CLL141 - Introduction to Materials
Tutorial 1
February 2023
Problems
1. Derive the packing factor value of (a) BCC; (b) FCC; and SCC.
2. An aluminum-alloy bar of length 2 meters at room temperature (300 K) is exposed to a temper-
ature of 373 K ( α = 23 ∗ 10-6 K -1 ). What will be the length of this bar at 373 K?
3. Calculate the atomic radius in cm for the following: (a) BCC metal with ao = 0.3294 nm and
one atom per lattice point (b) FCC metal with ao = 4.0862Å and one atom per lattice point
4. The density of thorium, which has the FCC structure and one atom per lattice point, is 11.72
g/cm3 . The atomic weight of thorium is 232 g/mol. Calculate the lattice parameter and the
atomic radius of thorium.
5. The lattice constant for the cubic crystal structure of Barium Titanate is to be determined. This
material was analyzed using copper Kα radiation of wavelength 1.54 A. It was seen that the
value of 2θ at which the (111) reflection from the diffracted x-rays was at 39. What is the lattice
constant a0 for the cubic form of crystal?
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6. A metal has a cubic structure with a density of 2.6g/cm , an atomic weight of 87.62 g/mol, and
a lattice parameter of 6.0849 Å. One atom is associated with each lattice point. Determine the
crystal structure of the metal.
7. Calculate the number of vacancies per cm3 expected in copper at 1080o C. The energy for
vacancy formation is 20,000 cal/mol.
8. A copper-zinc alloy has the following properties
Grain Diameter(mm) Strength (MPa)
0.015 170
0.025 158
0.035 151
0.050 145
Find the grain size required for a strength of 200 MPa (You would be required to first determine
the constants of Hall-Petch equation).
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9. Determine the number of vacancies needed for a BCC iron crystal to have a density of 7.87 g/cm .
The lattice parameter of BCC iron is 2.866 x 10−8 cm
10. Atoms are found to move from one lattice position to another at the rate of 5 ∗ 105 jumps/s at
400o C when the activation energy for their movement is 30,000 cal/mol. Calculate the jump rate
at 750o C.
11. Experiments show that the diffusion coefficient of yttrium ions while diffusing through the bulk
chromia exhibited the following temperature dependence.
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Temperature(C) Diffusion Coefficient (cm2 /s)
800 2.0 ∗ 10−18
850 1.8 ∗ 10−18
900 3.2 ∗ 10−18
950 7.9 ∗ 10−18
1000 2. ∗ 10−17
Find the activation energy for bulk diffusion and the pre-exponential term.
12. The surface of a 0.1% C steel gear is to be hardened by carburizing. In gas carburizing, the
steel gears are placed in an atmosphere that provides 1.2% C at the surface of the steel at a high
temperature. Carbon then diffuses from the surface into the steel. For optimum properties, the
steel must contain 0.45% C at a depth of 0.2 cm below the surface. The activation energy of
diffusion process is 32900 cal/mol and the pre-exponential term is 0.23 cm2 /s. Find the time for
the carburizing at 1100 C.
