Page |1

IELTS Reading Vocabulary

❖ annual = yearly = per year o abandoned = derelict
o a rise = an increase = a growth. o a prevailing wind = against the wind
o a decrease = a fall = a drop = a o average = normal
decline = a reduction o animals = livestock
o already = not new o accidentally = only by chance
o a pair of = two o agencies = jurisdictions
o allow = enable o a (wide) variety of = a range of
o avoid = keep safe from o accept = tolerate
o all = every o actively notice = pay attention to
o a great deal of = a lot of o a sense of duty = moral obligation
o according to = depending on o ancient creatures = fossils
o areas = parts o a global team = an international
o affect = impact working party
o anticipate = foreshadow o at risk = vulnerable
o aid = help o auditory problems = hearing loss
o audience = viewer o achievement = success
o abnormal = unusual o a psychological illness = a mental
o actor = performer disorder
o attack = assault o affect = influence
o appearance = physiognomy o aggressive behavior = frustration and
o amusing = funny = humorous anger
o aspects of life = existence o average-sized = medium-sized
o alone = solely o agree on = concur on
o anxiety = fear o alter = change
o assist their learning = improve their o a century = 100 years
learning efficiency o associated with = relationship
o a considerable amount = a great deal o achievement = attainment
= a lot o admit = acknowledge
o a strong connection = a very close o attempt = effort
relationship o affect the environment= ruin the
o assistant = apprentice environment.
o autumn = fall

“Vocabularies are crossing circles and loops. We are defined by the lines we choose to
cross or to be confined by.”
― A.S. Byatt
 Page |2

o a sharp decrease = a crash = a o adequate = sufficient = enough =

sudden serious fall in the price or ample
value of something o ask = question = inquire
o allow = grant permission o adjourn = postpone = recess
o aggressive = assertive = pushy o active = energetic
o aid = help = assist o answer = reply = respond
o at the same time = at a time o ask = question = request = inquire =
o a few = a handful of query = examine.
o achievable = realistic o adult = grown-up
o associated with = closely related to o average = ordinary = fair
o a similar way to = like o attraction = spectacular
o ambitious = aspiring o advocate = support = recommend
o antagonize = provoke = embitter o arrogant = haughty
o after = following = next o after = behind
o afraid = frightened = scared o awful = dreadful = terrible = bad =
o always= forever unpleasant
o apparent = obvious = evident
o accompanied by = together with ❖ businesses = companies
o ability = skill = aptitude o beneath = under
o accurate = correct = right o brief = short = concise
o awful = dreadful o broad = wide = expansive
o awkward = clumsy = uncoordinated o beautiful = gorgeous = graceful =
o approve = accept = ratify = endorse elegant = pretty = lovely = attractive
o arrive = reach = come o begin = start = open = initiate =
o above = overhead commence
o allow = permit o based on = modelled on
o achieve = accomplish = attain o brave = courageous = fearless
o artificial = fake = synthetic = false o by = via
o amazing = fantastic = astonishing = o busy = occupied
extraordinary = incredible = fabulous o build = construct
= wonderful o big = enormous = huge = gigantic =
o angry = mad = furious vast = large = great.
o active = energetic = animated = lively

“I'd call him a sadistic, hippophilic necrophile, but that would be beating a dead
horse.”
― Woody Allen
 Page |3

o bright = intelligent = knowing = quick- o beginning = start = initiate

witted = smart = shining = shiny = o be raised = be lifted
brilliant o become aware of = realize
o buy = purchase o boundaries = frontiers
o best = finest o body language = gestures
o blend = combine = mix o beautiful = pretty = attractive = lovely
o be put together = be composed o bloom = flourish
o be allowed = be entitled o bones = remains
o beautiful (view) = breathtaking = o beyond the point where land is
wonderful = picturesque visible = out of sight of land
o beautiful (person) = attractive = o birds in temperate climates =
gorgeous = good-looking. temperate-zone birds
o base = foundation o build = construct
o brave = courageous o located = situated
o be predicted to = be expected to
o be impossible = cannot ❖ consumption = use
o building = construction o cut = reduce
o before = prior o cities = urban
o because = since o crops = plants which are grown for
o be given priority = preferential food
o believe = trust = accept o components = parts
o be successful =to prosper = be o conscientious = careful
fortunate o common = generally
o barren = unproductive = infertile o create = form
o below = under = lower o change the direction of = re-route
o beneficial = helpful = useful = o cannot be replaced = no substitute
advantageous for
o become troublesome = interfere with o complexity = intricacy
o before = prior to o currently = in more recent decades
o brain = mind o categories = types
o be able = be capable = be qualified o create = build
o ban = prohibit = forbid o consistent with = fit
o before = prior = earlier o charging = pricing

“We have too many high sounding words and too few actions that correspond with
them.”
― Abigail Adams
 Page |4

o commitment to = engagement o collect information = establish a

o colleague = peer databank
o charming = delightful = appealing = o catastrophic = devastating
enchanting o compress = condense = squeeze
o chilly = cool o concrete = solid
o conditions = factors o concur = agree
o copy = reproduction o conflict = oppose = differ
o colours = hues o consecutive = successive =
o certain = sure = definite continuous
o capture = seize = arrest o conservative = cautious = restrained
o consulted = asked advice o conscientious = scrupulous =
o collect = accumulate virtuous
o contribute to = lead to o careless = reckless
o care = concern = protection o conflict = fight = battle = struggle
o careful = cautious = watchful o cease = stop = discontinue
o cold = freezing o courageous = brave
o comprehend = understand o carefully = meticulously
o confuse = misinterpret o channel their feelings = emotional
o coincidental = fortuitous forces in harness
o civil = municipal o cemetery = burial ground
o close = shut = fasten o current teaching methods = modern
o close = near teaching practices
o conclude = draw a conclusion o characteristics = traits
o change = shift o citizens = residents
o calm = quiet = tranquil o cognitive = perceptual
o complete = finish o cut down on = reduce
o complex = complicated o categories = types
o cooperation = support and o city = metropolitan
understanding o conserving energy = sparing use of
o construction = building energy reserves
o city life = urban lifestyles o comply with = obey
o complex = complicated = intricate o cheerful = optimistic
o competent = capable = qualified o cheap = worthless
o courageous = brave = heroic o cowardly = fearful
“Don't use a five-dollar word when a fifty-cent word will do.”
― Mark Twain
 Page |5

o contributed to = made a contribution

to ❖ distance = transportation
o charging = pricing o disadvantage = drawback
o contaminate = pollute o directly = straight
o contented = satisfied = pleased o decline = downfall
o comparatively = relatively o dull = banal
o come = approach = arrive = reach o dominant = overbearing
o cool = chilly = cold = frosty = frigid o death rate = mortality rate
o conform = comply o domestic = home
o conceal = hide o define = distinguish
o cozy = comfortable o dense = tight
o congested = overcrowded = stuffed o direction = regulation
o continue = persist = persevere o difficult situations= challenging
o clarify = explain = simplify activities
o connect = join = link = attach o disobey = resist
o conscious = aware o discovered = explored
o courteous = polite o damage = harm = injure
o considerate = thoughtful o divided = split
o constantly = always = continually o dissuade = deter
o convenient = handy o disputes = disagreement
o conventional = customary = o difficulties = challenges
traditional o depart = leave
o correct = accurate = right o disaster = accident
o cry = shout = yell = scream o do not have = lack
o cut = chop = reduce o domestic = connected with the home
o crazy = insane = mad or family
o cruel = heartless o difficulty in recognizing = hidden or
o careless = negligent obscured
o chatting on the internet = chatting o drop = discard
online o different = unrelated
o criminals = people who commit a o discoveries = breakthroughs
crime
o distinctive = different o dull = blunt
o dreadful = terrible = unpleasant o depart = leave = exit
“A synonym is a word you use when you can't spell the other one.”
― Baltasar Gracián
 Page |6

o deposit = place o delightful = charming = lovely

o devised = formulated o dissatisfied = unhappy
o detecting = locating o discontinue = stop
o dumb = stupid o dull = boring = tiring = tiresome =
o documentation = written accounts uninteresting = tedious =
o domestic =in homes monotonous
o dark = black o different = varied
o doubt = mistrust o damage = hurt = impair = harm
o dawn = sunrise o dangerous = unsafe = hazardous
o dense = thick = heavy = compressed o deduct = subtract
o due primarily to = mainly because of o defend = protect
o depend (mainly) on = rely (heavily) o detest = dislike = hate
on o divide = separate = split
o disclose = eliminate the secrecy o docile = tame = gentle
o declined by 50% = halved o difficult = hard = challenging
o destroy = ruin o diverse = different = distinct
o dangerous = hazardous = risky = o dirty = messy
unsafe o destroy = demolish
o dark = shadowy = dim = dusky = o dishonest = untrustworthy
black o dull = uneducated
o different = distinct = unlike o destroy = ruin = demolish
o documented evidence = data o disagreement = contrast =
incidence = scale incompatibility
o decreasing = decline o different functions = various features.
o doubt = distrust
o doubtful = vague ❖ estimate = predict
o decay = rot = spoil o ecozones = areas where there is a
o delicate = fragile natural community of plants and
o disagree = differ = dispute animals
o dispute = debate = oppose o encourage = stimulate
o demolish = destroy o emotions = feelings
o experts = biologists o effect = impact
o enormous = immense o economic significance = economic
o eyesight = vision impact
“The limits of my language are the limits of my universe.”
― Goethe
 Page |7

o evidence = clue o expected = predicted

o experiments = studies o expensive = pricey = costly = dear
o evidence = indication o exaggerate their claims = overstate
o environmental = ecological their arguments
o extremely high = impressive o examine = analyse
o each person = each individual o excited = turbulent
o external = outer o early = soon = premature
o extended = longer o easy = simple
o efficiently = in the quickest way o evil = bad = wrong = wicked
o extend = prolonging o excite = arouse = provoke = incite
o encourage = promote = support = o exterior = outside = outer
urge o effortless = easy
o enemy = opponent = ally o energetic = lively
o effective = works well o end = stop = finish = terminate =
o effects = consequences conclude = close = halt = cessation
o entirely = wholly o explain = clarify = define = interpret =
o evident = apparent = obvious = clear justify
o expenditure on = spent on
o each year = annual
o established = founded = started or ❖ fertilisers = artificial chemicals

created an organization, a system, added to the land to make crops

etc. grow bigger or more quickly

o express large numbers = deal with o fresh = new

large numbers o fear = be afraid

o establish targets = setting goals o false = incorrect

o enjoy = like o fast = rapid = quick = swift

o enlarge = expand = magnify o food production = food chain = food

o earnings = pay = remuneration supply

o enormous = vast = immense o feel = experience

o early part of the process = early o fix = mend = repair

phases of development
o fluid = liquid o failed to overcome = made it
o fixed = determined impossible
o farming = agriculture
“Few activities are as delightful as learning new vocabulary.”
― Tim Gunn
 Page |8

o fertile = productive o furious = angry = enraged =

o free = release infuriated
o first = beginning o future = tomorrow
o first stage = initial stage o fixed = immobile
o faults = flaws o failing = unsuccessful
o features = characteristics o filled = occupied
o feelings = emotional responses o firm = steady
o format = pattern o false = fake = fraudulent = counterfeit
o former = previous = earlier
o fraction = part = portion = segment
o fat = chubby ❖ goal = imperative

o fatal = deadly = mortal o grow = rise

o feedback = comments o goals = the highest levels of

o frivolous = trivial = unimportant expertise

o full = packed = stuffed o grades = results

o forbid = prohibit = ban o generous = giving = big-hearted

o forgive = pardon = excuse o genuine = real = authentic = sincere

o focus on = emphasize o good = nice = fine = well-behaved

o finish = end o great = outstanding = remarkable

o feasible = possible = attainable = o give their opinions = express their

practical views

o fabulous = marvelous = amazing o good things = positive things

o ferocious = fierce = savage o give = donate = present = offer

o fertile = fruitful = productive o go around = orbit

o famous = well-known = renowned = o gain = acquire = obtain = receive

famed = eminent. o gather = collect = accumulate =

o fear = fright = dread = scare = panic. compile

o face = confront = meet o glad = happy = pleased = delighted

o fair = impartial o glorious = splendid = magnificent =

o fresh = unused = new superb

o frigid = freezing = frosty o gentle = tender = mild

o gratitude = thankfulness = o go = move = travel

appreciation o good = excellent = fine = wonderful =
o good luck = fortune helpful.
“Words were secret doorways and I held all the keys.”
― Khaled Hosseini
 Page |9

o high = tall
o harsh = rough
❖ have a major impact on =
o happy = joyful = cheerful = glad =
transformed
overjoyed = pleased = contented =
o halt = call it quits
satisfied = delighted
o happiness = joy
o happen = come about
❖ infectious diseases = diseases
o have not been diagnosed =
that can pass from one plant to
undiagnosed
another by the wind or by
o hard work = effort
insects
o how paper is recycled = the process
o in the natural world = throughout
of paper recycling
nature
o humble = modest
o ignore = resist
o harsh = strict
o intuitive thinking = intuition
o how to produce = the process of
o illnesses = ailments
producing
o information = data
o higher corresponds to threefold =
o instructed = told
three times as much/ triple
o insufficient = sparse
o high noise level = loud noise
o illogical = unreasonable
o help = have a positive effect on
o immoral = unethical
o heat = temperature
o important = crucial
o hide = conceal
o incompetent = inept
o happy = content
o intense = extreme
o humiliate = embarrass
o improve = increase the efficiency of
o handy = useful = convenient
o increase in population = population
o hard = firm = solid
growth
o honest = truthful = sincere = frank
o industrial revolution =
o hospitable = welcoming = gracious
industrialisation
o hostile = aggressive
o immediately = nearly instant
o huge = vast = immense = great
o information = data
o hide = conceal
o imitate (imitation) = mimic o insufficient = inadequate = deficient
o impaired = damaged o in accordance with = according to
o innocent = guiltless o inaccurate= incorrect
“So what's the point of using words nobody else knows or can say comfortably? I just
don't understand that.”
― Stephen Chbosk
 P a g e | 10

o intelligent = smart = bright o important = significant = meaningful

o increasing = soaring o inappropriate = unsuitable = wrong
o interior access = inner staircases o ignorant = unaware
o initiate = bring about o immaculate = spotless = pure
o interesting = provocative = o imperfect = defective = faulty
engrossing o imperative = compulsory =
o identify the problem = understand the mandatory
problem o involved with = associated with
o isolated = inaccessible o idle = inactive
o internal = inner = inside o immature = childish = inexperienced
o in excess of = over o impolite = rude
o increase = expand = rise o indefinite = unclear
o irrelevant = inappropriate = unrelated o insignificant = unimportant
o irritate = annoy o immune = resistant
o introduction = invention o impartial = neutral = unbiased = fair
o identical = alike = duplicate o idea = thought = concept
o inactive = lazy o incident = event
o ignore = disregard o incompatible characteristics =
o important = vital = indispensable paradox
o interesting = fascinating = engaging
= attractive = intriguing = captivating
= enchanting ❖ keep = save = protect =guard

o impossible = unachievable o kind = considerate = tender =

o infants = very young children thoughtful

o intriguing = fascinating o kind = wonderful

o in essence = essentially o knowledgeable = smart

o independent = self-reliant
o inappropriate = unsuitable
❖ launched = initiated
o increase = enlarge = amplify
o lived apart = be separated at birth
o ingenious = clever = creative
o impetuous = impulsive = reckless
o large = big = massive = huge o look like = resemble
o last = final = end o levels = storeys

“I collect words--they are sweets in the mouth of sound.”

― Sally Gardner
 P a g e | 11

o lethargic = tired ❖ motifs = patterns = images

o lifted = raised o material = commodity
o leave out = omit o magnify = expand = enlarge =
o life expectancy = lifetime exaggerate
o lower secondary schools = middle- o misfortune = hardship
years education o mathematical method = statistical
o least = fewest = minimum = smallest concept
o lacking = insufficient o moved = relocation
o long-term = sustainable o most people = almost every
o liable to = can happen individual
o less time spent on exercises = o manager = boss
shorten the practice o mass production = print out huge
o learn = acquire numbers
o long = lengthy o mainly = most important
o lure = attract = seduce o mishandling = bungling
o long-lost traits = ancestral features o make payment = pay for
o left = soared out of o movement =transport
o limit = minimize o mean = unkind = malicious = nasty
o limited = incomplete o mend = repair = fix
o local people = communities o motorised vehicles = buses and
o large city = megalopolis trucks
o long-term = lasting/extending over a o more than = exceed
long time o make the noise stop = turn the noise
o little doubt = almost certainly off
o luxurious = extravagant = elegant o moulded = reshaped
o lack = deficit o man-made = synthetic
o love = like = fancy = cherish = adore o mild = moderate
= treasure = appreciate o moral = ethical = virtuous = righteous
o levels of unemployment = o mature = adult
unemployment rate o most = maximum

o maximum = greatest o mobile = moveable

o minimum = least o monotonous = boring = tedious

“My only defense is the acquisition of vocabulary.”

― Margaret Edson
 P a g e | 12

o mysterious = secret o not charged = not have to pay

o manufactured = produced o new = recent
o move onto = pass onto o nervous energy = psychic tension
o most of = nearly all of o new technologies = modern
o moves = gestures technologies
o more = increased o not natural = artificial
o modified = qualified o not appreciated = undervalued
o migrate back = return o now = current
o medical technique = treatment o need = requirement
o mean = cruel = inconsiderate
o movable = portable
o manufacture = produce ❖ observe = see
o omit = strip out = leave out
o ordinary = conventional
❖ need = require o over the counter = in the shops
o non-fossil-based fuels = renewable o officials = authorities
energy o overcome = deal with
o needed = required o open = begin
o nature = essence o occur frequently = are common
o not traditional = new o only = solely
o natural forests = primary forests o overdirect = too much guidance
o not limit = transcend o overcome shyness = learn to be
o neat = clean, tidy, well-organized. more outgoing
o new = fresh = original = current o one explanation = another possibility
o noisy = rowdy o ordinary = commonplace
o noise = disturbance o old = antique
o normal = ordinary = typical, usual o obsolete = dated = antiquated
o negligent = careless = inattentive o optimistic = hopeful = confident
o naughty = bad = disobedient o odours = smell
o neat = clean = orderly = tidy o overcome = getting rid of
o neglectful = careless o occur more than once = repeated
o no limit = never reach maximum o outgoing = assured
o obey = comply o old people = people who are retired

“I understand the gist of your speculation,' said Rhialto. 'It is most likely
nuncupatory.”
― Jack Vance
 P a g e | 13

o offend = displease = disgust o prevent = prohibit = hinder

o outstanding = extraordinary o permit = allow
o odd = weird = strange o prior to = beforehand
o obey = comply o pictures = images
o problem = difficulty
o permit = allow
❖ plant = grow o promotion = advancement
o place = locate o prominent = distinguished = eminent
o paintings = works o personal values = individual
o precious metals = gold, silver properties
o premature = early o pessimistic view = seems to be
o pretty = lovely = beautiful = attractive getting worse
o pleasing = appealing o prevail upon = have influence in =
o perform = carry out persuade
o pioneered = first suggested o principles = essential features
o persuasive = powerful o publicity = press
o play it safe = avoid risk o program cost = program fee
o personality = character o physical changes = hormonal
o potential = possibilities changes
o promptly = immediately o processes = stages
o profit = gain = earnings = benefit o perfect = flawless
o prohibit = forbid = restrict o precious = valuable
o policy initiative = strategy o plausible = believable = reasonable =
o previous events = past experience logical
o plants = stations o polite = gracious = courteous
o provide a view of = overlook o place = area = plot = region =
o private transport = car location = situation
o principles = laws o proportion = percentage = rate
o put together = assembled o poverty rate = level of poverty =
o place = deposit poverty level = the percentage of
o prompt = punctual = timely people who live in poverty
o prosperous = thriving = successful =
flourishing

“A paragraph's existence owes itself to the words contained in the sentences within.”
― Anthony T. Hincks
 P a g e | 14

o production = manufacture = be o quit = cease = stop = withdraw

produced = be made = be ❖ rely on = be dependent on
manufactured o rules = laws
o per person = per capita o restrict = curb
o people who use cars = car users = o really successful = achieve at a
car commuters = people who higher level
commute by car = people who travel o rainfall = precipitation
by car o rotate = turn
o people who cycle to work = cycling o recording of events = documentation
commuters of history
o public = individuals o replication = reproducing
o produce accurate work = make fewer o regarded as =considered
errors o researchers with differing attitudes =
o problems = difficulties sceptics and advocates
o present beliefs = contemporary o remove = extract
perceptions o react = respond
o picked out = chose o reason = caused
o pesticides = potent chemicals o remedy = repair
o pagoda = temple building o rude = unfriendly
o prehistoric = ancient o replaced = upgrade
o patience = perseverance o rational thinking = judgment
o permanent = enduring = lasting o reversible = run backwards
o prevent misunderstanding = resolve o responsibility = moral obligation
any confusion o reticence = shyness
o peace = harmony o remains = fragments
o persuade = convince = influence o re-emerge = reappear
o peace = quiet o respond = reply
o preceding = previous o resemble = look like
o quickly = rapidly o regular = continual
o question = interrogate = inquire = ask o referring to = talk about
o quiet = silent = tranquil o response = reply
o quick = speedy

“Vocabulary words are the building blocks of the internal learning structure.
Vocabulary is also the tool to better define a problem, seek more accurate solutions,
etc.”
― Ruby K. Payn
 P a g e | 15

o run their own business = open their o regulations = standards

own business/ company
o relies on = draw on o resist = oppose = withstand
o reliable = predictable o recreation = amusement = pleasure
o relationships with other people = o reduce = lessen = decrease =
social experience diminish
o reflection = movements in the mirror o reliable = trustworthy
o reveal = tell o reveal = show = disclose
o recognize = distinguish o ridiculous = nonsensical = foolish
o remember = recall o remove = eliminate = get rid of
o retain = learn
o raise = lift ❖ shut out water = seal off from
o recognize = certify = admit officially water
(usually in writing) o sea = ocean
o restricted = limited o support = back up
o recognise the difference = distinguish o satisfying = rewarding
o rise = growing = increased o suffers = experiences
o release = punctured o supplementary = extra
o recommence = continue o silence = absence of a sound
o real = authentic o shade = shelter from the heat
o reluctant = unwilling = hesitant o steps = measures
o remote = secluded = isolated = o strengthen = deepen
distant o share = interchange
o rarely = seldom o socially disadvantaged = deprived
o reduce = shrink o self-reliance = independence
o remarkable = outstanding o support = backup
o rough = harsh o significance = importance
o release = discharge o show statistically = provide precise,
o rude = discourteous valid or reliable data
o rich = wealthy o seem to contradict = sound
o risky = hazardous paradoxical
o reputable = honorable o significant = important

“Vocabulary words are the building blocks of the internal learning structure.
Vocabulary is also the tool to better define a problem, seek more accurate solutions,
etc.”
― Ruby K. Payn
 P a g e | 16

o several times = on more than one o site = station

occasion o seeking = looking for
o signals = radio wave
o searching for = looking for o stupid = dense = foolish
o stop = quit = cease = terminate o smart = intelligent = clever
o strenuous = vigorous = laborious o sadness = depression
o suitable = appropriate o scatter = disperse
o small = minor o show = present = reveal =
o stop = halt demonstrate = display = exhibit
o sea life = fish and other creatures o slow = gradual = leisurely
o saw the importance = understood the o selfish = stingy
need o sad = unhappy
o success rate = hit-rate o subsequent = following = succeeding
o surprising = unexpectedly o small = tiny
o similar to = not unusual o sensible = rational
o severe weather conditions = o separate = disconnect = detach
typhoons o small = little
o stop = constrain o swift = fast = speedy = hasty
o send = deliver o synthetic = man-made = artificial
o stop = close down = put a halt to = o sloppy = disorderly
bring a halt to o sick = ill
o separate from = independent of o slim = slender = thin
o staff = employees o small = little
o sleep disorders = sleep disturbance o sociable = friendly
o shy = timid o successful = thriving = prosperous =
o separate = disconnect triumphant
o sparse = empty o surplus = excess = additional = extra
o stable = steady = unchanging o strange = odd = weird, outlandish,
o stimulate = motivate curious, unique, exclusive, irregular
o same = similar o sales = turnover = how much money
o sharp = bright is made = income = revenue
o strict = severe o spending = expenditure
o strong = powerful = mighty o sort = classify

“Milton's learned vocabulary [...] and his distant perspectives, represent the
authoritative unintelligibility of the parents' speech as heard by the child.”
― John Broadbent
 P a g e | 17

o start a business = own a business/ o sales of fast food = turnover from fast
company food
o shopping on the internet = online
shopping = buying/purchasing online
o thin = skinny
❖ taken out = removed o tragic = sorrowful
o the folklore = the local belief o take = receive
o the most important step = key step o terrible = awful = bad
o time limit = deadline o threat = endangered
o trend of the period = fashion of the o today = current
time o today = now
o tradesmen = merchants o teaching activities = methods
o the rapid growth = the spectacular o three different types= three separate
growth ways
o transport methods = transport modes o to copy = to replicate = to reproduce
o technological developments = o the world economy = the global
information technologies economy
o take gambles = take chances o to be sure = to ensure
o techniques = methods = practices o to proceed = to continue
o transport mode = means of transport o total = whole = entire = complete
o test = examination o tell = inform = notify
o test = experiment o take = pick = choose = select
o to investigate = to analyse o the level of income = the rate of
o the most important = major income = the income rate = the
o to give up = to abandon income level = the level of revenue =
o 2 decades = 20 years the revenue rate = the revenue level
o the most vividly coloured red = the o elderly people = senior citizens
reddest o the majority of people = most people
o took = carried o transport = deliver = carry
o tools = facilities o to rise = to increase = to grow = to go
o the question = the puzzle up
o transmitted = sent back o to decrease = to fall = to reduce = to
o transmit = sent out go down = to drop = to decline

“We live at the level of our language.”

― Ellen Gilchrist
 P a g e | 18

❖ uncover = reveal ❖ view = vision

o underestimate = overlook o valuable = precious
o universal = just about everybody o views = convictions
o unjust = unfair o views = attitudes
o unemployment = out of work o vibrate = shake
o unlike = a fundamental difference o vacant = unoccupied = empty
o unpredictably = erratically o vague = unclear = indistinct =
o understand = recognize obscure
o upset = find painful, distressing o vague = ambiguous
o unnecessary = superfluous =
redundant ❖ world = international
o unpleasant = offensive o working together = coordination
o uncommon = unusual o worldwide = international
o unknown = not renowned o wider = greater
o unwanted material = waste o water consumption = the amount of
o upgrade = improve water consumed
o unsuccessful = fruitless o ways of learning = techniques for
o unfit = unsuited learning = approaches to learning
o unexpectedly = without warning = o waste = trash = rubbish
unpredictable o well known = famous
o unusual = exceptional o wholehearted = sincere
o uncertain = unsure o wise = knowing = smart
o unbiased = impartial = unprejudiced o water is pumped = pumped with the
= fair water
o unite = join o wild = stubborn
o unaware = unconscious o weak = frail
o unnecessary = optional o work = labor
o unimportant = meaningless o wasteful = extravagant
o untruthful = insincere o wealth = prosperity = assets
o uninteresting = dull o weary = tired = fatigued = lethargic
o usual = ordinary o wonderful = incredible = splendid =
o unpleasant = unacceptable marvelous
o waste output = the amounts of waste

“The powerful intellect leashed by an impoverished vocabulary is a myth. Without a

vocabulary, a language, the intellect cannot develop.”
― T. Geronimo Johnson