Tutorial 1

1. The electrical installation of an industrial site is supplied by three-phase 415V with the
following loads:
100 60W lighting points
20 50W exhaust fans (permanently connected)
80 10A 1-phase single socket outlets
10 15A 1-phase socket outlets  S  P  jQ  P 2  Q 2  
1 5.5kW/10A 3-phase rolling machine motor  S

2 4kW/8A 3-phase lathe motors  P  3VLL  I L  cos S 
 
1 4.8kW 1-phase storage water heater  S  3VLL  I L 
 
Refer to the appropriate Australian Standard(s):
i. Specify the load group for each type of load listed above.
ii. Describe one arrangement for load connection across the three-phase supply. It is required
to spread the load evenly among the three phases.
iii. Determine the maximum demand of the heaviest loaded phase.
Solutions:
Factory → refer to column 3 of Table C2 (AS/NZS3000:2007). Phase voltage is 240V.
60
100X60W lights (load group A): I   100  25A(1- ) [full connected load]
240
50
20X50W exhaust fans (load group A): I   20  4.17A (1- )
240
4.8kW water heater (load group G): I  4800 / 240  20A (1- ) [full-load current]
1
10 x 15A sockets (load group B(iii)): I  15  0.75  15  9  116.25A
1000  79  750 1000  44  750
80 x 10A sockets (load group B(i)): I  251.04A  141.7A
240 240
1 x 5.5kW/10A 3- rolling machine (group D): I=10A in each phase
35  750
 109.4A
1 x 4kW/8A 3- lathe (group D): I=100%X8=8A in each phase 240
1 x 4kW/8A 3- lathe (group D): I=0.75X8=6A in each phase

Total current of single phase equipment: 25  4.17  20  116.25  251.04 416A

Split 416A to ~140A in each phase. Hence, a possible arrangement:
Red phase White phase Blue phase
Rolling machine 10A 10A 10A
Lathe 8A 8A 8A
2nd lathe 6A 6A 6A
10x15A sockets 116.25A - -
45x10A sockets - 141.7A -
35x10A sockets - - 109.4A
100x60W lights - - 25A
4.8kW water heater 20A - -
20x50W exhaust fans - - 4.17A
Total 160.25A 165.7A 162.57A
Heaviest loaded-phase: white (165.7A).
2
2. The supply to a building is fed directly from a 11kV/415V/1MVA substation transformer that
belongs to the electricity distributor. The transformer impedance is a typical value of 5%.
Calculate:
1 2
i. The full-load current rating of the transformer.
ii. The effective transformer impedance under short-circuit conditions. ~
iii. The prospective short-circuit current and indicate any assumptions made.
iv. If the transformer impedance is 6.5%, recalculate the prospective short-circuit current.
Solutions:
106
Full-load current rating of the transformer at LV side: I FL   1391.2A
3  415
Prospective short-circuit current: I SC  (1 / 0.05)  I FL  27.824 kA
Assumption made: upstream impedance is negligible.

Effective transformer impedance under short-circuit condition:

V 415 3
Z SC    8.6  103 
I SC 27824
If transformer impedance is 6.5% (instead of 5%), prospective
short-circuit current would be:
1
I SC  I FL  21.403 kA
0.065
Observe that this corresponds to (27.82-21.40)/27.82=23% reduction in the fault level, i.e. a
significant reduction.
3
3. Determine the current distribution in the ring main three-phase system (shown in the figure
below), fed at A, with the specified loads and line impedances. The loads are balanced.
Determine the load with the lowest voltage and evaluate the drop between it and A.

40A at 0.8 pf lag

40A at 0.8 pf lag =32-j24
0.3  j 0.1 
0.3  j 0.1  B
B
A IAB
A
0.2  j 0.1  IDA IBC
0.2  j 0.1  0.4  j 0.2 
0.4  j 0.2  D
D ICD

0.2  j 0.1  C
0.2  j 0.1  C
40A at unity pf
40A at unity pf =40+j0

50A at 0.9 pf lag

50A at 0.9 pf lag =45-j22
Solution:
Let I AB I Then I BC  I   32  j 24   I  32  j 24 I CD  I BC   45  j 22   I  77  j 46

I DA  I CD   40  j 0   I  117  j 46
Voltage drop around the ring main:  0.3  j 0.1 I   0.4  j 0.2  I  32  j 24  
  0.2  j 0.1  I  77  j 46    0.2  j 0.1  I  117  j 46   0

I  0.3  j 0.1   0.4  j 0.2    0.2  j 0.1   0.2  j 0.1  

 0.4  j 0.2  32  j 24    0.2  j 0.1 77  j 46    0.2  j 0.1 117  j 46   0
4
 65.6  j 2.2
I  48.67  j 24.12  54.32  26.36o
1.1  j 0.5

Hence I BC  16.67  j 0.123 I CD  28.33  j 21.88 I DA  68.33  j 21.88

VAB  17.014  j 2.370 VBC  6.693  j 3.285

VCD  7.853  j1.543 VDA  15.853  j 2.458

Obviously, C has the lowest voltage, and the drop below A is:

VAC  VAB  VBC  23.707  j 0.915  23.722.21o (V)

5
4. For the circuit shown below, it may be assumed that the circuit is one phase of a balanced 3-
phase distribution system. The total load is 20 kW at 0.9 leading power factor (at the load). The
source end voltage VS(LL) is 424 V and the total line impedance per phase is (0.5+j0.7) ohms.
Determine the voltage at the load. Hence determine the line voltage drop. Is the line drop
within the limits of ±6%? Do the calculation using:
(a) an accurate method to determine the full voltage phasor;
(b) an approximate method to get the load voltage magnitude only.

+ R X I +
VS load VR
_ _
 cos 
Solutions:
(a) Accurate method to calculate voltage drop:
Phase quantities:
* Phase voltage (at source): VS  424 3  244.8V

* Load power per phase: P  20  103 / 3  6667W

* Power factor: cos   0.9    25.84 o

6667 7407
* Current: P  VR I cos   I 
VR  0.9 VR 6
Phasors: 7407
VR  VR 0o  VR I 25.84o VS  244.8 o
VR
But: VS  VR  IZ Z  0.5  j 0.7  0.8654.46o

 7407 
25.84o   0.8654.46o   VR 
6370
244.8 o  VR   80.3o
 VR  VR
Equate real and imaginary parts:
6370 6370
244.8cos   VR  cos80.3o 244.8sin   sin80.3o
VR VR
2 2
 6370   6370 
Thus: 244.82  VR  cos80.3o    sin80.3o 
 VR   VR 
 VR  238.9V and VR  26.67V. Discard the low value (unrealistic).

Hence: VR  238.9V (phase voltage)

 238.9  3=413.8V (line voltage)

Voltage drop is: VS  VR  244.8  238.9  5.9V

5.9
i.e. % voltage drop   100%  2.4%, within the limits of ±6%.
244.8
7
(b) Approximate voltage drop:
VS  VR  IZ VR  VR 0o  VR

I  I   I  cos   j sin   Z  R  jX
4
6
VS  VR  IR cos   IX sin   j  IR sin   IX cos   5
2 3
1: IRcos; 5: IRsin
VS  VR  IR cos   IX sin     IR sin   IX cos  
2 2
3: IXsin; 4: IXcos 1
2: 1-3=IRcos - IXsin; 6: 5+4=IRsin + IXcos
Approximate solution by just using the real part:
VS VR  IR cos   IX sin  (1) VS  VR  IR cos   IX sin  (2)   25.84  o

From (1):
7407 7407
244.8  VR   0.5  0.9   0.7  0.436  VR2  244.8VR  1073  0
VR VR
Solve: VR  240.34 V and VR  4.46 V
Discard the low value (unrealistic). Hence, voltage drop is:
VS  VR  244.8  240.34  4.46 V
4.46
i.e. % voltage drop   100%  1.82% (Exact: 2.4%)
244.8
8
5. The approximate equation ∆V=IRcos + IXsin can be used to calculate the regulation of a
transformer when supplying a load which is operating at a power factor of cos, where  is
positive for lagging power factor and negative for leading power factor. Using the above
equation, determine the conditions, in terms of the relation of  to R and X, which will give:
(a) maximum voltage drop (regulation) in the transformer at a fixed load current level
(b) zero voltage drop (regulation) in the transformer V  IR cos   IX sin      
 
Neglect any other impedance between the source and the load. =IR cos(  )  IX sin(  )    0 
In case (b), you should find that the required conditions correspond to a leading power factor at
the load. Plot a detailed graph showing how the transformer voltage drop varies with the
leading power factor value.

Solutions:
(a) Maximum voltage drop
As V  V S  V R  IR cos   IX sin 
d V X  X 
  IR sin   IX cos   0    tan  
-1
 sin   
First-order derivative: R2  X 2
d R  
 R 
d 2 V  cos   
Second-order derivative:   IR cos   IX sin  =  I R 2  X 2  0  R2  X 2 
d 2
9
 Hence ∆V is maximum when   tan -1   and V  I
X
R2  X 2  I | Z |
R max

(b) Zero voltage drop by the transformer: Voltage drop:

V  IR cos   IX sin   0     tan 1  R / X  V  VS  VR

i.e. this corresponds to a leading power factor at the load. not V S  V R .

Z  R  jX
General expression and waveform for V ( )  IR cos   IX sin   Z  tan 1 ( X / R)
 R X 
V  IR cos   IX sin   I R 2  X 2  cos   sin  
 R2  X 2 R2  X 2 
R
Let sin 
R2  X 2
X
cos 
R2  X 2

-1  R 
X
  =tan   
X R
Then
V  I R 2  X 2  sin  cos   cos sin  
=I R 2  X 2 sin    
When      / 2 or tan   X / R, Vmax . 𝝓
When     0 or      tan  R / X  , V  0.
1 (R, X,  and I are fixed.  varies.)
10
Summary V S  V R  VS  VR
Definition of voltage drop by cable or transformer: V  VS  VR not V S  V R .
The formulas developed for the calculation of voltage drop across transformer are also
applicable to cable voltage drop calculation.
Calculation of voltage drop in cable or transformer with an impedance of R+jX :
• Approximate formula
V R  VR 00 
V  IR cos   IX sin   V  IR cos  IX sin  
(  0) 
  + R X I +
VS load VR
( is positive for lagging power factor and negative _ _

for leading power factor)  cos 

• V S  V R +I  Z , V S  V R is always equal to | I |  | Z || I |  R 2  X 2 .

• Maximum voltage drop with a fixed load current but variable load power factor


Vmax  VS  VR  max
| I |  | Z || I |  R 2  X 2
It occurs when load power factor angle   tan -1  X / R    Z , lagging.
VR VS
Under such condition
  tan 1 ( X / R)
V S  V R  VS  VR  IR cos   IX sin  . I  jX
I I R

 
V S  V R  I  Z  V R  I     Z  Z  V R  I  Z  Z   
11
Example: R=0.1Ω, X=0.15 Ω, I=100A, VR=230V ( R  jX ) / 2
 I 
 Z Load 
V  VS  VR V S  V R  I  Z , V R  VR 0  2300
0 0
VS Z Load Z
VR Load
 
V  IR cos  IX sin  I  100 (A) ( R  jX ) / 2

 V S V R

Normally load is inductive. One can see that difference between exact solution and approximate
solution for inductive loads is very small.
The maximum voltage drop Vmax  VS  VR   max
 |I |  | Z || I |  R 2  X 2  V S  V R

It occurs only when load power factor cos  tan -1  X / R   0.555, lagging.  tan   X / R 
12
6. Show that the approximate voltage drop equation:
V  V S  V R  IR cos   IX sin 

for the drop in an impedance Z=R+jX between a source and a load can also be written as:
RP  XQ RP  XQ
V  
V V
where V is the load voltage magnitude and P is the load real power in watts and Q is the load
reactive power in VARs.

Solutions:
Approximate voltage drop: V  V S  V R  IR cos   IX sin 

But P  VI cos   I cos   P V

Q  VI sin   I sin   Q V

where V is the load voltage magnitude, P is the load real power, and Q is the load reactive
power. Hence:
RP  XQ
V 
V

13
7. The single-line diagram of an unloaded three-phase power system is
shown below. The component ratings are as follows.
Generator G1: 20MVA, 13.8kV, X=0.2pu
Generator G2: 30MVA, 18kV, X=0.2pu
Transformer T1: 25MVA, 220Y/13.8Δ kV, X=10%
Transformer T2: 30MVA, 220Y/18 Δ kV, X=10%
Line L1: j80Ω per phase
Draw the per unit impedance diagram using 50MVA, 13.8kV bases in the
circuit of generator G1. Clearly mark all impedance values on the diagram.

A B C D
T1 T2
L1
G1 G2

14
Per-unit system
Per-unit values for both three phase and single phase
V pu  V / Vb V is in real unit whereas Vb is the voltage base.
I pu  I / I b I is in real unit whereas Ib is the current base.
S pu  S / Sb Ppu  P / Sb Q pu  Q / Sb Each of S, P and Q is in real unit whereas Sb is the
power base.
Z pu  Z / Z b Z is in real unit whereas Zb is the impedance base.
Formulas for single phase Formulas for three phase
S Vb Vb2 S Vb / 3 Vb2
Ib  b Zb   Ib  b Zb  
Vb I b Sb 3Vb Ib Sb
Conversions from old per-unit value to new per-unit value for impedance (valid for both single
phase and three phase)
Z pu ,old  Z b,old Z pu ,old  Vb2,old / Sb ,old Vb2,old Sb ,new
Z pu ,new    Z pu ,old  2 
Z b,new Vb2,new / Sb ,new Vb ,new Sb ,old
For a three-phase power system, the default voltage base is a line-line one which is for a wye-
connection or equivalent wye connection if original connection is in delta form. The per-unit line
voltage value is equal to per-unit phase voltage used in one-phase equivalent circuit for the Y-
connected or equivalent Y-connected three-phase system.
V phase 3V phase Vlineline
V pu , phase     V pu ,lineline
Vb, phase 3Vb, phase Vb ,lineline
15
For a power system with transformers, the power base is the same on two sides of a
transformer and there is only one power base for the whole system whereas the current,
voltage and impedance bases are different on two sides. Their relationships are as follows:
Vb,side1 Vrating ,side1
 (valid for both single phase and three phase. For the three phase
Vb,side 2 Vrating ,side 2 system, voltages are the line-line ones)

Sb  Vb,side1  I b,side1  Vb ,side 2  I b ,side 2 (for single phase system)

Sb  3Vb,side1  I b,side1  3Vb,side 2  I b,side 2 (for three phase system; the voltages
are the line-line bases)

16
Solution:
0.2  (13.8kV)2 / 20MVA
Sb  50MVA Vb,G1  13.8kV X G1 puNEW   0.5pu
(13.8kV)2 / 50MVA
Vb,C 220kV 220kV/18kV
 (T1 Trans. ratio)  Vb ,C  220kV
Vb,G1 13.8kV A B C D
T1 T2
L1
Vb,C 220 G1 G2
  Vb,D  18.0kV
Vb,D 18

0.2 182 / 30 13.8kV/220kV

 X G 2 puNEW   0.3332pu
18.02 / 50

(Vb ,C ) 2 (220kV) 2 j80

 Zb, L1  Z b, L 2    968  Z L1 pu   j 0.0826pu
Sb 50MVA 968
Z pu ,old  Vb2,old / Sb,old
0.1 (220kV) / 25MVA 2
Z pu ,new 
X T1puNEW  2
 0.2pu Vb2,new / Sb,new
(220kV) / 50MVA

0.1  (18kV)2 / 30MVA Generator G1: 20MVA, 13.8kV, X=0.2pu

X T2puNEW   0.1667pu Generator G2: 30MVA, 18kV, X=0.2pu
(18.0kV) 2 / 50MVA Transformer T1: 25MVA, 220Y/13.8Δ kV, X=10%
Transformer T2: 30MVA, 220Y/18 Δ kV, X=10%
Line L1: j80Ω per phase

17
p.u. per-phase circuit diagram:

A B C D

j 0.2 j 0.0826 j 0.1667

j 0.5 j 0.3332

E G1 E G2

18