-The fabric is made from the best cotton grown in Space NoɅ+, and the size, color,
and design can be made according to one’s taste from the patterns provided.
(5)-Suits are made new for each hibernation, and discarded suits are 100% recycled.

Hibernation pod
(1)-After wearing a hibernation suit and lying in a hibernation pod, the monitoring
device starts up and data is automatically sent to the life support system.
(2)-One group is 10~15 people, there is one hibernation expert that connects life Figure(73) Hibernation pod
support pipes and checks final safety. During this time, the people who are inside the
pod can freely enjoy conversations with family and friends through a heads-up display
on the hibernation pod window.
(3)-Once everything is ready, the artificial hibernation mode system will activate, and
everyone inside the pod can choose music, the temperature is warm as Hibernating
they gradually
neuron
sleep for the longest time they ever slept.
(4)- The limit of hypothermia is 30 degrees Celsius. (89) We think that the limit of
hypothermia differs from person to person, but Space NoɅ+ has set the limit of
hypothermia at 30 degrees Celsius.
(5)-Robots giving anesthesia, Q-neuron stimulant, etc. with needleless jet injection
system, which no pain and no infections waste, and suitable for robotic medicine.
44
5-(4)-d-3. Hibernation health maintenance management program
65-year artificial hibernation schedule Figure(75) Hibernation health maintenance management
On Space NoɅ+ one artificial hibernation period is 6 months. When
people wake up from hibernation, they take a month-long break. Agricultural Plant
During this time, they prepare themselves for the next hibernation. The agriculture plant will use the fertilizer and will grow.
There will be 130 breaks over 65 years, for a total of 11 years of Plants will be harvested and stockpiled and some plants’
high metabolism. We think this method is a realistic solution. This nutrition will be taken away and used for the nutrition
system is based on how bears and early humans hibernate. generator.

Figure(74) Intermittent hibernation (6 months hibernate, 1 month rest)

Agricultural plant

Uric acid Carbon

Creatinine
Ammonia
Sodium
Potassium
Calcium
etc.
If metabolite problems occur during artificial hibernation.
(1)-Dialysis (1) Artificial Hibernation Pod
Blood is circulated through the body and then it is brought to
dialysis using a blood vessel. The dialysis cleans all of the waste
and it is sent to artificial photosynthesis. All the body waste will go
to the agricultural plant and will be used as fertilizer. (3)Artificial Photosynthesis
(2)-Artificial Photosynthesis
Artificial photosynthesis separated the O2 and carbon from the (2)Dialysis O2
blood. The carbon will be sent to the agricultural plants. The O2 will
be brought to the Nutrition Generator
(3)-Nutrition Generator
The nutrition generator will be used to monitor the nutrition of the (4)Nutrition Generator
body for 24 hours and will supply the body with nutrition, and it can blood
be used to give medicine. All of this will be done by a computer.
(4)-Medical Artificial Heart
The artificial heart will pump blood so the heart does not have to (5)Artificial Heart
work. But to not weaken the heart muscles, there will be a small
amount of heart pulse. Life Support System
45
5-(4)-d-4. Overview of the artificial hibernation meeting with Dr. Genshiro Sunagawa
(1)-Place; Pier 1, the Embarcadero, San Francisco, CA U.S.A. (2)Date & Time; Nov.7th 2022, 13:00~15:30 (3) Attendees;
Dr. Genshiro Sunagawa, Leo Shiina, Darby Powell, Kara da Liz, Misato Sobue, Jinwon Le
Our presentation
When a bear wakes up from hibernation, its bones and muscles return to Figure(76) The Members and Dr.Sunagawa
normal. (90)(91) However, when examining the bones of early humans from the Ice Age,
it is reported that there are traces of various diseased that are thought to have been
caused by hibernation. In particular, symptoms such as osteoporosis, which we think is
because early humans did not store enough nutrients and hibernated, resulting in the
excretion of calcium from the body and the weakening of the bones. (83)
Humans are mammals, just like bears so we think humans can hibernate as
well. When bears hibernate they slow down their metabolism. Early humans however
could not slow down metabolism so when the scientist was researching their bones
they found out that early humans had chronic kidney disease. (83)
Q & A with Dr.Sunagawa
Q; We are proposing Intermittent hibernation, but what is your opinion?
A; That was a good idea, but if we use dialysis the passengers will not have to do
intermittent hibernation. However, with current technology, it is not possible to keep
dialysis needles in the skin for 25 years.
Q; What is the switch for artificial hibernation on demand? Figure(77) The meeting with Dr.Sunagawa
A; A peptide or a drug of some sort.
Q; Does human metabolism slow down during hibernation, and will they age?
A; No the human will age slowly while hibernating.
Q; If two people hibernate and wake up at the same time, do they age the same?
A; This is a very interesting question, I hadn’t thought of it.
Q; What is the set point temperature of the human body during artificial hibernation?
A; The set point of the experimental mice was 22 degrees Celsius. (85) Bears are 30
degrees Celsius. The humans’ set point should be around 30 degrees Celsius.
Q; Do you think humans have Quiescence-inducing neurons (Q-neurons) Hibernating neuron
about
hibernation? If so where is it?
A; Since humans are a kind of mammal, I think that Q-neurons are located in the
hypothalamus of the brain.
Q; When we wake up from a long hibernation, would we have amnesia? If that is so,
we need to make our record before hibernating.
A; It is not known at this stage whether amnesia occurs when waking up from a long
hibernation. There is a possibility. 46
6-Conclusion

We investigated the feasibility of Space NoɅ+. We found out that Space NoɅ+ can be built with technologies we
have now or will be invented in the near future. We were able to make two meaningful proposals through this project. One
is the possibility of manned interstellar flight. In Sci-Fi, some ways to travel long distances are, wormholes, warp, and
hyperspace, which are all impossible ways to travel now and in the near future. Space NoɅ+ uses an accelerated plasma
propulsion engine that accelerates the ship for 60 days bringing the flight time to Ross 128 b only 65 years. When we
learned that we can travel long distances in a short time with the accelerated plasma propulsion engine, we became more
fascinated with space than ever! The other proposal is the hibernation system. Our hibernation system can be a realistic
solution for long-time space travel. In this project, we could travel from the farthest reaches of space to the invisible world
of atoms.

Acknowledgments

Thank you very much for your kind advice to us:

Genshiro Sunagawa, M.D., Ph.D.

Teruo Shiina, Ph.D.
Marisa Shiina, Ph.D.
Nicholas F Powell
Kevin Da Luz
Koichiro Sobue
Incho Lee
Ayaka Lee

47
7-Members
Leo Shiina
G-7
St. Cecilia School
I am the leader of our group, Space NoɅ+. Last year, I did a project called Space
NoɅ. That project was to make a temporary space station for Earth if it becomes unlivable.
This year, we proposed the idea that Earth will never become livable again due to a great
disaster and we must search the enormous universe to find our new home. Staying in space
for a long time can be very stressful so we built different weather conditions to make the
residents feel joyful by skiing, swimming, kayaking, and more! Space NoɅ+ has taught me
everything in space is limited but we can still be creative and use everything to our
advantage.
Darby Powell
G-7
St. Cecilia School

I am the flight plan researcher and creator, making sure we have enough fuel and an
efficient course to safely land on our new home planet. I joined this group to learn more
about space and its technologies, and how I work as a team member. Creating the flight
plan will teach me many things about planets and space I do not know. Space NoɅ+ really
gives a good learning opportunity for many things needed in life like good teamwork, pulling
your own weight in a group project, managing a schedule between everything you have to
do, and finishing work on time. This is a great group, and I enjoy working with everyone in it!

Kara da Luz
G-7
St. Cecilia School

I joined Space NoɅ+ because this is an opportunity to make new friends and learn
new things. I feel so excited to work with others and help each other out. I find it interesting
to think about what life would be like in space. Some people believe that the Earth may not
be livable in the future, so I want to help people prepare to go to space safely. I believe that
the Space NoɅ+ project will both help us learn and teach others.
48
 Misato Sobue
G-6
San Francisco Japanese School

It's my second time participating in the Space Settlement Contest. Our last project
called Space NoɅ had an idea I had never thought of and I learned a lot about new things,
which motivated me to join Space NoɅ+. In Space NoɅ+, we will fly out of the earth and
explore a new planet we would live in. I think this project could be utilized for future space
development. In the future, I want to be an astronaut and explore our galaxy.

Jinwon Lee
G-6
San Francisco Japanese School

I am a thruster researcher. Being a part of Space NoɅ+ has been an amazing

adventure. I proposed the idea of using ion engines to power Space NoɅ because I saw that
Akebono used ion thrusters and was inspired. I think that without the ion thrusters it would
be impossible to get to Ross 128 b. I hope that my contribution to Space NoɅ+ will save
many lives and in the future, my dream is to see spaceships using the ion thrusters I
designed.

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(31) Continental climate https://www.en.m.Wikipedia.org (76) High school chemistry, Mol calculation basics, YOBINORI,
(32) Humid subtropical climate https://www.en.m.Wikipedia.org https://www.youtube.com/watchv=k383VRQLLt8&t=136shttps://www.youtube.com/watch?
(33) Temperate oceanic climate https://www.en.m.Wikipedia.org v=k383VRQLLt8&t=136s
(34) Conversation “what are the effects of total isolation? http://theconversation.com he (77) The periodic table
(35) Inside NASA’s Isolation Chamber” https://www.nextgov.com (78) The Ministry of Agriculture Forestry and Fisheries “Wheat production by prefecture 2021”
(36) Rocket university Ina Channel, Rocket Basic Course youtube.com/watch?v=6jTkn_ (79) FAO ”FAOSTAT” 2014
jy8vl&t=28s (80) The Ministry of Agriculture Forestry and Fisheries “Rice production by prefecture 2021
(37) Rocket engine https://www.en.m.Wikipedia.org (81) http://world food .apionet.or.jp/web/9-1.htm
(38) Ion thruster https://www.en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ion_thruster (82) A discrete neuronal circuit induces a hibernation-like state in rodents./ Nature
(39) NegMag Interesting rocket science https://www.neomag.jp >letter 201910 https://www.doi.org/10.1038/s41586-020-2163-6
(40) Spacecraft electric propulsion https://www.en.m.Wikipedia.org (83) Early Humans May have Hibernated Through Long Winters, Study Hints 21 December
(41) The potential ion engines https://www.global.jaxa.jp 2020 https://www.sciencealert.com/eary-humans-may-have-hibernated-through-long-winter
(42) Hayabusa2 https://www.en.m.Wikipedia.org (84) 2020 0617 hibernation like state neuronal circuite trigger
(43) MIPS 2013/7/29 https://www.monoist.itmedia.co.jp https://gigazine.net/news/20200617-hibernation-like-state-neuronal-circuite-trigger/
(44) Plasma propulsion engine https://www.en.m.Wikipedia.org (85) A discrete neuronal circuit induces a hibernation-like state in rodents Nature
(45) Mainich Shinbun, why is xenon used as fuel for ion engines? https://www.nature.com/articles/s41586-020-2163-6
https://mainichi.jp >articles >org (86) Hibernation like state neuronal circuit trigger
(46) Xenon https://www.en.m.Wikipedia.org https://gigazine.net/news/20200617-hibernation-like-state-neuronal-circuit-trigger/
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(48) High school science textbook (88) Chemical synapse animation https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=mItV4rC57kM
(49) Liquid Hydrogen https://www.en.m.Wikipedia.org (89) Human limit (How far can human beings endure? How far can human ability be
(50) Beyond our planet https://www.rd.ntt extended?), SB creatives, science-eye shinsyo, Masahiro Yamasaki
(51) Plasma propulsion engine https://www.en.m.Wikipedia.org (90) A bear whose muscle strength does not weaken even in hibernation the secret may be
(52) MPD thruster used for human medicine. https://globe.asahi.com/article/12976832
https://www.esst.kyushu-u.ac.jp/~space/.research/electric-propulsion.htm (91) Bear https://www.en.m.Wikipedia.org
(53) International space station https://www.en.m.wikipedia.org
(54) Hayabusa https://www.en.m.Wikipedia.org
(55) Brian Hooper : Project Isolus – The Interim Storage of Laid Submarines, 7th
International
Conference & Exhibition on Decommissioning Nuclear Facilities, 30 Oct-1 Nov. 2000
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(56) gigazine https://www.gigazine.net/news/20200904-nuscale-small-nuclear-reactor/
(57) Frost line (astrophysics) https://www.en.m.Wikipedia.org
(58) asteroid belt https://www.en.m.Wikipedia.org
(59) Vacuum Magazine 2017/9/20 vacuum classroom Temperature in a vacuum is
transmitted by radiation and conduction https://www.ulvac.co.jp
(60) Water https://www.en.m.Wikipedia.org
(61) Small modular reactor https://www.en.m.Wikipedia.org
(62) Fukushima nuclear disaster https://www.en.m.Wikipedia.org
(63) New social science 4 textbook Tokyosyoseki
(64) SLAK National Accelerator Laboratory https://www.en.m.Wikipedia.org

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(65) https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ion_thruster.