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CHAPTER I

INTRODUCTION

A. Background of the study

One of the most common sources of pollution, including water and environmental

pollution, is single-used plastic. It has a drastic impact on the oceans and marine life,

plastic waste leads to severe injuries and even death when it is consumed by or entangled

in marine creatures.

Due to the world's inability to keep up with the world's exponentially rising

production of disposable plastic goods, plastic pollution has emerged as one of the most

pressing environmental issues. Plastic is frequently used to package goods in domestic

businesses, industries, and markets.

About 3.5 metric tons of bananas are being produce each year and Philippines is the

5th largest exporter of bananas. Banana Saba and Banana Lakatan peelings are just waste

after people eat it, so the researchers thought that they could make a way to reduce banana

peeling waste. A Turkish researcher, Elif Bilgin, proved that banana peels can be made into

something more useful than garbage by making it into a bio plastic. She said that there is a

possibility that banana peels can be made into bio plastics because of its content which is

starch. This starch is capable of degrading more quickly than typical plastics made from

non-renewable resources, which will not degrade as quickly and pollute the environment

(Cuevas, 2017).

Glycerol is a material that can reduce the internal hydrogen bonds in the

intermolecular bonds and amorphous. This ability which causes glycerol is classified as a

plasticizer, which can increase bioplastic flexibility so that it can influence mechanical
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properties which include strength, flexibility and water resistance of bioplastic (Fauziyah

et al 2021).

Banana Lakatan is a diploid banana that contains starch in the peel part which will

be used as a common source for bioplastic formation serving as a raw material due to

abundance and serving a better alternative for non- renewable materials for plastic (Sofiah

et al., 2019). Banana saba rich in starch, which is made up of two different types of

polymer chains termed amylose and amylopectin, made up of adjoined glucose molecules

that are bound together to form bioplastic (Rizwana Beevi. K et al. 2020).

The crystalline nature of amylose causes starch molecules to become brittle when

used as raw material for making bioplastics, so it was necessary to separate amylose and

amylopectin to obtain bioplastics better results (Gabriel, 2021). Hydrochloric acid will be

used to break down the amylopectin and change the structure and properties of the

polymer. It contributes in making bioplastic (Royal Society of Chemistry, n.d.).

According to the Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development

(OECD, 2021), globally, only 9% of plastic waste is recycled while 22% is the

mismanaged share of plastics treated by waste management category after disposal of

recycling residues and collected litter. The study can benefit society, companies, and

industries. Bioplastics satisfy society’s interest in environmental awareness. Utilizing

bioplastics can assist companies diversify their fuel sources, support industry sustainability,

and lessen their reliance on fossil fuels.

Excellent biodegradability offered by bioplastics can help the world combat the

growing issue of litter. The study aims to produce and compare bioplastic from two kinds

of banana peel and to develop an alternative source of plastic that is biodegradable,

environmentally friendly and cost-effective as well. Banana peel waste is a readily

available organic material that is economical and environmentally friendly. Banana peel
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bioplastic production can effectively replace petroleum-based plastic and reduce the

consumption of non-renewable raw materials such as plastics, coal and crude oil.

B. Statement of the Problem

The study aims to compare the acceptability of Banana Lakatan and Banana Saba

as an alternative component in making bioplastic.

1. What is the acceptability of Banana Lakatan compared to Banana Saba in terms of

durability as alternative component in making bioplastic in terms of:

a. Durability

b. Color

c. Flexibility

2. Determine the significant difference between Banana Lakatan and Banana Saba in terms

of:

a. Durability

b. Color

c. Flexibility

C. Statement of Hypothesis

Null Hypothesis: There is no significant difference using Banana Lakatan and

Banana Saba as alternative component in making bioplastic in terms of:

d. Durability

e. Color

f. Flexibility

Alternative Hypothesis: There is a significant difference using Banana Lakatan and

Banana Saba as an alternative component in making bioplastic in terms of:

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a. Durability

b. Color

c. Flexibility

D. Significance of the Study

The study will contribute to the community, industry, and environment. The study

will help reduce the pollution in the community which will surely help in the contribution

of the natural process of a material. It will reduce the overall waste in every industry.

Moreover, this study will contribute to the environment because using banana peels as a

biodegradable plastic will be useful to reduce the waste of banana peels as well as reduce

the consumption of raw materials such as plastics, coal and crude oil.

E. Scopes and Limitations

The target of this study is to compare Banana Lakatan and Banana Saba peelings as

an alternative component in making bioplastic. This study is limited to Banana Saba and

Banana Lakatan peelings only. Other types of banana peelings will not be included in this

research. It will be conducted at Regional Science High School for Region 02 at December

2022-February 2023.

F. Definition of Terms

Banana Lakatan Peeling - Part of Banana Lakatan that is fairly rich in an excellent source

of resistant starch.

Banana Saba Peeling - Part of Banana Saba that has a thick, firm, and white starch peeling.

Banana Peel - The outer covering of the banana fruit. It is an organic material that is

environmentally friendly. Banana Peel contains starch which can be made as bioplastics.
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Bioplastic - Plastics that are produced from renewable biomass, made up of starch and

various other materials.

Glycerol - A sweet syrup hygroscopic trihydroxy alcohol usually obtained by the

saponification of fats.

Hydrochloric Acid - An aqueous solution of hydrogen chloride, it is a colorless solution

with a distinctive pungent smell.

Plastic - Plastic is a synthetic material and it also a polymer like synthetic fiber.
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CHAPTER II
REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE AND STUDIES
Review of Related Literature
Bio plastic is a term too broad to use and describe a wide range of plastic materials

that are either derived from renewable resource or biodegradable or both. So, it generalizes

into three groups according to their properties: bio-based and biodegradable bio plastics, bio-

based and durable (non-biodegradable) bio plastics, petrochemical-based and biodegradable

bio plastics. (Science Learning Hub, 2013)

This amount of waste generates pollution and other environmental problems. Plastic

pollution in oceans chokes and entangles sea life. It is also linked to diseases on coral reefs,

as well as decreases in the reproduction and population growth of zooplankton (Ocean

Conservancy 2017).

A bioplastic is a plastic that is made partly or wholly from polymers derived from

biological sources such as sugar cane, potato starch, banana peels or the cellulose from trees,

straw, and cotton. Bioplastics are not just single substance, they comprise of a whole family

of materials with differing properties and applications.

According to Jayachandra (2016) that reported the use of fruit waste for bioplastic

production as a potential alternative source for conventional plastics. The synthesis involves

fruit waste mainly banana peel. The research work includes blending of banana peel with

glycerol that provides pliability and strength to withstand commercial properties of being a

bioplastic material. The characterization was carried out by Fourier Transform Infrared

Spectroscopy (FTIR) and X-Ray Diffraction (XRD) and biodegradation studies were

conducted for bioplastic degradation tractability.

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Native to the Philippines, peels from banana, for instance, constitute up to 30% of the

ripe fruit and in Davao, about 79,000 metric tons of banana wastes are produced annually.

The study of Marichelvam, et. al. (2019) also showed that the percentage of plastic in

municipal solid waste continues to grow rapidly. Hazardous chemicals are formed when

dumped plastic wastes interact with water. By then, the quality of drinking water may also be

affected. Efforts are currently taken to reduce the use of synthetic plastic and to promote

bioplastic. The development of bioplastic is assumed to reduce fossil fuel usage and plastic

waste as well as carbon dioxide emissions. At present, bioplastic signifies approximately one

percent of almost 300 million tons of plastic formed once a year. Bioplastic may be openly

taken out from natural resources like lignin, proteins, lipids, and polysaccharides (e.g., starch,

chitin, and cellulose).

The study made by Saraswat, et al. (2018) also concluded that the environment has

improper waste disposal and one of the alternative ways to at least improve the waste

disposal is to use the bioplastic made from starch. Bioplastic is environment-friendly and

biodegradable that provides an effective way to replace conventional plastic.

Review of Related Studies

Plastic industry is considered one of the most important industries because this is an

important factor in making some useful products like sheets, tubes, slabs, etc. However, this

causes environmental pollution, and it causes having more waste in our environment.

Banana lakatan peeling consist of minerals like Calcium, Potassium, Zinc,

Magnesium, Sodium and Iron, and the main component of the banana peel is starch which is

important in the production of bioplastic as it is responsible for gelatinization and

retrogradation, which are required during formation of bioplastic.

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Sofiah et al (2019) suggested the use starch as a common source for bioplastic

formation with banana peel serving as a raw material due to abundance and serving a better

alternative for non-renewable materials for plastic formation. The study included the mineral

compositon of Musa paradisiaca peel concluded that variations in glycerol plasticizers and

sorbitol concentrations affect the mechanical properties of bioplastic. Bioplastic made from

banana peels is a less expensive, more effective project.

In making bioplastic, the researchers also need glycerol because it has to be processed

in the presence of heat and mechanical treatment together with a plasticizer, most often

glycerol because in can increase the flexibility and strength of a bioplastic.

Moreover, to dissolve the amylopectin and change the structure and properties of the

polymer, hydrochloric acid will be used. It contributes to the production of bioplastics.

Another work has proven that the starch from cassava can also be used as a raw

material in the production of bio plastics. This is done by Kim Duran with her co-researchers.

The result was found that the product exhibited the desirable mechanical properties of a

biodegradable plastic making it biodegradable at disposal. The researchers concluded that

cassava starch is one of the most promising raw materials that can be used in making bio

plastic that can be sold in large-quantity and commercially.

Based on the information above, Banana Lakatan and Banana Saba peeling can be an

alternative component in making bioplastic. Based on its component which is starch.

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CHAPTER III

METHODOLOGY

A. Research Design

Single Group Design will be used in the study. It will be used to test the durability,

color, and flexibility of Banana Saba and Banana Lakatan peels as an alternative bioplastic.

Treatment Replicates

R1 R2 R3 R4 R5

T1 = 2kg of Banana T1R1 T1R2 T1R3 T1R4 T1R5

Saba

T2 = 3kg of Banana T2R1 T2R2 T2R3 T2R4 T2R5

Saba

T3 = 5kg of Banana T3R1 T3R2 T3R3 T3R4 T3R5

Saba

T4= 2kg of Banana T4R1 T4R2 T4R3 T4R4 T4R5

Lakatan

T5 = 3kg of Banana T5R1 T5R2 T5R3 T5R4 T5R5

Lakatan

T6 = 5kg of Banana T6R1 T6R2 T6R3 T6R4 T6R5

Lakatan
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B. Research Environment

The study will be conducted at Regional Science High School for Region II, which is

located at Barangay Arcon, Tumauini, Isabela. The materials will be gathered at Brgy.

Compania, Tumauini, Isabela.

C. Materials and Equipment

10 kg of Banana Saba Peel - will be used as the main component in making bioplastic.

10 kg of Banana Lakatan Peel - will be used as the main component in making bioplastic.

Tap water - will be used to wash the banana peels.

Pot - will be used to boil the banana peels

Double burner - will be used to boil the banana lakatan and banana peels separately.

800ml of distilled water - will be used to boil the peels

Strainer - will be used to separate the peels from the solution/water.

Gauze pad - will be used to cover the peels.

Blender - will be used to mix all of the components of Banana Saba and Banana Lakatan

peel.

Glycerol - will be added to serve as a plasticizer of the product.

Hydrochloric acid - will be used to break down the amylopectin and change the structure and

properties of the polymer.

Empty container - will be used as a storage for the product and to keep the product safe.
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Oven - will be used to bake the mixture of Banana Lakatan and Banana Saba peels.

D. Procedure

D1. Gathering and Collection of Materials

Banana Lakatan and Banana Saba peelings will be collected as the main ingredients

that will be used in the study. Ten (10) kilograms of Banana Lakatan and Banana Saba

peelings will be collected at Brgy. Compania, Tumauini, Isabela.

D2. Preparation of Materials

The researchers will prepare all the materials needed for the experiment. After

preparing all the materials, separate Banana Lakatan and Banana Saba and remove the peels

from the fruit by bare hands. The Lakatan and Saba peels will be washed once over running

tap water just to make sure that there will be no other chemicals or substances that will

interfere with the experimentation’s result nor affect it.

D3. Production of Bioplastic

D3.1 Soaking

A 1000 ml beaker will be filled with distilled water that later be mixed with 0.5% or 5

ml of Na2S2O5 (sodium metabisulfite). This is where the peels will be soaked for a minute.

After soaking it for a minute, the peels will be strained from the solution using a strainer.

D3.2 Boiling

The researchers will measure 2 800mL of water using a beaker and pour the 800mL

water in the first pot and pour the other 800mL in the second pot. The first pot will be used to

boil the Banana Lakatan peel and will be placed over a double burner on low heat and will be
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boil for 30 minutes and the second pot will be used to boil the banana Saba peel and will be

placed over a double burner on low heat and will be boil for 30 minutes also. After boiling

for 30 minutes, the water will be decanted off and the Lakatan and Saba peels will be strained

using a strainer separately.

D3.3 Drying

The peels will be separated into two containers, one for lakatan and one for saba in a

cool, dry place and will be covered with a gauze pad and leave for 30 minutes to dry. After

the Lakatan and Saba peels have dried, it will be placed in a separate clean 1000 ml beaker

and will be pureed to form a fluid paste.

D3.4 Blending

5 ml of hydrochloric acids will be used to break down the starch into much smaller

pieces. Prepare for five beakers for the container of various amounts of glycerin (3ml, 4ml,

5ml, 6ml and 7ml) which will serve as a plasticizer of the product. It will bind the paste

because it has a plastic structure. All the components in Lakatan peel and Saba peel will be

mixed using a blender separately.

D3.5 Baking

The mixture of Lakatan and Saba peels will be poured into a separated oven tray and

put inside an oven with 130°C and will be baked for an hour. After 1 hour, the two separated

oven trays will be taken out and kept for cooling.

D3.6 Preparing of the finish product

After proper drying for 2 hours, the bioplastic film will be scraped off from the mold.

The finish bioplastic product from Lakatan and Saba peels will be placed into an empty
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container separately to keep the products safe.

D4. Testing

Destructive pull test will be used in testing the flexibility of the finished product to

determine if the plastic breaks with longer elongation (more flexible) or a short elongation

(least flexible). The durability of the bioplastics will be tested using an improvised tensile

strength test by adding weights gradually until reaches its breaking point. The color will be

tested by determining which is lighter or darker using Likert scale.

E. Statistical Tool

This study will use Z-test to determine the significant difference between the two

variables which is Banana Lakatan and Banana Saba in making bioplastic. Z-test statistics is

x̄ 1−x̄ 2

√
2 2
calculated using the formula Z= s s2
1
+
n1 n 2

where:

x 1= mean of the first sample

x 2= mean of the second sample

n1 = size of sample 1

n2 = size of sample 2

S1= standard deviation of the first sample

S2= standard deviation of the 2nd sample

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F. Flowchart

Gathering and Collection of Materials.

Preparation of Materials

Product Making

Soaking of Banana Lakatan and Banana Saba Peelings

Boiling of Banana Lakatan and Banana Saba Peelings

Drying of Banana Lakatan and Banana Saba Peelings

Blending of Banana Lakatan and Banana Saba Peelings

Baking of Banana Lakatan and Banana Saba Peelings

Preparing of the finish product

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Testing
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