Mid Term Exam

Ques 1.
a) What do you understand by an image? Give mathematical formulation for better
understanding. What is the significance of various distances involved in the formulation?
b) Are there ways to obtain images even without using lenses? Elaborate using mathematical
formulation and their physical significance. Are there any distance constraints involved in
this case?
c) What happens to the visualized output when the distance is arbitrarily chosen? Give a
mathematical explanation for this.
d) Can you think of the applications (minimum 2) of the phenomena used in this process?
Ques 2.
a) In most of the optical experiments, we obtain the output using photodetectors. What is its
principle of operation? Is the physically measurable attribute of an optical wavefield
different from the photodetector output?
b) What interferometric techniques are used to reduce diffraction-limited measurements (e.g.
atmospheric turbulence limits the image obtained through telescopes)? How can we get
very high-resolution imagery from such data?
c) Explain various schemes/relations/algorithms used to reconstruct a complete object
distribution from the modulus of its Fourier transform. Are there any particular cases
where you don't need such retrieval?
Ques 3.
a) In most cases, it is possible to represent the phasor field by a function with a slowly
varying envelope and a rapidly changing phase. Find the solution beams to these kinds of
phasors. Explain their properties. Also, give some practical applications of these beams
with the real data. (You can use MATLAB to draw them using real data values).
b) Assuming one such beam given by 𝑔(𝑟, 𝜃) = 𝑔𝑅 (𝑟)𝑒 𝑗𝑚𝜃 . Obtain the output in frequency
space. What inference can you draw from such a beam and its frequency space
representation? What is the relation between Bessel, Fourier, and Hankel's transform?
c) Considering any invariant linear system with a circular symmetric impulse response. Can
a zero-order Bessel function be an eigenfunction of such a system? If not, why? Explain
mathematically. If yes, find its corresponding eigenvalue.
Ques 4.
a) What do you understand by diffraction (not just definition)? Can you think of some
naturally occurring diffraction patterns? What are the conditions that make such patterns
occur around you? (Try using mathematical formulation as well)
b) Calculating the complex disturbance U at an observation point in space can be
accomplished with the help of Green's theorem. Define Green's theorem, giving the
physical significance of the terms involved. Give a mathematical derivation to determine
Green's function and the conditions applied. Having said that, the choice of Green's
function with required properties does exist; define different alternatives to such Green's
function and explain briefly.
c) These functions find a prominent need in diffraction formulation. Do you see them as
analogous to the impulse response of electrical signals? Explain.
Ques 5.
Considering the case of monochromatic light illumination on a planar object placed at a certain
distance in front of a positive lens.
a) Assume the linearity concept. Can you find a unique function to describe the properties of
such an imaging system completely? Find its mathematical description.
b) In this description, containing various phase factors, over what region can the quadratic
phase factor in the object plane be replaced by a single phase at the image point (point of
interest in the image plane)?
c) Describe all the conditions and deduce the relation between the size of the object and the
size of the lens aperture in the formulation for the validity of the above replacement.
Ques 6.
Having kept the replacements of Ques 5 in mind,
𝑗𝑘(𝜁2 +𝜂2 )
[ ]
a) At what radius in the object plane has the phase of 𝑒 2𝑧1 , changed by 1 radian from
its value at the origin, where 𝑧1 is the distance between lens and object, and other symbols
have the usual meaning.
b) Assume a circular pupil function of radius R; what is the radius (in the object plane) to
the first zero of the impulse response h, assuming that the observation point in the image
space is the origin?
𝑗𝑘(𝜁2 +𝜂2 )
[ ]
c) What relation between R, 𝜆 and 𝑧1 will allow the quadratic-phase exponential 𝑒 2𝑧1
to be replaced by a single complex number, assuming observation near the lens axis?
Ques 7.
Consider the situation where the complex amplitude of the image is desired rather than its
intensity.
a) Give some practical examples where this situation can be considered.
b) Show that, subject to the assumption that the weighting function in the object space for
any image point is confined to a very small region, the complex amplitude of the image
field is given by the convolution of the impulse response and the complex amplitude of
the object field.
Ques 8.
a) What is the vignetting effect, and how is it minimized? Now, consider an input function
bounded by a circular aperture of diameter Δ and illuminated by a normally incident plane
wave placed in the front focal plane of a circular positive lens of diameter D. The
intensity distribution is measured across the back focal plane of the lens. Assuming D> Δ.
b) Find an expression for the maximum spatial frequency of the input for which the
measured intensity accurately represents the squared modulus of the input's Fourier
spectrum. (free from the vignetting effect)
c) What is the numerical value of that spatial frequency when D = 4cm, Δ = 2cm, f = 50 cm
(focal length) and 𝜆 = 6𝑥10−7 m? (write the answer in cycles/mm)
Ques 9.
 a) What is the ABCD matrix? How to obtain the complex field at the output, given the field
at the input, if the limiting aperture exists.
b) Use the Ray Transfer Matrix for a given input complex field 𝑈1 (𝑦) to the front focal
plane of a positive lens (assuming infinite extent) and the 𝑈2 (𝑦) is observed in the rear
focal plane. What inference do you draw between the fields if A = 0 and D = 0? Using
their definitions, show that, indeed, A and D must be zero.
c) Assume a 1-D imaging system. The 𝑈1 is located at 𝑧1 in front of the lens, assuming
infinite in extent, 𝑈2 is located at 𝑧2 in behind the lens. The focal length is f, and lens law
𝑗𝜋𝐶𝑦2
2 𝑦
𝑒 𝑗𝑘𝐿0 𝑒 𝜆𝐴 𝑈1 ( 2 )
is obeyed. Also, deduce the following. Proof that, 𝑈2 (𝑦2 ) = 𝐴
√𝐴
Where A is the magnification.
Ques 10.
a) What is Fresnel Approximation? Why is this said equivalent to paraxial approximation?
b) Comment on the accuracy of Fresnel Approximation. Explain these conditions are overly
stringent.
c) Find an expression for the intensity distribution in the Fraunhofer diffraction pattern of
the aperture shown below. (Assume unit amplitude, normally incident plane wave
illumination, with the aperture being circular and has circular obscuration.
Assume the inner and outer circle's radius as Ri and Ro.