CLASSIFICATION OF SIGNALS AND SYSTEMS
[Link]
[Link]: Any physical quantity if its varies with respect to time it is termed as a
signal.
Eg: time, pressure, velocity, mass, temperature
[Link]: Any physical device which performs an operation on the signal it is
termed as system.
Eg: amplifier system, filter system, rectifier systems
[Link] TIME SIGNAL: If the amplitude of the signal varies
continuously with respect to time then it is termed as continuous time signal. It can be
represented by the symbol x(t).
1.4DISCRETE TIME SIGNAL: It has got the discrete set of values. It has the
specific amplitude for the specific time intervals. It can be represented by the symbol
x(n).
[Link] & DT
WAVEFORMS
Fig. 1: CT and DT waveforms
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[Link] OF CT AND DT SIGNALS
• Periodic and non periodic signal
• Even and odd signal
• Energy and power signal
• Deterministic and random signal
[Link] AND NON PERIODIC SIGNAL
A signal is said to be periodic if it repeats at regular time interval. Non periodic signals do not
repeat at regular intervals
Fig. 2: Periodic and nonperiodic waveforms
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[Link] AND ODD SIGNAL
• A signal is said to be even signal if the inversion of time axis does not change the
amplitude. It is also called as symmetric signal.
• x(t) = x(-t)
• x(n) = x(-n)
• A signal is said to be odd signal if the inversion of time axis also inverts the amplitude
of the signal. It is also called as antisymmetric signal.
x(t) = -x(-t)
x(n) = -x(-n)
Examples of even and odd signal
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Fig. 3: Even and odd waveforms
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[Link] AND POWER SIGNAL
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[Link]
Table. 1: Comparison
[Link] AND RANDOM SIGNAL
• Deterministic: If any signal can be represented by proper mathematical equation then
it is termed as deterministic signal
• Eg: sine wave, cosine wave, exponential
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• Random: It can not be represented by any mathematical equation
• Eg: all kind of noises during electronic experiments
[Link] ELEMETRY SIGNALS
• Unit step signal
• Unit Ramp signal
• Unit impulse signal
• Exponential signal
[Link] STEP SIGNAL
Fig. 4: Unit step signal
[Link] RAMP SIGNAL
area under unit ramp is unity
Fig. 5: Unit ramp signal
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[Link] IMPULSE SIGNAL
Fig. 6: Unit impulse signal
[Link] SIGNAL
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Fig. 7: Exponential waveforms
[Link] ELEMETRY SIGNALS IN DISCRETE TIME
• Unit step signal
• Unit ramp signal
• Unit impulse signal
• Exponential signal
• Sinusoidal signal
• Complex exponential signal
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[Link] STEP SIGNAL
Fig. 8: Unit step signal
[Link] RAMP SIGNAL
Fig. 9: Unit ramp signal
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[Link] IMPULSE SIGNAL
Fig. 10: Unit impulse signal
[Link]
Fig. 11: Exponential waveforms
[Link] SIGNAL
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[Link] PROBLEMS
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[Link] AND ODD COMPONENTS PROBLEMS
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Fig. 12: Even and odd signal
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Fig. 13: Even and odd signal
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Fig. 14: Even and odd signal
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Fig. 15: Even and odd signal
[Link] OF THE ENERGY SIGNAL
[Link] OF THE POWER SIGNAL
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[Link] OF ENERGY AND POWER SIGNALS
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PROBLEMS
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Fig. 16: Rectangular and sine wave
[Link] OF CT & DT SYSTEMS
• Static and dynamic
• Linear and nonlinear
• Time invariant and time variant
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• Causal and noncausal
• Stable and unstable
[Link] AND DYNAMIC SYSTEM
[Link] INVARIANT AND TIMEVARIANT SYSTEM
[Link] AND NONLINEAR SYSTEM
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Fig. 17: Linear system
[Link] AND NONCAUSAL SYSTEM
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[Link] OF DISCRETE TIME SYSTEMS
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1.14. REPRESENTATION OF DISCRETE TIME SIGNALS
• Graphical Representation
• Functional Representation
• Tabular Representation
• Sequence Representation
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Fig. 18: Representation of signals
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