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Lab manual – Electronic Tinkering Workshop
Lab manual – Electronic Tinkering Workshop
Department of Electronics & Communication Engineering
GOVERNMENT POLYTECHNIC COLLEGE,KALAMASSERY
Index
Sl Name of Experiment Date Remarks
Vision and Mission statement
1 Identification of tools through hole soldering
2 Soldering Practice 1
3 Soldering Practice 2
4 Soldering Practice 3
5 Familiarize Arduino and IDE
6 LED Blink
7 Bluetooth Module interfacing
General Remarks: (For office use only )
Test 1: Test 2: Assign 1: Assign 2
Exp No. 1 Date: D D - M M - Y Y
IDENTIFICATION OF TOOLS FOR THROUGH HOLE SOLDERING
Problem Statement : Identify tools and consumables used for soldering and de-soldering of “through
hole” PCBs – soldering iron of different wattage, temperature-controlled soldering station, soldering iron
stand, fume extractor, solder of various grade, flux, nipper, wire stripper, needle node plier, tweezer, de-
soldering pump, de-soldering station, single layer, multi-layer, through hole and SMD PCBs, etc.
Soldering Iron
Ensure that proper wattage of soldering iron are selected for the work. For safety of components against
leakage current, make sure that the soldering iron have an earth point and the socket do have proper
earthing. A 25W “Soldren” Soldering iron is a good and non-expensive choice for hobbyists.
A 25W Soldron Soldering iron for PCB
A 50W Soldron Soldering iron for terminals or solder points with more surface area
A 100W Soldron Soldering iron for terminals including battery
Temperature-controlled soldering station for sensitive components
Soldering Iron stand
Ensure that you have good quality soldering iron stand with sufficient weight to prevent accident falling.
Every time you prepare for soldering, make sure that the sponge pad is soaked in water.
Fume extractor
Long term breathing of solder fume is not good for health. Use proper fume extractor for soldering.
Solder of various grades
DIFFERENT TYPES OF SOLDER WIRE
Grades of solder wire (Sn) Tin (Pb) Lead (Cu) Copper Melting Range (°c)
Solder wire (60/40) 60 40 - 183-189
Solder wire (63/37) 63 37 - 183-183
Solder wire (50/50) 50 50 - 183-214
Solder wire (40/60) 40 60 - 183-238
Solder wire (30/70) 30 70 - 183-258
Lead free Solder wire 100 - -
Solder wire(99.3/0.7) 99.3 - 0.7 227
Lead Wire 100 - - 327
Solder wire(3/97) 3 97 - 326
Flux
Flux is a chemical cleaning agent used before and during the soldering process of electronic
components onto circuit boards. Flux is used in both manual hand soldering as well as the different
automated processes used by PCB contract manufacturers. The main purpose of the flux is to prepare
the metal surfaces for soldering by cleaning and removing any oxides and impurities. Oxides are formed
when metal is exposed to air and may prevent the formation of good solder joints.
Liquid flux Flux Paste (Soldering paste)
Nipper Wire Stripper
Needle Nose Piler
Tweezer De soldering Pump
De soldering Wick
De soldering Station for through hole
SMD re workstation
Printed Circuit boards (PCB)
An assembled single sided PCB
An assembled double-sided PCB
Result
Tools and consumables used for soldering and de-soldering of “through hole” PCBs identified.
For Office use only Signature of Lab in charge Remarks
Readiness to do experiment
Completion of Experiment
Exp No. 2 Date: D D - M M - Y Y
Soldering Practice 1
Problem Statement : Model 2x2 mesh by soldering single strand copper wire.
Courtesy: https://www.makerspaces.com/how-to-solder/
What Is Soldering?
If you were to take apart any electronic device that contains a circuit board, you’ll see the components
are attached using soldering techniques. Soldering is the process of joining two or more electronic parts
together by melting solder around the connection. Solder is a metal alloy and when it cools it creates a
strong electrical bond between the parts. Even though soldering can create a permanent connection, it
can also be reversed using a de soldering.
Tinning The Tip
Before you can start soldering, you need to prep your soldering iron by tinning the tip with solder. This
process will help improve the heat transfer from the iron to the item you’re soldering. Tinning will also
help to protect the tip and reduce wear.
Step 1: Begin by making sure the tip is attached to the iron and screwed tightly in place.
Step 2: Turn on your soldering iron and let it heat up. If you have a soldering station with an adjustable
temp control, set it to 400′ C/ 752′ F.
Step 3: Wipe the tip of the soldering iron on a damp wet sponge to clean it. Wait a few seconds to let the
tip heat up again before proceeding to step 4.
Step 4: Hold the soldering iron in one hand and solder in the other. Touch the solder to the tip of the iron
and make sure the solder flows evenly around the tip.
22 Department of ECE, GPC Perumbavoor
You should tin the tip of your iron before and after each soldering session to extend its life. Eventually,
every tip will wear out and will need replacing when it becomes rough or pitted.
How to solder
Step 1: Mount the Component – Begin by inserting the leads of the component into the holes of the
circuit board. Flip the board over and bend the leads outward at a 45′ angle. This will help the
component make a better connection with the copper pad and prevent it from falling out while soldering.
Step 2: Heat the Joint – Turn your soldering iron on and if it has an adjustable heat control, set it to
400’C. At this point, touch the tip of the iron to the copper pad and the resistor lead at the same time.
You need to hold the soldering iron in place for 3-4 seconds in order to heat the pad and the lead.
Step 3: Apply Solder to Joint – Continue holding the soldering iron on the copper pad and the lead and
touch your solder to the joint. IMPORTANT – Don’t touch the solder directly to the tip of the iron. You
want the joint to be hot enough to melt the solder when it’s touched. If the joint is too cold, it will form a
bad connection.
Step 4: Snip the Leads – Remove the soldering iron and let the solder cool down naturally. Don’t blow
on the solder as this will cause a bad joint. Once cool, you can snip the extra wire from leads.
A proper solder joint is smooth, shiny and looks like a volcano or cone shape. You want just enough
solder to cover the entire joint but not too much so it becomes a ball or spills to a nearby lead or joint.
How To Solder Wires
Now it’s time to show you how to solder wires together. For this process, it’s recommended to use
helping hands or other type of clamp device.
Begin by removing the insulation from the ends of both wires you are soldering together. If the wire is
stranded, twist the strands together with your fingers.
Make sure your soldering iron is fully heated and touch the tip to the end of one of the wires. Hold it on
the wire for 3-4 seconds.
Keep the iron in place and touch the solder to the wire until it’s fully coated. Repeat this process on the
other wire.
Hold the two tinned wires on top of each other and touch the soldering iron to both wires. This process
should melt the solder and coat both wires evenly.
Remove the soldering iron and wait a few seconds to let the soldered connection cool and harden. Use
heat shrink to cover the connection.
Apply the method to prepare 2 x 2 mesh as shown
Result
2x2 mesh prepared using soldering techniques
For Office use only Signature of Lab in charge Remarks
Readiness to do experiment
Completion of Experiment
Exp No. 3 Date: D D - M M - Y Y
Soldering Practice 2
Problem Statement: Model 2x2x2 mesh polygonal cube by soldering single strand copper wire.
(Perform tinning before soldering)
Apply the method explained in the previous experiment to prepare 2 x 2 x 2 cube as shown
Result
2x2x2 cube prepared using soldering techniques
For Office use only Signature of Lab in charge Remarks
Readiness to do experiment
Completion of Experiment
Exp No. 4 Date: D D - M M - Y Y
Soldering Practice 3
Problem Statement: Prepare the following curio using soldering techniques
Apply the method explained in the previous experiment to prepare the curio.
Result
The mentioned curio prepared using soldering techniques
For Office use only Signature of Lab in charge Remarks
Readiness to do experiment
Completion of Experiment
Exp No. 5 Date: D D - M M - Y Y
Familiarize Arduino and IDE
Problem Statement : To install and configure Arduino IDE for Arduino Uno.
Arduino Uno
Overview
Arduino Uno is a microcontroller board based on the ATmega328P (datasheet). It has 14 digital
input/output pins (of which 6 can be used as PWM outputs), 6 analog inputs, a 16 MHz ceramic
resonator (CSTCE16M0V53-R0), a USB connection, a power jack, an ICSP header and a reset button.
It contains everything needed to support the microcontroller; simply connect it to a computer with a USB
cable or power it with a AC-to-DC adapter or battery to get started.. You can tinker with your Uno without
worrying too much about doing something wrong, worst case scenario you can replace the chip for a few
dollars and start over again.
"Uno" means one in Italian and was chosen to mark the release of Arduino Software (IDE) 1.0. The Uno
board and version 1.0 of Arduino Software (IDE) were the reference versions of Arduino, now evolved to
newer releases. The Uno board is the first in a series of USB Arduino boards, and the reference model
for the Arduino platform.
Installing Arduino IDE
Steps
For installation you need
• Arduino Uno board
• USB B Cable
• Windows 10, Windows 8, Windows 7, Mac, or Linux OS
• Arduino IDE
• About 15 minutes
Step 1: Download and Install the IDE
You can download the IDE from the official Arduino website. Since the Arduino uses a USB to serial
converter (which allow it to communicate with the host computer), the Arduino board is compatible with
most computers that have a USB port. Of course, you will need the IDE first. Luckily, the Arduino
designers have released multiple versions of the IDE for different operating systems, including Windows,
Mac, and Linux. In this tutorial, we will use Window 10, so ensure that you download the correct version
of the IDE if you do not have Windows 10.
Go for downloading the Zip version and unzip the file in suitable folder.
Step 2: Get the Arduino COM Port Number
Next, you’ll need to connect the Arduino Uno board to the computer. This is done via a USB B
connection. Thanks to the wonderful world of USB, we do not need to provide power to the Arduino, as
the USB provides 5V up to 2A. When the Arduino is connected, the operating system should recognize
the board as a generic COM port (for example, my Arduino Uno uses a CH340G, which is an RS-232
serial to USB converter). Once it’s recognized, we will need to find out what port number it has been
assigned. The easiest way to do this is to type “device manager” into Windows Search and select
Device Manager when it shows.
Finding the device manager option in Windows 10
In the Device Manager window, look for a device under “Ports (COM & LPT)”, and chances are the
Arduino will be the only device on the list.
The Arduino in my case is a CH340, and it shows on COM7 (port 7).
Be warned, the Arduino won’t always be recognized automatically. If your Arduino is not recognized.
then uninstall the driver, remove the Arduino, reinsert the Arduino, find the unrecognized device, right
click “Update driver”, and then click “Search automatically”.
If the Arduino is not recognized, update the driver.
In the window that appears, click “Search automatically”.
Windows can be a real pain sometimes with COM ports, as it can magically change their numbers
between connections. In other words, one day, your Arduino may be on port 7 (as shown here), but then
on other days, Windows may shift it to a different port number. This happens when you connect other
COM ports to your system (which I do frequently).
So, if you can’t find your Arduino on the port that you usually use, just go to your Device Manager and
check what port it’s actually on and, if necessary, update your driver.
Step 3: Configure the IDE
Now that we have determined the COM port that the Arduino is on, it’s time to load the Arduino IDE and
configure it to use the same device and port. Start by loading the IDE. Once it’s loaded, navigate to
Tools > Board > Arduino Uno. However, if you are using a different board (i.e., not the Arduino Uno), you
must select the proper board!
Tell the IDE which board you are using.
Next, you must tell the IDE which COM port the Arduino is on. To do this, navigate to Tools > Port >
COM7. Obviously, if your Arduino is on a different port, select that port instead.
Next, you must tell the IDE which COM port the Arduino is on. To do this, navigate to Tools > Port >
COM7. Obviously, if your Arduino is on a different port, select that port instead.
Result
The Arduino is a powerful prototyping tool for many reasons, including its lack of a dedicated
programmer, its wide range of available libraries, and the simplicity of its IDE.
For Office use only Signature of Lab in charge Remarks
Readiness to do experiment
Completion of Experiment
Exp No. 6 Date: D D - M M - Y Y
Blink LED connected to P13 at 1 sec interval. Interface relay module with
port and switch relay on and off at different intervals.
Connect Arduino Uno to the computer with Arduino IDE installed. Proceed with loading examples.
Loading a Basic Example
Let us load an example project that the Arduino IDE comes with. This example will make the onboard
LED blink for a second continuously. To load this example, click File > Examples > 01.Basics > Blink.
With the example loaded, it’s time to verify and upload the code. The verify stage checks the code for
errors, then compiles the ready-for-uploading code to the Arduino. The upload stage actually takes the
binary data, which was created from the code, and uploads it to the Arduino via the serial port.
To verify and compile the code, press the check mark button in the upper left window.
The “Verify” button will compile the Arduino code.
If the compilation stage was successful, you should see the following message in the output window at
the bottom of the IDE. You might also see a similar message—just it’s one that does not have words like
“ERROR” and “WARNING”.
This is a successful compilation.
With the code compiled, you must now upload it the Arduino Uno. To do this, click the arrow next to the
check mark.
The “Upload” button will program the Arduino with your code.
Code Explained
After you build the circuit plug your Arduino board into your computer, start the Arduino Software (IDE)
and enter the code below. You may also load it from the menu File – Examples - 01.Basics - Blink. The
first thing you do is to initialize LED_BUILTIN pin as an output pin with the line
pinMode(LED_BUILTIN, OUTPUT);
In the main loop, you turn the LED on with the line:
digitalWrite(LED_BUILTIN, HIGH);
This supplies 5 volts to the LED anode. That creates a voltage difference across the pins of the LED,
and lights it up. Then you turn it off with the line:
digitalWrite(LED_BUILTIN, LOW);
That takes the LED_BUILTIN pin back to 0 volts, and turns the LED off. In between the on and the off,
you want enough time for a person to see the change, so the delay() commands tell the board to do
nothing for 1000 milliseconds, or one second. When you use the delay() command, nothing else
happens for that amount of time.
Code
/*
Blink
Turns an LED on for one second, then off for one second, repeatedly.
Most Arduinos have an on-board LED you can control. On the UNO, MEGA and
ZERO it is attached to digital pin 13, on MKR1000 on pin 6. LED_BUILTIN is
set to the correct LED pin independent of which board is used.
If you want to know what pin the on-board LED is connected to on your
Arduino model, check the Technical Specs of your board at:
https://www.arduino.cc/en/Main/Products
modified 8 May 2014
by Scott Fitzgerald
modified 2 Sep 2016
by Arturo Guadalupi
modified 8 Sep 2016
by Colby Newman
This example code is in the public domain.
http://www.arduino.cc/en/Tutorial/Blink
*/
// the setup function runs once when you press reset or power the board
void setup() {
// initialize digital pin LED_BUILTIN as an output.
pinMode(LED_BUILTIN, OUTPUT);
}
// the loop function runs over and over again forever
void loop() {
digitalWrite(LED_BUILTIN, HIGH); // turn the LED on (HIGH is the voltage
//level)
delay(1000); // wait for a second
digitalWrite(LED_BUILTIN, LOW); // turn the LED off by making the
//voltage LOW
delay(1000); // wait for a second
}
Now try this
If you want to lit an external LED with this sketch, you need to build this circuit, where you connect one
end of the resistor to the digital pin correspondent to the LED_BUILTIN constant. Connect the long leg of
the LED (the positive leg, called the anode) to the other end of the resistor. Connect the short leg of the
LED (the negative leg, called the cathode) to the GND. In the diagram below we show an UNO board
that has D13 as the LED_BUILTIN value.
The value of the resistor in series with the LED may be of a different value than 220 ohm; the LED will lit
up also with values up to 1K ohm.
Interfacing relay module
Let us now interface a relay module with Arduino so as to control a 230V bulb. There many
types of relay modules available like 1 relay, 2 relay, 5 relay and 8 relay but we are using the 1
relay Arduino module. Once you will understand this then you can use all other types.
Input Connections of relay module
• Logic GND: This will be connected to GND on your Arduino.
• Input 1 (IN 1): This will be connected to digital pin on your Arduino. If you have multiple
relay modules, you can leave the input unconnected if you do not want to use the
channel.
• Logic VCC: This will be connected to the 5v pin of the Arduino.
Output Connections of relay module
• Before getting into the output connections of the relay, we have to understand the NO,
COM and NC connections.
• COM (Common connection): The COM is the center terminal of the relay and it is used in
both (Normally open and normally closed) connections.
• NO (Normally open): This act like a switch. In normally open connection, there will be no
contact between COM and NO, since it is normally open. But when we will activate the
relay module, then it will get connected to the COM and will supply power to the load,
which will power up the light. Thus, the circuit will initially be in open state until we trigger
the state.
• NC (Normally closed): its behaviour is opposite to the normally open connection. It
always remains in contact with COM, even when relay module is not powered. When we
will trigger the relay module then it will open the circuit, so the connection is lost.
Now let us control the relay module using I/O pin 3. Let us modify the code as
// the setup function runs once when you press reset or power the board
void setup() {
// initialize digital pin LED_BUILTIN as an output.
pinMode(3, OUTPUT);
}
// the loop function runs over and over again forever
void loop() {
digitalWrite(3, HIGH); // turn the LED on (HIGH is the voltage
//level)
delay(1000); // wait for a second
digitalWrite(3, LOW); // turn the LED off by making the
//voltage LOW
delay(1000); // wait for a second
}
Result
While we only got a light to blink in this project, you can expect much more in the future.
For Office use only Signature of Lab in charge Remarks
Readiness to do experiment
Completion of Experiment
Exp No. 7 Date: D D - M M - Y Y
Bluetooth Module interfacing
Objective: Familiarize blue tooth module (HC 05 or HC 06) to switch relay connected to port using
smart phone.
Interfacing Bluetooth Module (HC-05) with Arduino Uno
HC-05 is a Bluetooth device used for wireless communication with Bluetooth enabled devices (like
smartphone). It communicates with microcontrollers using serial communication (USART). Default
settings of HC-05 Bluetooth module can be changed using certain AT commands.
Default Bluetooth name of the device is “HC-05” and default PIN (password) for connection is either
“0000” or “1234”. Here, we will transmit data from Smartphone via Bluetooth to the Arduino Uno and
display it on Serial Monitor of PC.
Download and install a Bluetooth terminal application on your phone and use it to connect to the HC-05
Bluetooth module. Data is sent from the Smartphone using the Bluetooth terminal application.
Let us now control LED bult in On and Off using Bluetooth.
void setup() {
Serial.begin(9600); // initializing serial port at 9600 baud
pinMode(13,OUTPUT); // pin 13 as output
void loop() {
while(Serial.available()>0) // checking for data at serial port
{
char x = Serial.read(); // reading serial port
if (x=='A'){
digitalWrite(13,HIGH); // if A LED is On
}
else if (X=='B')
{
digitalWrite(13,LOW); // if B LED is off
}
}
}
Now edit the code and control relay module with lamp connected to IO pin 10
Result
Bluetooth interfacing is done.
For Office use only Signature of Lab in charge Remarks
Readiness to do experiment
Completion of Experiment
