FRAMING 101
Framing the Floor
Joist
Floor joist: one in a series of parallel framing members
that support a floor load.
Rim joist: the final joist that attaches to the end of the
row of joists that support a floor or ceiling. A rim joist
forms the outside edge of the box that makes up the
floor.
Rim Joist
Joist hanger: a metal bracket used to attach and
support the ends of a wood joist to beams or other
structural components.
Floor sheathing (sheeting): plywood, oriented strand
board (OSB), or lumber used to close up floors before
the installation of finish materials on the surface. This
is also known as subflooring. Tongue and groove
plywood (T&G) is recommended.
Floor Joist Spacing
Floor joists are 16” on
centre
Plywood sheets are 48” x
96”
2x4s are 1 ½” x 3 ½”
Why in diagram are outside
ones 13 ¾” ?
Framing a Wall
Wall stud: a vertical member in light frame
wall construction usually spaced at 16" or
24" centre to centre.
Bottom Plate: The lower horizontal
member of a wood-frame wall nailed to the
bottom of the wall studs and to the floor
framing members. Also called sole plate
Top Plate: The horizontal member nailed to
the top of the partition or wall studs and
usually doubled to transfer loads from
above into the wall studs
Window Framing
Cripple: Short vertical framing installed to transfer load from a top
plate to a window or door lintel and partitions
Lentel: A horizontal structural member (beam) that supports the
load over an opening such as a door or window. Also called a
header.
Jack Stud: A block or short stud nailed to a rough door or window
studding to add strength and provide a solid bearing for the lintel
and nailing support for the finished door jamb or window frame
Trimmer: A beam or joist alongside an opening and into which a
header is framed.
Sill plate: The horizontal member forming the bottom of an opening
for a door or window.
Rough Opening: plus 2-1/2 inches in height and width.
Door Framing
Cripple: Short vertical framing installed to transfer load
from a top plate to a window or door lintel and partitions
Lentel: A horizontal structural member (beam) that
supports the load over an opening such as a door or
window. Also called a header.
Jack Stud: A block or short stud nailed to a rough door or
window studding to add strength and provide a solid
bearing for the lintel and nailing support for the finished
door jamb or window frame
Trimmer: A beam or joist alongside an opening and into
which a header is framed.
Rough Size: Just add 2" to the width of the actual door size. You
should add 2-1/2" to the height of the actual door. This will give
you room to space the door frame off the sub-floor.
NOTE: a door is typically 6’ 8” or 80” tall
Framing Corners
• Must have supporting
material for drywall
• Different variations of what
can be done in a corner
Assignment
• Build a 48” x 48” floor 16” on Centre Joists with an OSB floor
• Build 2 walls that are 48” x 8’ 3” tall (don’t cut 2x4’s)
• Build a 41” wall with a roughed in window that would fit a 36” tall by
30” wide window
• Build a 41” wall with a roughed in doorway for a 30” door
• 82-1/2 inches is “header height” for windows and doors (use 2x4 for
the header)
• Nail all studs, plates, etc together, but SCREW the 4 wall corners and
floor so it can be taken apart at the end of class.
Roofs 101
Rise: the vertical change in height per unit of
horizontal movement or run
Run: the horizontal change in distance,
typically in construction we use 12" or one foot
and express roof slopes as units of rise per
single unit of run, such as 3 inches of rise per
12 inches of run or 3" per ft.
Pitch/Slope: Roof pitch or slope is the angle of
the roof surface above the "flat" or horizontal
plane
Roofs Rafters
Roofs Rafters
Roofs Truss
Roof Pitches
Roof slope affects roof life (steeper roofs drain better so may be more leak resistant), as well as roof
installation cost (steeper roofs are harder or even impossible to walk-on without using roof jacks or
scaffolding, increasing labor costs to install roofing).
Most materials designed for water-shedding roofs are designed for slopes above 4:12.
Roof Pitches (Cutting Angle)
