Determination of elements of active braking of the vessel

1. Introduction

This laboratory work is performed by cadets/students from the training course

disciplines "Maneuvering and ship control", specialty 271 "River and

sea transport", specialization "Navigation and management of sea vessels"

in accordance with the side program of the academic discipline "Maneuvering and

ship management" and the requirements of the code on training and certification of seafarers

and keeping watch (PDNV) with amendments and IMO 7.03 models.

1.1 The purpose of laboratory work

Familiarize the cadets with the following theoretical and practical material:

- elements of active braking of the vessel;

- determination of elements of active braking of the vessel using

universal braking diagram;

- formation of IMO forms of inertial braking characteristics of the vessel.

1.2 Course of laboratory work

Laboratory work is performed using a form

maneuverable elements of the "Wheelhouse poster" and the universal diagram

braking.

To perform laboratory work, you need:

1. Familiarize yourself with these methodological instructions.

2. Inspect the main stages of determining the active elements

vessel braking using a universal braking diagram.

3. Inspect the algorithm for using the universal diagram

braking.

4. Calculate the active braking elements of the vessel according to

using the universal braking diagram according to the version issued

a teacher

5. Answer the control questions.

2. Theoretical part

2.1 Maneuvering characteristics of the vessel

characteristics. All maneuverability characteristics are divided into two main groups:

inertial braking and turning.

The classification of maneuvering characteristics is shown in fig. 1.

2.2 Inertial braking characteristics of the ship

When managing the vessel in various sailing conditions: in the water area of the port, raid,

in narrows, when ships diverge at sea, as well as in emergency situations,

the shipowner needs to know the inertia-braking characteristics of his ship.

According to the given classification to inertia-braking

characteristics include: acceleration, braking, passive braking and

active braking.

We will give a brief definition of each of the above characteristics.

Passive braking is a process of reducing speed

when the vessel is moving with a non-working engine, due to water resistance.

Active braking is the process of reducing the speed of movement

vessel due to the thrust of the propeller working in reverse.

Acceleration is the process of increasing speed from a lower gear to

higher A special case of such a maneuver is acceleration from a stationary state and acceleration
from

turned steering wheel.

Deceleration is the process of reducing speed from a higher speed

degree of movement to a lower one.

The number of braking characteristics and the form of their presentation, which should be

on the ship, determined by IMO recommendations and national requirements

of normative documents of Ukraine (RShSU-98). When assigning a traffic mode

vessels use a conditional distribution of all power into parts equal to 0.7,

0.5, 0.3 from the power of full forward stroke.

To indicate the modes of movement, we will use conventional notations,

recommended RSHSU - 98: PP - front full stroke; PPM - front full

maneuverable movement; PS - front middle course; PM - anterior small passage; PSM -

posterior small passage; ZSM - rear smallest gear.

For the description of each of the above modes of movement are used

differential equations that describe the longitudinal movement of the center of gravity

axis

2.3 Active braking

The process of active braking is described by the differential equation:

(1)

It has three periods. Completion of the command t ', from the moment the command is submitted

"Stop" before stopping the supply of fuel to the main engine, (and usually it

taken as equal to 10 s). Passive braking t '', from initial speed Vo to speed at which reversal is
possible. Active braking, t ''' - from the moment

from the start of the reverse gear to the moment of complete stop.

The solution of equation (1) with respect to path, time and speed allows to obtain

the following expressions.

The value of the path of the I period will be equal to:

= 0.514·V0·tI

, (2)

where V0 is the initial speed in knots; t

- the time of the I period, which in systems with

by remote automated control (DAU) is about 5 s, c

ordinary engines can be taken equal to 10 s.

The value of time and path of the II period is equal to:

(3)

. (4)

The time and path values of the III period are obtained from the integration of equation (5):

(5)

The type of solution to equation (5) depends on the value of the coefficient a.
The time and path of active braking will be equal to:

tAG = t

I+t

II+ t

III (6)

SAG = S

I+ S

II+ S

III
The universal braking diagram (Fig. 3), developed by S. I Dyomin,

consists of two parts, left and right, which are divided by a vertical line 0-

0, which corresponds to the braking activity coefficient a = 0.

In the left part on the lower and upper scales - numerical values (starting from

from the vertical 0-0) of the active braking coefficient "a".

In the right part on the lower scale - conditional values of multiplication of the initial one

speed in knots for time in seconds Vnt (knots/sec).

On the upper scale is the distance (path) S in cables, which the ship travels

when performing a braking maneuver.

In addition, in the lower and upper parts of the diagram there are series of curves: relationships

of the final speed to the initial speed of the maneuver Vk/Vn and their corresponding series

lower (coming from the lower 0) and upper (coming from the upper 0)

rays of the D/K parameter (where D is the displacement of the vessel in tons, and K is the
coefficient

total resistance of the underwater part of the vessel in water).

To enter the universal diagram according to the D/K parameter, it is necessary beforehand

calculate the value of K, according to the formula:

K=5880+0.654Ω (7)

where Ω is the wetted surface area, m2;

B - width of the vessel, m;

TSR - average ship draft, m.

The area of the wetted surface is equal to:

Ω=D2/3

(8)

where D is the ship's tonnage, i.e.

2.5 Determination of the elements of the second braking period according to

using a universal diagram.

We enter the diagram (Fig. 3) from the bottom vertically from the point a = 0 (the engine is not

works) to the intersection with the curve of the ratio of speeds Vk/Vn in accordance with

our situation. From the point of intersection, draw a horizontal line to the intersection with the
ray,

equal to our (calculated) parameter D/K and comes from the lower zero
points 0. From the point of intersection, we draw a vertical line to the lower scale and we subtract
from it the conditional value Vнt of the multiplication of the initial speed v

nodes for time in seconds. Dividing the found multiplication by the initial speed

Vn (in knots), find the time t (in seconds) of passive braking.

Figure 3 – Diagram of determining the time of the second braking period

We enter the diagram (Fig. 4) from above vertically from the point a = 0 (the engine is not

works) to the intersection with the speed ratio curve corresponding to ours

case and located at the top of the diagram.

From the intersection point, draw a horizontal line to the intersection with the beam,

equal to our (calculated) parameter D/K, which comes from the upper 0. From this

point of intersection, we draw a vertical line up to the S scale and shoot along it

count corresponding to the distance (in cables) traveled by the vessel during passage

of the second braking period.

2.6 Determination of the elements of the third braking period according to

using a universal diagram.

To enter the universal diagram (Fig. 2) it is necessary additionally

calculate the following values:

- coefficient of thrust of the screw on the moorings:

(9)

- the force of the stop of the fixed screw, N:

(10)

where: n is the number of revolutions per second in reverse

- stop amplification factor, Suu:

(11)

where is the area of the submerged part of the middle frame,

Аd = /4, - the area of the propeller disk.

The force of the screw stop, taking into account the interaction with the case, N:

Fmax=P·Suu (12) - active braking coefficient:

( (thirteen)

We enter the diagram (Fig. 5) from the bottom vertically from point a to the intersection with

curve of the speed ratio Vk/Vn according to our situation. From the point

the intersection we draw horizontally to the intersection with a ray equal to ours

to the (calculated) D/K parameter and comes from the lower zero point 0. From the point

cross section, we draw a vertical line to the lower scale and take the reading from it

conditional value Vнt multiplication of the initial speed in knots by time in seconds.

Dividing the found multiplication by the initial speed Vn (in knots), we find

time t (in seconds) of the third braking period.

Figure 5 - Diagram of determining the time of active braking

To determine the path of active braking, enter the diagram (Fig. 6)

from above vertically from point a, to the intersection with the speed ratio curve

Vk/Vn=0.

From the intersection point, draw a horizontal line to the intersection with the beam,

equal to our (calculated) parameter D/K, which comes from the upper 0. From this
point of intersection, we draw a vertical line up to the S scale and shoot along it

the count corresponding to the distance (in cables) traveled by the vessel during the third period

when performing an active braking maneuver.

Figure 6 - Diagram of determining the path of active braking

Braking is performed according to the specified time and path values

construction of functional graphs of speed/distance versus time.

Accordingly, the construction of the graph of the active is performed through horizontal lines

braking in IMO form.

3. Practical part

3.1 The procedure for calculating elements of active braking according to

using a universal diagram.

Algorithm for calculating elements of active braking using

universal diagram consists of the following stages:

1. Carefully read the methodological instructions for the work and draw up the procedure.

2. Get a variant of the task from the teacher for the laboratory

work

3. Determine the value of the distance traveled by the vessel according to formula (2).

the first period, taking the value - 10 s.

4. Calculate the area of the wetted surface, according to formula (8), and the value

coefficient K according to formula (7). Calculate the value of the D/K ratio.

5. Determine the time of the second period according to UD and calculate the total time

active braking according to formula (6).

6. Determine the path of the second period along the UD and calculate the total path

passive braking according to formula (6).

7. Repeat the procedure for the range of relations 0.2, 0.4, 0.6, 0.8, 0.0 from Vn.

8. Plot the graphs of the functions V = f (t) and S = f (t).

9. Construct linear graphs of active braking according to the IMO form.

Line graphs in the form of 1MO are shown in Figures 7 and 8.

Figure 9 – Graphs of functions V = f (t) and S = f (t)

4. Control questions

1. What are the inertia-braking characteristics of the ship?

2. What is active braking?

3. What is the team's passing time?

4. What is the second period during active braking?

5. What is the third period during active braking?

18

6. To what value of speed is it recommended to perform the maneuver

passive braking before reversing?

7. According to what parameters it is necessary to enter the universal diagram

braking?

8. How to use a universal diagram to determine the amount of time

active braking?

9. How to determine the distance traveled by the vessel during active braking?

5. List of used literature

1. Capt. H. Subramaniam, practical navigation, Vijaya Publications, [2013] –

268 p..

2. David J. House, ship handling, Elsevier, [2017].- 428p..

3. Yarkin P.I. Ship management [Text]: training manual. - Odesa:

ONMA, 2006. - 156 p.

4. Maltsev A.S., Tyupikov E.E., Vorohobin I.I. Maneuvering of vessels at

disagreements: study guide - Odesa, ONMA, 2014. - 246 p.

5. RSSU - 98.

6. Variants of tasks for performing the calculation