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SCIENTISTS IN NCERT BIOLOGY:
CLASS 11
(Note: Chapters without any Scientists have been excluded)
Chapter Name of Scientist Contribution
• Wrote the book Systema Naturae.
1. The Living World Carl Linnaeus
• Proposed Binomial nomenclature.
Classified plants to trees, shrubs & herbs and animals into 2
Aristotle
groups- those with red blood & without red blood.
Carl Linnaeus Proposed Two Kingdom classification- Plantae & Animalia.
R.H. Whittaker Proposed Five Kingdom Classification.
Discovered virus. He recognized certain microbes that cause
Dmitri Ivanowsky
mosaic disease of tobacco.
2. Biological • Demonstrated that the extract of the infected tobacco plants
Classification cause infection in healthy plants.
M.W. Beijerinek
• He named new pathogen as virus and the fluid as Contagium
vivum fluidum (infectious living fluid).
Showed that viruses could be crystallized and crystals consist
W.M. Stanley
largely of proteins.
• Discovered viroid.
T.O. Diener
• He found that it caused potato spindle tuber disease.
Proposed Artificial system of classification based on the
Carl Linnaeus
androecium structure.
3. Plant Kingdom
George Bentham & Proposed Natural classification systems of Classification for
Joseph Dalton Hooker flowering plants
Robert Hooke Discovered cell.
Anton Von
First observed and described a live cell.
Leeuwenhoek
Matthias Schleiden Observed that all plants are composed of cells.
• Found that cells have a plasma membrane.
• Found that plant cells have cell wall.
Theodore Schwann • He proposed a hypothesis that animals and plants are
4. Cell the Unit of composed of cells and products of cells.
Life • Schleiden & Schwann formulated the cell theory.
First explained that cells divide and new cells are formed from
Rudolf Virchow pre-existing cells (Omnis cellula-e cellula). He modified the
cell theory.
Singer & Nicolson Proposed Fluid mosaic model of cell membrane.
Camillo Golgi First observed Golgi apparatus.
George Palade First observed ribosome.
Robert Brown Discovered cell Nucleus.
5. Biomolecules Watson & Crick Double helix model of DNA
6. Mineral Nutrition Julius von Sachs Demonstrated the technique of hydroponics (growing plants
(Deleted Chapter) in a defined nutrient solution without soil).
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Chapter Name of Scientist Contribution
• Performed bell jar experiments to prove the role of air in
Joseph Priestley the growth of green plants.
• Discovered oxygen.
• Conducted the same experiment of Priestley by placing in
darkness and sunlight. He showed that sunlight is essential
Jan Ingenhousz to the plant for purifying the air fouled by burning candles or
animals.
• He showed that only the green part of plants releases O2.
He proved that
• Glucose is produced when plants grow and it is usually
Julius von Sachs stored as starch.
7. Photosynthesis • Chlorophyll is located in special bodies (chloroplasts).
• Glucose is made in the green parts of plants.
First described action spectrum of photosynthesis using
T.W Engelmann a prism to split light and illuminate a green alga, Cladophora,
suspended in aerobic bacteria.
Studied purple and green bacteria, demonstrating that
photosynthesis is a light-dependent reaction where hydrogen
Cornelius van Niel
reduces CO2 to carbohydrates. He inferred that the O2 evolved
by plants comes from H2O, not CO2.
Hatch and Slack First described C4 pathway (Hatch & Slack pathway)
Blackman Proposed Blackman’s Law of Limiting Factors
Gustav Embden, Otto
8. Respiration in Proposed the scheme of glycolysis (EMP pathway).
Meyerhof & J. Parnas
Plants
Hans Krebs First elucidated TCA cycle (Krebs’ cycle).
Observed that the coleoptiles of canary grass grow towards the
Charles Darwin & his
light source (phototropism). The tip of coleoptile causes the
son Francis Darwin
bending of the entire coleoptile.
F.W. Went Isolated Auxin from tips of coleoptiles of oat seedlings.
He exposed a rice seedling to sterile filtrates of Gibberalla
E. Kurosawa fujikuroi. It showed the symptoms of ‘bakane’ disease. The
active substances were later identified as gibberellic acid.
• Discovered Cytokinins.
9. Plant Growth &
• Observed that from the internodal segments of tobacco
Development
stems, the callus proliferated only if the nutrients medium
F. Skoog & Miller was supplemented with extracts of vascular tissues/ yeast
extract/ coconut milk/ DNA.
• Later they identified and crystallized the active substance
and termed as kinetin.
Found that ripened oranges released a volatile substance that
H.H Cousins hastened the ripening of stored bananas. This substance was
ethylene.
Scientists in Class 12 Biology
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