Renaissance

 This period has a great impact in physical education.

 They believe that good physical health promoted learning and that rest recreation were needed
by the body after study and work.
 They helped to interpret the worth of physical education to the public.

The renaissance period also believed that physical education is necessary for health as a means of:

DEVELOPING THE BODY – preparation for welfare.

PROVIDING RECREATION – wealthier classes of people.

PHILOSOPHERS IN RENAISSANCE

1. Pope Pius II’s – objectives of physical education were good posture, body health and aid to
learning.
2. Martin Luther – taught that in the court schools of northern Italy and was believed to be one of
the first teachers to combine physical and mental training in school.
3. Roger Asham – a French educational theorist, emphasized the objectives of physical welfare,
the fact that physical education is an important part of education and aids in mental training and
that is good preparation for welfare.
4. Pietro Vergerio- Italian educator whose treatises on humanistic education greatly influenced
educational methods and curriculum in Renaissance Italy. The humanistic theory of teaching and
learning is an educational theory that believes in teaching the 'whole' child. A humanist
approach will have a strong focus on students' emotional wellbeing and eternally view children
as innately good 'at the core.
5. Francios Rabelais- a major French Renaissance writer, doctor and Renaissance humanist. His
best known work is Gargantua and Pantagruel, tales with their giant characters, heroic-comic
parody, epics and novels of chivalry.
6. John Milton- was an English poet and intellectual who served as a civil servant for
the Commonwealth of England and is most famous for his epic poetry.
7. Vittorino de Feltra- Italian educator who is frequently considered the greatest humanist
schoolmaster of the Renaissance.

Somehow, they failed to recognize the important contributions of physical education to

the aesthetic, social, and moral life in general.

Physical Education in Europe

The history of physical education in the modern European countries is reflected in the
contribution of these countries to the growth and advancement of physical education which is also
associated with names of its contributors.
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Characteristics of German gymnastics:

 The use of heavy apparatus

 Movements are rigid, militaristic
 More intended for boys and men

Physical Education in Germany

The great contributor of physical education in modern Europe.

The Following great contributors were:

1.Johann Bernhard Basedow (1723-1790)

- established a school called Philanthropinum.

2. Johann Christophe Friedrich Guts Muths (1759-1839) - The “grandfather” of modern gymnastics

- wrote two books Gymnastics for the Young and Games

3.Adolf Spies (1810-1858)

- founder of Gymnastics in Germany

- was a German gymnast and educator who contributed to the development of school
gymnastics for children of both sexes in Switzerland and Germany.

4. Friedrich Ludwig Jahn (1778- 1852)

- His name is associated with the Turnverein, an association of gymnasts, which he inaugurated
to help German youth into strong and hardy citizens.

PHYSICAL EDUCATION IN SWEDEN

1. Per Henrick Ling (1776- 1839)

-His name is symbolic of the rise of physical education in Sweden.

2. Lars Gabriel Branting (1799- 1881)

-Spent his time in medical gymnastics.

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3. Gustaf Nybleus (1816- 1902)

-Specialized in military gymnastics.

4. Hjalmar Fredrik Ling (1820- 1886)

-Organized educational gymnastics in Sweden.

PHYSICAL EDUCATION IN DENMARK

1. Franz Nachtegall (1777- 1847)

-Introduced physical education into the schools of Denmark.

2. Niels Bukh

-Introduced "Primitive Gymnastics".

PHYSICAL EDUCATION IN GREAT BRITAIN

Great Britain is known as the home of outdoor sports which utilized a program of organized
games and sports. The English youth engaged in physical activities as early as the time of Henry II, such
as wrestling throwing, riding, fishing, hunting, swimming, rowing, skating, shooting the bow and arrow.

The athletic sports played were the following:

1. Hockey and quoits- as early as the 15" century.

2. Tennis- as early as 1300
3. Golf- as early as 1600.
4. Cricket- as carly as 1700.
5. Football- one of the oldest of English national sports.

Archibald Maclaren (1820- 1884)

-Devised a system of physical education for the British Army.

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 PHYSICAL EDUCATION IN AMERICA

The colonial period in America was not conducive to organized physical education programs.
The religious beliefs of the Puritans did not favor play and so they lived a life of austerity and stern
discipline. There was little emphasis given to any form of physical activity because it was thought of a
waste of time.

The national period in United States history began to recognize physical education as important
to American society. Turnverein associations were organized.

Outstanding leaders and events affecting physical education during the Civil War:

1. Turnverein societies were established and gave support to physical education in the

Public schools.

2. Normal Schools of Physical Education were established for training teachers

3. Swedish gymnastics was recognized for inherent medical values.
4. Tennis was introduced in 1874,
5. Golf came to America in the late 1880's.
6. Bowling had been popular since the time of the early Dutch, but in 1895 the American Bowling
Congress was organized.
7. Basketball was invented by James Naismith.
8. Dr. Dudley Allen Sargent was known for his work in teacher preparation, remedial equipment,
exercise devices, college organization and administration, anthropometric measurements,
experimentation as basis for activity and scientific research.

Contributors in the development of physical education in the early 20" century:

1. Thomas Dennison Wood- introduced Natural Gymnastics which gave more emphasis on game
and game skills.
2. Clark Hetherington- emphasized on children's play activities.
3. Jessie Bancroft- influenced the development of physical education as a responsibility of
homeroom teachers in the elementary schools.
4. Jacob Riis- symbolic of the playground movement in New York.

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