Modes of Heat Transfer

John C. Chai
Professor
Department of Mechanical & Aerospace Engineering
UAE University
 Modes of Heat Transfer
Objectives
• Introduce different modes of heat transfer
• Worked examples

John C. Chai Modes of Heat Transfer 2

 Modes of Heat Transfer
What is Heat Transfer?

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John C. Chai Modes of Heat Transfer 3

 Modes of Heat Transfer
Introduction
• Heat is energy that is transferred due to a temperature
difference.
• Heat is transferred from a hot region to a cold region.
• Normally, heat transfer means rate of heat transfer expressed
as J/s or Watts (W).

𝑸 = Heat Transfer rate 𝑾

𝑸 𝑾
𝒒 = = Heat flux 𝟐
𝑨 𝒎
John C. Chai Modes of Heat Transfer 4
 Modes of Heat Transfer
Introduction (Cont’d)

John C. Chai Modes of Heat Transfer 5

 Modes of Heat Transfer
Convection
Convection is the transfer of energy through diffusion and
bulk motion of the fluid.

𝒖𝟐 > 𝒖𝟏
𝒖𝟏 𝒖𝟐

John C. Chai Modes of Heat Transfer 6

 Modes of Heat Transfer
Convection (Cont’d)

John C. Chai Modes of Heat Transfer 7

 Modes of Heat Transfer
Forced Convection
Flow is driven by fan, pump or other
applied pressure gradient

John C. Chai Modes of Heat Transfer 8

 Modes of Heat Transfer
Natural Convection
Flow is driven by buoyancy

Natural convection is also called “free”

convection. The former is more appropriate
John C. Chai Modes of Heat Transfer 9
 Modes of Heat Transfer
External Flow
Fluid flows around an object without interference
from other

John C. Chai Modes of Heat Transfer 10

 Modes of Heat Transfer
Internal Flow
Interferences from other obstacles intersect

John C. Chai Modes of Heat Transfer 11

 Modes of Heat Transfer
Newton Law of Cooling

𝑨𝟏 𝑨𝟐

𝑸𝟏 𝑸𝟐

𝑨𝟐 > 𝑨 𝟏 → 𝑸𝟐 > 𝑸𝟏

𝑸∝𝑨 (MoHT – 01)

John C. Chai Modes of Heat Transfer 12
 Modes of Heat Transfer
Newton Law of Cooling (Cont’d)
𝑻𝒔 𝑻∞,𝟏 = 𝟏𝟎𝒐 𝑪 𝑻𝒔 𝑻∞,𝟐 = −𝟓𝒐 𝑪
𝑸𝟏 𝑸𝟐

𝑻𝒔 − 𝑻∞,𝟐 > 𝑻𝒔 − 𝑻∞,𝟏 → 𝑸𝟐 > 𝑸𝟏

𝑸 ∝ 𝑻𝒔 − 𝑻∞ (MoHT – 02)
John C. Chai Modes of Heat Transfer 13
 Modes of Heat Transfer
Newton Law of Cooling (Cont’d)
𝑸 Ts
(MoHT – 01)
A 𝑸∝𝑨
(MoHT – 02)
𝑸 ∝ 𝑻𝒔 − 𝑻∞

𝑸 ∝ 𝑨 𝑻𝒔 − 𝑻∞

𝑸 = 𝒉𝒄 𝑨 𝑻𝒔 − 𝑻∞ (MoHT – 03)

Newton law of cooling

John C. Chai Modes of Heat Transfer 14

 Modes of Heat Transfer
Newton Law of Cooling (Cont’d)
𝑸 Ts
A 𝑸 = 𝒉𝒄 𝑨 𝑻𝒔 − 𝑻∞ (MoHT – 03)

Q = Heat transfer rate [W]

hc = Convective heat transfer coefficient
[W/(m2∙K) or W/(m2∙ oC)]
A = Heat transfer area [m2]
Ts = Surface temperature [oC or K]
T∞ = Ambient temperature [oC or K]

John C. Chai Modes of Heat Transfer 15

 Modes of Heat Transfer
Convective Heat Transfer Coefficient

John C. Chai Modes of Heat Transfer 16

 Modes of Heat Transfer
Conduction Heat Transfer
𝑸∝𝑨
𝑸 ∝ 𝑻𝟏 − 𝑻𝟐
𝟏
𝑸∝
∆𝒙
𝑸
𝑨 𝑻𝟏 − 𝑻𝟐
𝑸∝
∆𝒙
𝑨 𝑻𝟏 − 𝑻𝟐
𝑸=𝒌 (MoHT – 04)
∆𝒙
Fourier Law of Heat Conduction
John C. Chai Modes of Heat Transfer 17
 Modes of Heat Transfer
Fourier
• Jean Baptiste Joseph Fourier
• Born: 21 March 1768 in Auxerre,
Bourgogne, France
• Died: 16 May 1830 in Paris, France
• Yesterday was my 21st birthday, at that
age Newton and Pascal had already
acquired many claims to immortality

John C. Chai Bernoulli Equation 18

 Modes of Heat Transfer
Thermal Conductivity

John C. Chai Modes of Heat Transfer 19

 Modes of Heat Transfer
Thermal Conductivity (Cont’d)

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 Modes of Heat Transfer
Example MoHT – 01

An oven has a brick wall of 100mm thickness and thermal

conductivity of 0.8𝑊𝑚−1𝐾−1. The convective heat transfer
coefficient between the outer surface of the wall and the
surrounding air is 10𝑊𝑚−2𝐾−1. If the inner surface of the oven
wall is at 200⁰C and the outside air is at 20⁰C calculate
(A) The outside surface temperature of the wall
(B) The rate of heat transfer, per unit area through the wall

John C. Chai Modes of Heat Transfer 21

 Modes of Heat Transfer
Example MoHT – 01 (Cont’d)

𝑾
𝒐 𝑾 𝒉 = 𝟏𝟎 𝟐
𝑻𝟏 = 𝟐𝟎𝟎 𝑪 𝒌 = 𝟎. 𝟖 𝒎 𝑲
𝒎𝑲
𝑻∞ = 𝟐𝟎𝒐 𝑪
𝒒 =?

∆𝒙 𝑻𝟐 =?
= 𝟏𝟎𝟎𝒎𝒎
= 𝟎. 𝟏𝒎

John C. Chai Modes of Heat Transfer 22

 Modes of Heat Transfer
Radiation Heat Transfer
Energy emitted by the electrons vibrating in the molecules at
the surface of a body
Not dependant on any medium for transmission
Most effective in a perfect vacuum between the “emitter” and
“receiver”

Dependant upon the absolute temperature of the body and the

radiant properties of the surface.
John C. Chai Modes of Heat Transfer 23
 Modes of Heat Transfer
Blackbody
A body that has a surface that will absorb all the radiant
energy it receives is an ideal radiator
It will emit and receive radiation at a maximum level
Rate of heat transfer can be evaluated by

𝑸 = 𝝈𝑨𝑻𝟒 (MoHT – 05)

John C. Chai Modes of Heat Transfer 24

 Modes of Heat Transfer
Blackbody (Cont’d)

𝑸 = 𝝈𝑨𝑻𝟒 (MoHT – 05)

𝑸 = heat transfer rate [W]

−𝟖
𝑾
𝝈 = Stefan-Boltzman constant = 𝟓. 𝟔𝟕 × 𝟏𝟎
𝒎𝟐 𝑲𝟒
𝑨 = heat transfer area [m2]
𝑻 = absolute temperature [K]

John C. Chai Modes of Heat Transfer 25

 Modes of Heat Transfer
Blackbody (Cont’d)
𝑻𝟏 𝑻𝟐 Radiative transfer from surface 1
𝑸𝟏 = 𝝈𝑨𝑻𝟒𝟏
𝑸𝟏 Radiative transfer from surface 2
𝟒
𝑸𝟐 = 𝝈𝑨𝑻𝟐
𝑸𝟐
Net heat transfer
A
𝑸 = 𝑸𝟏 − 𝑸𝟐
𝟒 𝟒 (MoHT – 06)
𝑸 = 𝝈𝑨 𝑻𝟏 − 𝑻𝟐
John C. Chai Modes of Heat Transfer 26
 Modes of Heat Transfer
Example MoHT – 02
In a storage radiator, the surface of the core has an area of
𝟎. 𝟓𝒎𝟐 and a temperature of 200⁰C. If the outer cover has
the same surface area and a temperature of 60⁰C, calculate
the rate of heat transfer taking place. Assume the surfaces to
act as black bodies and the convective heat transfer
coefficient between the surface of the core and the air to be
𝟏𝟎𝑾𝒎−𝟐 𝑲−𝟏 (Ambient temperature is 20⁰C)

John C. Chai Modes of Heat Transfer 27

 Modes of Heat Transfer
Example MoHT – 02 (Cont’d)
𝐴1 = 0.5𝑚2
𝑇1 = 200𝑜 𝐶 + 273 = 473𝐾
Blackbody Core
radiation
𝑄𝑟𝑎𝑑 𝐴2 = 0.5𝑚2
Find total Q 𝑇2 = 60𝑜 𝐶 + 273
𝑄𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑣 = 333𝐾

Air ℎ𝑐 = 10𝑊𝑚−2 𝐾 −1
𝑇𝑎𝑖𝑟 = 20𝑜 𝐶 + 273
= 293𝐾
John C. Chai Modes of Heat Transfer 28
 Modes of Heat Transfer
Example MoHT – 02 (Cont’d)
Radiation between core and outer surface
𝑻𝟏 = 𝟒𝟕𝟑𝑲
Core

𝑸𝒓𝒂𝒅
𝑻𝟐 = 𝟑𝟑𝟑𝑲

John C. Chai Modes of Heat Transfer 29

 Modes of Heat Transfer
Example MoHT – 02 (Cont’d)
Convection between core and air
𝑻𝟏 = 𝟒𝟕𝟑𝑲
Core

𝑸𝒄𝒐𝒏𝒗

Air
𝒉𝒄 = 𝟏𝟎𝑾𝒎−𝟐 𝑲−𝟏
𝑻𝒂𝒊𝒓 = 𝟑𝟎𝟑𝑲
John C. Chai Modes of Heat Transfer 30
 Modes of Heat Transfer
Gray Body
• Most bodies
• Absorb part of the incident radiation and
• Reflect the remainder
• Emit at less than the maximum possible
• Such body is called a gray-body
• Emissivity e is the correction factor that defines the surfaces
ability to absorb or emit radiant energy.
• A black body has an emissivity (𝜀) of 1

John C. Chai Bernoulli Equation 31

 Modes of Heat Transfer
Gray Body (Cont’d)

Colour is not the deciding factor

John C. Chai Modes of Heat Transfer 32
 Modes of Heat Transfer
Gray Body (Cont’d)
𝑻𝟏 Radiative transfer between gray surface 1
and a large surrounding
𝑸 𝟒
𝑸 = 𝝈𝜺𝑨 𝑻𝟏 − 𝑻𝟒∞ (MoHT – 07)
𝑻∞

John C. Chai Modes of Heat Transfer 33

 Modes of Heat Transfer
Gray Body (Cont’d)
𝑻𝟏 𝜺𝟏 𝜺𝟐 𝑻𝟐

𝝈𝜺𝟏 𝑻𝟒𝟏

𝟏 − 𝜺𝟐 𝝈𝜺𝟏 𝑻𝟒𝟏

𝟏 − 𝜺𝟏 𝟏 − 𝜺𝟐 𝝈𝜺𝟏 𝑻𝟒𝟏
A
A

John C. Chai Modes of Heat Transfer 34

 Modes of Heat Transfer
Gray Body (Cont’d)

Therefore, radiation from surface 1

𝑸𝟏
= 𝝈𝜺𝟏 𝑻𝟒𝟏 𝟏 − 𝟏 − 𝜺𝟐 + 𝟏 − 𝜺𝟏 𝟏 − 𝜺𝟐 ⋯ (MoHT – 08a)
𝑨
Similarly, radiation from surface 2
𝑸𝟐 𝟒
= 𝝈𝜺𝟐 𝑻𝟐 𝟏 − 𝟏 − 𝜺𝟏 + 𝟏 − 𝜺𝟏 𝟏 − 𝜺𝟐 ⋯ (MoHT – 08b)
𝑨

John C. Chai Modes of Heat Transfer 35

 Modes of Heat Transfer
Gray Body (Cont’d)
Net radiation is
𝑸 𝑸𝟏 𝑸𝟐
= − (MoHT – 09)
𝑨 𝑨 𝑨
𝟒
= 𝝈𝜺𝟏 𝑻𝟏 𝟏 − 𝟏 − 𝜺𝟐 + 𝟏 − 𝜺𝟏 𝟏 − 𝜺𝟐 ⋯
−𝝈𝜺𝟐 𝑻𝟒𝟐 𝟏 − 𝟏 − 𝜺𝟏 + 𝟏 − 𝜺𝟏 𝟏 − 𝜺𝟐 ⋯
(MoHT – 10)

John C. Chai Modes of Heat Transfer 36

 Modes of Heat Transfer
Gray Body (Cont’d)
Equation (MoHT – 10) can be simplified to

𝝈𝑨 𝑻𝟒𝟏 − 𝑻𝟒𝟐
𝑸= (MoHT – 11)
𝟏 𝟏
+ −𝟏
𝜺𝟏 𝜺𝟐

John C. Chai Modes of Heat Transfer 37