Unit 12: Acids, Bases, and Salts

Outline and Objectives

Topic Reading* Video Lessons**

12.1 – Introduction to Acids and Bases None 12.1
12.2 – Acid/Base Definitions p. 447, 452-456 12.2
12.4 – Calculating pH p. 471-481 12.4
12.5 – Reactions of Acids and Bases p. 457-463 12.5
12.6 – Titrations and Indicators p. 483-489 12.6
12.7 – Hydrolysis of Salts None 12.7
The topics may not be covered in the same order they are presented here. Check the course website to see
exactly what lesson will be covered each day.

*The readings are accessed through the course website. Use the reading to complete the guided notes.

**The video lessons are access through the course website. Fill out the guided notes as you watch the video
lesson – YOU ARE FINISHED ONCE WHEN THE NOTES ARE FILLED UP TO THE “WARM UP” BOX! DO NOT
COMPLETE THE PRACTICE PROBLEMS!

To earn full homework credit, complete the guided notes (both from the reading and video lesson), scan them,
save them as a single file, and upload them into the assignment on Jupiter Ed before you come to our virtual
class reviewing that lesson. The assignment name will always be Lesson X.X – Notes.

Unit Objectives – Students will be able to:

 Recall the general properties of acids and bases (Lesson 12.1)

 Associate H+ and H3O+ ions with acids, OH- ions with bases (Lesson 12.1)
 Name acids and bases given the formula, and provide the formula when given the name (Lesson 12.1)
 Classify acids and bases using the Arrhenius definition (Lesson 12.2)
 Classify acids and bases using the Bronsted-Lowry definition (Lesson 12.2)
 Understand what makes a substance amphoteric and how these substances behave (Lesson 12.2)
 Differentiate between a strong acid/base and a weak acid/base (Lesson 12.2)
 Explain the relationship between pH and the concentration of H + ions in solution (Lesson 12.4)
 Calculate the pH of an acidic and basic solutions given their concentrations (Lesson 12.4)
 Determine the pH of extremely dilute solutions of acids and bases (Lesson 12.4)
 Label conjugate acid-base pairs in reaction (Lesson 12.5)
 Predict the products of an Arrhenius acid-base neutralization reaction (Lesson 12.5)
 Determine the concentration of an unknown acidic or basic solution (Lesson 12.6)
 Interpret titration curves and choose an appropriate indicator (Lesson 12.6)
 Predict the relative pH of a salt (Lesson 12.7)
Answer Key for Unit 12 Practice Problems
Take the time to check your work! If there is a question you don’t know how to solve, the full solution guide
can be found on the course website.

Q1) sodium hydroxide Q10) thiosulfuric acid Q19) H2C4H4O6

Q2) sulfurous acid Q11) hydrocyanic acid Q20) HNO2
Q3) hydrosulfuric acid Q12) iron(III) hydroxide Q21) HI
Q4) sulfuric acid Q13) hydrophosphoric acid Q22) Co(OH)2
Q5) ammonia Q14) HF Q23) HNO3
Q6) iodic acid Q15) H2C2O4 Q24) Be(OH)2
12.1 Q7) dichromic acid
Q8) hypochlorous acid
Q16) H2Se
Q17) H2CO3
Q25) HBr
Q26) H3AsO3
Q9) phosphoric acid Q18) HC7H5O2 Q27) H2CrO4

Q28) incorrect – bromic acid (“hydro-“ is used for binary acids)

Q29) incorrect – arsenic acid (AsO43- is arsenate and “-ate” becomes “-ic”)
Q30) correct

12.2 No practice problems

Q1) 2.5 Q4) 12, 6 Q7) [H+] = 10-10 M, pH = 10

12.4 Q2) 11.8
Q3) 3, 7
Q5) 10-3 M
Q6) 10-10 M
Q8) [H+] = 10-5 M, pH = 5

Q1) See answer key on website

Q2a) Na2SO4 + 2 H2O, sulfuric acid, strong acid, strong base
b) CaCO3 + 2 H2O, carbonic acid, weak acid, strong base
c) AlCl3 + 3 H2O, hydrochloric acid, strong acid, weak base
d) Ba(NO3)2 + 2 H2O, nitric acid, strong acid, strong base
12.5 e) Rb3PO4 + 3 H2O, phosphoric acid, weak acid, strong base
f) Fe2(SO3)3 + 6 H2O, sulfurous acid, weak acid, weak base
g) Mg(ClO)2 + 2 H2O, hypochlorous acid, weak acid, weak base
h) NH4ClO3 + H2O, chloric acid, strong acid, weak base
i) Sr(NO2)2 + 2 H2O, nitrous acid, weak acid, strong base

Q1) MA = 0.028 M, weak acid, strong base, basic endpoint, phenolphthalein or thymol blue
Q2) VA = 19 mL, strong acid, strong base, neutral endpoint, bromthymol blue or litmus
12.6 Q3) VB = 6.3 mL, strong acid, weak base, acidic endpoint, methyl orange or bromcresol green
Q4) MA = 0.17 M, weak acid, strong base, basic endpoint, phenolphthalein or thymol blue
Q5) MB = 1.1 M, weak acid, strong base, basic endpoint, phenolphthalein or thymol blue

Q1a) acetic acid, weak, NaOH, strong, basic salt

b) perchloric acid, strong, Mg(OH)2, weak, acidic salt
c) hydroiodic acid, strong, KOH, strong, neutral salt
d) nitric acid, strong, Al(OH)3, weak, acidic salt
12.7 e) sulfuric acid, strong, Ca(OH)2, strong, neutral salt
f) chloric acid, strong, Fe(OH)3, weak, acidic salt
Q2a) yellow b) red c) bromcresol green d) bromcresol green e) 5.4-6.0 f) pH < 8 g) methyl orange
Q3) B, A, C, A, D, C, D, B, B, D
12.1 – Introduction to Acids and Bases No Reading
Aim: _______________________________________________________________________________________
Acids and bases are always _________________________________! HCl by itself is not an acid, it is hydrogen
chloride, a gas. Once it is dissolved in water, the compound will _________________________ into ions.
Properties of Acids and Bases
1. Form ________________________ aqueous solutions (able to conduct ________________)
2. Bases taste _______________, acids taste _______________. Check the ingredients of a sour candy!
3. Bases (aq) are _____________________. This makes it easy to know when a base is on your skin…
4. Acids are corrosive to _________________. For example: 2HCl (aq) + Zn (s)  ZnCl2 (aq) + H2 (g)
5. Bases turn litmus _________________, acids turn litmus ______________. Litmus is an indicator.
6. Acids and bases neutralize one another. ___________ + ___________  ___________ + ___________

Acids: Bases:

Naming Acids and Bases

▪ Many bases contain a _____________________ group. Bases will be named the ______________________
an ionic compound would be named.
▪ The name of an acid depends on the identity of the _________________ present…
Anion:
Replace the “_______” ending with “_______.”
HCl (aq)
Acid: Use the prefix “_________”

Anion:
Replace the “________” ending with “______.”
HClO3 (aq) No prefix is used.
Acid:
I _________ something _________ at the cafeteria.

Anion:
Replace the “________” ending with “______.”
HClO2 (aq) No prefix is used.
Acid:
You’ll be _________ if you come with _________.
Pay careful attention to polyatomic ions! Use table E to help.
Warm Up: What comes to mind when you hear the words “acid” and “base?”
 Lesson 12.1
Practice Problems:

Name each of the following acids or bases. Assume all compounds have been dissolved in water.

1. NaOH _____________________________________________________

2. H2SO3 _____________________________________________________

3. H2S _______________________________________________________

4. H2SO4 _____________________________________________________

5. NH3 ______________________________________________________

6. HIO3 ______________________________________________________

7. H2Cr2O7 ___________________________________________________

8. HClO ______________________________________________________

9. H3PO4 _____________________________________________________

10. H2S2O3 ____________________________________________________

11. HCN ______________________________________________________

12. Fe(OH)3 ___________________________________________________

13. H3P _______________________________________________________

Write the formula of the following acids and bases:

14. Hydrofluoric acid _________________________ 21. Hydroiodic acid __________________________

15. Oxalic acid ______________________________ 22. Cobalt (II) hydroxide ______________________

16. Hydroselenic acid ________________________ 23. Nitric acid ______________________________

17. Carbonic acid ___________________________ 24. Beryllium hydroxide ______________________

18. Benzoic acid ____________________________ 25. Hydrobromic acid ________________________

19. Tartaric acid ____________________________ 26. Arsenous acid ___________________________

20. Nitrous acid _____________________________ 27. Chromic acid ____________________________

A new chemistry student has named the following acids. Correct the naming if necessary.

28. HBrO3 = hydrobromic acid ___________________________________________________________________

29. H3AsO4 = arsenous acid _____________________________________________________________________

30. HSCN = thiocyanic acid _____________________________________________________________________

12.2 – Acid and Base Definitions p. 447, 452 – 456

Arrhenius Acid: Arrhenius Base:

HNO3 (aq) + H2O (l)  _______________ + _______________ H+ (aq) = ______________

Bronsted-Lowry Acid: Bronsted-Lowry Base:

Bronsted-Lowry Acid-Base Reaction:

H2O (l) + NH3 (aq) ⇌ _______________ + _______________

In the above reaction, ___________ behaves as an acid because it ______________________________. The

base is ___________, because it _____________________________.

Monoprotic Acid:

Polyprotic Acid:

Lewis Acid: Lewis Base:

Lewis Acid-Base Reaction:

BF3 (g) + NH3 (g)  ______________________

Something I don’t understand or still have questions about:

 Lesson 12.2
Strong Acid: Weak Acid:

Watch the start of video lesson 12.3 to fill out these boxes!
Strong Base: Weak Base:

The 7 Strong Acids: The 8 Strong Bases

1. __________ 2. ___________ 1. __________ 2. ___________

3. __________ 4. __________ 3. __________ 4. __________

5. ___________ 6. __________ 5. ___________ 6. __________

7. __________ 7. __________ 8. __________

Aim: _______________________________________________________________________________________
Warm Up: You are given a beaker containing an unknown solution. How do you know if it is acidic or basic?
Brainstorm as many ideas as possible!

Complete the chart regarding Arrhenius acids and bases.

Formula Acid or Base? Explain… Name

H2SO4

HNO3

Ca(OH)2

HBr

KOH

NH3
 Lesson 12.2
Complete the chart regarding Bronsted-Lowry acids and bases.
Formula Acid or Base? Explain… Name

SO32-

HNO2

CH3COOH

NO3-

H3P

HCO3-

Amphoteric Substances:

Characteristics of Amphoteric Substances:

12.4 – Calculating pH p. 471 – 481

Self-Ionization of Water:

H2O (l) + H2O (l) ⇌ ________________ + ________________

At 25 oC, __________ = __________ = _____________________ M

Kw = __________ x __________ = ___________________ x ___________________ = ___________________

▪ In an acidic solution [H+] ______ [OH-], and the pH will be ______ 7

▪ In a basic solution [H+] ______ [OH-], and the pH will be ______ 7
▪ In a neutral solution [H+] ______ [OH-], and the pH will be ______ 7

pH translates into “ ______________________________.” We use this value because the H+ concentration in a

solution is generally rather ____________ and expressing concentration in pH is more convenient.

pH: pOH:

pH formula: pOH formula:

To convert between pH and pOH, use the formula:

How might the strength of an acid/base affect the pH?

Something I don’t understand or still have questions about:

 Lesson 12.4
Aim: _______________________________________________________________________________________
Because pH is logarithmic, every ____ unit change in pH is equal to a ______ concentration change of H3O+ ions.

Which has a greater concentration of H+ ions, pH = 3 or pH = 6? ______________ How many times more times
concentrated is the H+ ion in the more concentrated solution? _________________________________________

Write the dissociation equation for the following strong acids and determine the pH of each solution.
0.025 M HCl

0.38 M HNO3

3.6 x 10-4 M HClO4

6.4 x 10-8 M HBr

For dilute solutions of acids and bases…

Warm Up: What is the pH of your blood? Of your stomach? What might happen if the pH changes?

Write the dissociation equation for the following strong bases and determine the pH of each solution.
0.50 M NaOH
 Lesson 12.4
0.045 M Ca(OH)2

7.9 x 10-3 M RbOH

2.8 x 10-9 M KOH

When working with bases…

Practice Problems:

Write the dissociation equation for each compound. Find the pH of a 3.0 x 10-3 M solution of:
1. HBr

2. Ca(OH)2

3. The pH of a solution is 5. What is the pH of a solution 100x more acidic? ______ 100x more basic? ______

4. The pH of a solution is 9. What in the pH of a solution 1000x less acidic? ______ 1000x less basic? ______

5. What of [H+] if pH of 3? ____________________ 6. What of [H+] if pH of 3? ___________________

7. What is the concentration of H+ ions in solution if 8. What is the concentration of H+ ions in solution if
the concentration of OH- ions is 1 x 10-4 M? What the concentration of OH- ions is 1 x 10-9 M? What
is the pH of this solution? is the pH of this solution?
12.5 – Reactions of Acids and Bases p. 457 – 463
Bronsted-Lowry Acid/Base Reactions
Conjugate Base:

Conjugate Acid:

▪ The substances labeled “acid” and “base” are on the ______________ side of the equation.
▪ The substances labeled “conjugate acid” and “conjugate base” are on the ___________ side of the equation.

CH3COOH (aq) + H2O (l) ⇌ CH3COO- (aq) + H3O+ (aq)

▪ In the reaction above, ______________ is behaving as the acid because it ______________ a proton.
▪ ______________ is behaving as the base because it ______________ a proton.
▪ Therefore, _______________ is the conjugate acid and _____________ is the conjugate base.
▪ After an ___________ has given up a proton, it is capable of getting back that proton and acting as a
_________.
▪ A ______________________ is what is left after an acid gives up a proton.
▪ The stronger the acid, the ________________ the conjugate base. The weaker the acid, the
______________ the conjugate base.

Arrhenius Acid/Base Reactions

The general reaction equation: ___________ + ___________  ___________ + ___________

Neutralization:

Salt:

A neutralization reaction can be more generally classified as a ___________________________ reaction.

Something I don’t understand or still have questions about:

 Lesson 12.5
Aim: _______________________________________________________________________________________
Warm Up: Which would be the safest to drink: 100 mL of 6.0 M HCl, 100 mL of 6.0 M NaOH, or the solution
that results from combining the two? Explain your answer.

Bronsted-Lowry Acid-Base Reactions

▪ Acids and bases are ___________________.

▪ Conjugate acids and conjugate bases are ___________________.
▪ A base will be paired with a _______________________________.
▪ An acid will be paired with a _______________________________.

Arrhenius Acid-Base Reactions

▪ Looks like a _________________________ reaction, with one of the products always being _____________.

▪ In the salt, the cation comes from the _____________ and the anion comes from the _____________.

▪ The substances undergoing neutralization are the ______ from the acid and the _______ from the base.

Practice Problems:
1. Label each substance (A, B, CA, CB). Draw a line connecting conjugate acid-base pairs.

HF + NH3 ⇌ NH4+ + F- HCN + H2O ⇌ H3O+ + CN- HSO4- + HCO3- ⇌ SO4- + H2CO3

H2O + H3PO4 ⇌ H3O+ + H2PO4- NH3 + HOCl ⇌ NH4+ + ClO- HSO3- + H3O+ ⇌ H2SO3 + H2O
 Lesson 12.5
2. Complete the table below regarding Arrhenius acid-base neutralization reactions.

a. ____ H2SO4 + ____ NaOH  ______________________ + ______________________

Acid Name: Acid strength: Base Strength:

b. ____ H2CO3 + ____ Ca(OH)2  ______________________ + ______________________

Acid Name: Acid strength: Base Strength:

c. ____ Al(OH)3 + ____ HCl  ______________________ + ______________________

Acid Name: Acid strength: Base Strength:

d. ____ HNO3 + ____ Ba(OH)2  ______________________ + ______________________

Acid Name: Acid strength: Base Strength:

e. ____ RbOH + ____ H3PO4 ______________________ + ______________________

Acid Name: Acid strength: Base Strength:

f. ____ H2SO3 + ____ Fe(OH)3  ______________________ + ______________________

Acid Name: Acid strength: Base Strength:

g. ____ Mg(OH)2 + ____ HClO  ______________________ + ______________________

Acid Name: Acid strength: Base Strength:

h. ____ NH4OH + ____ HClO3  ______________________ + ______________________

Acid Name: Acid strength: Base Strength:

i. ____ HNO2 + ____ Sr(OH)2  ______________________ + ______________________

Acid Name: Acid strength: Base Strength:

12.6 –Titrations and Indicators p. 483 - 489

Acid-Base Indicators:

Transition Interval:

(red) (blue)
Titration:

Titrations require the use of a specialized piece of glassware called a ____________ which is used to deliver
very precise volumes of solution. Titrations are typically run multiple times to ensure the best possible data.
Equivalence Point: Endpoint:

Titration
Curve

Acid
Strength
Base
Strength

Indicators
(table M)

The combination of a ___________ acid and a ___________ base are never titrated because:

Something I don’t understand or still have questions about:

 Lesson 12.6
Aim: _______________________________________________________________________________________
Neutralization Calculations

▪ Ma is the ________________________________ and Mb is the ________________________________

▪ Be ________________ with the units for Va and Vb
▪ Use the _________________________ in the formula of the acid for H+
▪ Use the _________________________ in the formula of the base for OH-

It takes 10.0 mL solution of barium hydroxide to neutralize 18.2 mL of 1.50 M hydrochloric acid. What is the
molarity of the base?

Formula of the acid?

Formula of the base?

Reaction

One product will always be…

Formula of the salt?

Write and balance the equation.

What is the value of H+?

What is the value of OH-?

Calculation

Write the formula and solve for the

missing variable.

Is the acid strong or weak? Explain.

Is the base strong or weak? Explain.

Titration

Will the endpoint be acid, basic or

neutral? Explain.

Which indicator should be used?

Explain.

Warm Up: How does litmus paper “know” what the pH of a solution is?
Practice Problems:

Eqn: Acid Strength: strong weak

1. It takes 19.2 mL of 0.055 M
sodium hydroxide to neutralize Base Strength: strong weak
37 mL of acetic acid. What is the
concentration of the acidic Endpoint: acidic basic neutral
solution?
Indicator:

Eqn: Acid Strength: strong weak

2. A solution of 0.45 M sulfuric acid
is neutralized with 12.5 mL of Base Strength: strong weak
0.60 M potassium hydroxide.
What is the volume of the acid in Endpoint: acidic basic neutral
this reaction?
Indicator:

Eqn: Acid Strength: strong weak

3. You use 47.8 mL of 0.35 M nitric
acid to neutralize a 0.887 M Base Strength: strong weak
solution of aluminum hydroxide.
What volume of the basic Endpoint: acidic basic neutral
solution was used?
Indicator:

Eqn: Acid Strength: strong weak

4. A 20.0 mL sample of oxalic acid,
H2C2O4, is titrated with 27.9 mL of Base Strength: strong weak
0.25 M potassium hydroxide.
Calculate the molarity of the Endpoint: acidic basic neutral
oxalic acid solution.
Indicator:

Eqn: Acid Strength: strong weak

5. Citric acid is a triprotic acid. If
17.65 mL of a 0.55 M solution of Base Strength: strong weak
citric acid is used to neutralize
12.8 mL of strontium hydroxide, Endpoint: acidic basic neutral
what is the molarity of the base?
Lesson 12.6

Indicator:
12.7 – Hydrolysis of Salts No Reading
Aim: _______________________________________________________________________________________
In any Arrhenius neutralization reaction: _____________+ _____________  _____________ + _____________
Based on the _________________ of the acid and the base, we can determine the ________________________.

strong acid + strong base  endpoint ______ 7

____ HNO3 + ____ KOH  ___________ + ___________
Indicators used:

strong acid + weak base  endpoint ______ 7

____ HClO4 + ____ Al(OH)3  ___________ + ___________
Indicators used:

weak acid + strong base  endpoint ______ 7

____ H2SO3 + ____ Ba(OH)2  ___________ + ___________
Indicators used:

▪ If we know the identity of the _______________ formed by the neutralization reaction, we can work
backwards to determine what _____________ and _____________ were reacted.
▪ ______________ comes from the base (always _________ for an acid)
▪ ______________ comes from the acid (always _________ for a base)
▪ Use the __________________ of the acid and base to predict if the salt is acidic, basic or neutral.

NaCl
Since NaCl is the salt of a ___________ acid and a ___________ base, it should have a ______________ pH.
Do Now: You have been bitten by a fire ant, which injects an alkaline substance into your skin. You have
three salts; NaCl, MgCl2, and NaF that could be used to treat the wound. Which one should you use? Explain.

Demonstration – Hydrolysis of Salts

Salt Acid Name S or W? Base Formula S or W? A/B/N Salt?
 Lesson 12.7
Practice Problems:

1. Complete the chart below regarding the hydrolysis of salts.

Salt Acid Name S or W? Base Formula S or W? A/B/N Salt?

a. NaCH3COO
b. Mg(ClO4)2
c. KI
d. Al(NO3)3
e. CaSO4
f. Fe(ClO3)3

2. Use Table M to answer the following questions regarding indicators.

a. What color is bromthymol blue at a pH = 4? e. A solution turns blue in bromcresol green

and yellow in bromthymol blue. What is
b. What color is methyl orange at a pH of 2? the pH range of this solution?

c. Which indicator changes from yellow to f. A solution is colorless in phenolphthalein

blue as the pH changes from 3 to 6? and yellow in thymol blue. What is the pH
range of this solution?
d. Which indicator is blue when the pH = 5.8?
g. Which indicator is yellow in a solution
having a pH of 9.8?

3. Use the titration curves below to answer the following questions.

Which curve…
a. Shows a strong acid titrated with a weak base? f. Should never be run as a titration?

b. Should use phenolphthalein as an indicator? g. Should use bromthymol blue as an indicator?

c. Could be HF titrated against NH3? h. Could produce AlCl3 as a salt?

d. Could produce Ca(ClO)2 as a salt? i. Should use methyl orange as an indicator?

e. Could be HCl titrated against NaOH? j. Could produce KNO3 as a salt?