kmaq-ly-imkv{Xw

`mKw ˛1

Ãm≥tU¿Uv VI

tIc-f-k¿°m¿
KT 45-1/Social Sci. - 6(M) Vol-1

hnZym-`ym-kh
- I
- p∏v

kwÿm\ hnZym-`ymk Kth-jW ]cn-io-e\ kanXn (SCERT), tIcfw

2016
 tZio-b-Km\w
P\-K-W-a-\- -A-[n-\m-bI Pbtl
`mc-X -`m-Ky-hn-[mXm,
]©m-_k - n‘p KpP-dmØ admTm
{ZmhnU DXv°e - - _w-Km,
hn‘y-ln-am-N-e -b-ap\mKwKm,
D—e Pe-[nX-cwKm,
Xh-ip-`\ - mta PmtK,
Xh-ip` Bin-j -am-tK,
Kmtl Xh- P-b- KmYm
P\-KW- a- w-Ke- Z- m-bI Pbtl
`mc-X- `m-Ky-hn-[mXm,
Pb-tl, Pb-tl, Pb-tl,
Pb Pb Pb Pbtl!

{]Xn⁄
C¥y Fs‚ cmPy-am-Wv. F√m C¥y-°mcpw Fs‚ ktlm-Z-co-
ktlmZc-∑m-cm-Wv.
Rm≥ Fs‚ cmPysØ kvt\ln-°p∂p; kºq¿Whpw sshhn-[y-
]q¿W- h p- a mb AXns‚ ]mc- º - c y- Ø n¬ Rm≥ A`n- a m\w
sIm≈p∂p.
Rm≥ Fs‚ amXm-]n-Xm-°-sfbpw Kpcp-°-∑m-scbpw apXn¿∂-
hscbpw _lp-am-\n-°pw.
Rm≥ Fs‚ cmPy-Øn-s‚bpw Fs‚ \m´p-Im-cp-sSbpw t£a-Øn\pw
sFiz-cy-Øn-\pw- th≠n {]bXv\n°pw.

State Council of Educational Research and Training (SCERT)

Poojappura, Thiruvananthapuram 695012, Kerala
Website : [Link], e-mail : scertkerala@[Link]
Phone : 0471 - 2341883, Fax : 0471 - 2341869
First Edition : 2015, Reprint : 2016
Typesetting and Layout : SCERT, Printed at : KBPS, Kakkanad, Kochi-30
© Department of Education, Government of Kerala
{]nb-s∏´ Ip´n-Itf,
kmaq-ly-imkv{Xw kaq-lØ - n-te°p Xpd-°p∂ hmXn-em-Wv.
Adn-hn-s‚bpw hnkvab - ß- f- p-sSbpw A\¥ km[y-XI-fn-te-
°mWv Cu hmXn¬ Xpd-∂m¬ \nß-sf-Øn-t®-cp-I. AhnsS
Ncn-{X-Øns‚ kph¿W \nan-jß - f - p-≠.v k©m-cn-If- psS enJn-
X-ßfpw t]mb ImeØns‚ ASbmfßfpap≠v. \ΩpsS cmPy-
Øns‚ Hcn-°epw ambmØ kmwkvIm-cnI ap{Z-If - p-≠v. `qan
]d-bp∂ IY-Ifpw Imcy-ßf - p-ap-≠v. aÆpw agbpw a\p-jy-cp-
ap-≠v. Dev]m-Z\
- s
- a∂ kmº-ØnI {]h¿Ø-\hpw P\m-[n-
]Xymh-Im-iß- fpap≠v. Aßs\ Hcp-]mSp sshhn-[y-ßf - psS
\nd-hm¿∂ temI-sØbmWv kmaq-ly-im-kv{X-]m-T] - p-kvXIw
\n߃°mbn Ah-X-cn-∏n-°p-∂-Xv. Ncn-{XsØ Dƒs°m-
≈m≥, {]Ir- X nsb kv t \ln- ° m≥, sshhn- [ y- ß sf
a\knem°m≥, Npa-Xe - m-t_m-[a - p≈ ]uc-∑m-cmbn amdm≥
kmaq-ly-im-kv{X-]m-T]- p-kvXIw \n߃°p hgn-Im-´n-bmIpw.
N¿®-Ifpw kwhm-Zß - fpw At\z-jW - ß
- fpw Kth-jW - ß
- fpw
\nß-fpsS ¢mkp-ap-dn-Isf kPoham°s´.

kvt\lm-iw-kI
- t- fmsS,

tUm. ]n. F. ^mØna

Ub-dI - vS¿
Fkv.-kn.-C.-B¿.Sn.
 ]mT-]p-kvXI cN\mkanXn
inev]-im-e-bn¬ ]s¶-Sp-Ø-h¿

A_vZpƒ Ako-kv, hn.]n. bqk^v Ipam¿, [Link].

F®v.-F-kv.-F-kv.-‰n., hn.]n.-sI.-Fw.-Fw.- F®v.-F-kv.-F-kv.‰n., Kh. tamU¬ -t_mbvkv
F-®v.-F-kv.-Fkv.,]pØq¿]≈n-°¬ F®v.-F-kv.-F-kv., B‰n-߬
PbIr-jvW≥ [Link]. cmP≥. ]n.]n.
F®v.-F-kv.-F, bp.]n.-F-kv.-F, [Link].-]n.-F-kv,
sI.]n.-kn.-F-®v.-F-kv.-F-kv., apt≠mØp]-d-º,
]´-m∂q¿, IÆq¿ ae-∏pdw
\nj [Link]. hnP-bvIp-am¿, kn.B¿.
bp.]n.-Fkv.F., ]n.F®[Link].-Fkv., F®v.-F-kv.-F-kv.‰n.,
sagp-then, ]Ø-\w-Xn-´ Kh. t_mbvkv F®v.-F-kv.-F-kv., anXrΩe
\nim¥v taml≥ Fw. jm≥em¬.-F._n
F®v.F-kv.-F-kv.-‰n. F®v.-F-kv.-F-kv.‰n.,
Kh. Xangv F®v.-F-kv.-Fkv., Nme Kh.-tamU¬ t_mbvkv F®v.-F-kv.-F-kv.,
Xncp-h\-¥]-pcw lcn-∏mSv
{]Zo-]≥, ‰n. F®v. F. kenw
F®v.-F-kv.-F-kv.-‰n, Pn.F-®v.-F-kv.-F-kv., slUvam-ÿ, [Link].-]n.-F-kv, Ipa-cw-Nn-d,
I√m-®n, tImgn-t°mSv imkvXmw-tIm´
tUm. _m_p-°p-´≥, ]n.
ko\-nb¿ eIvN-d¿, Ub‰v,
sIm√w

hnZ-Kv≤¿
tUm. A_vZpƒ dkm-Iv ]n.]n. tUm. {]ntb-jv kn.F
Atkm-kn-tb‰v s{]m^-k¿, Akn-Âv s{]m^-k¿,
Un∏m¿´vsa‚v Hm^v lnÃ-dn, Un∏m¿´vsa‚v Hm^v C°-tWm-an-Ivkv,
][Link].H tImtf-Pv, Xncq-cß
- mSn bqWn-th-gvkn‰n tImtf-Pv, Xncp-h\
- ¥
- ]
- pcw
tUm. AtimIv AeIvkv ][Link]. at\mPv Ipam¿
Atkm-kn-tb‰v s{]m^-k¿, Un∏m¿´vsa‚v Akn-Âv s{]m^-k¿, Un∏m¿´vsa‚v Hm^v
Hm^v C°-tWm-anIvkv, hna≥kv tImtf-Pv, lnÃdn, [Link]-Pv,
Xncp-h-\-¥-]pcw sImSp-ß√ - q¿, Xriq¿
at\m-Pv, [Link].
sF.-]n. tPmk^v
dnk¿®v Hm^o-k¿,
Akn-Âv s{]m^-k¿ (dn´.),
Fkv.-kn.C.-B¿.Sn.
Fkv.-kn.-C.-B¿.-Sn.

A°m-Z-anIv tIm˛Hm¿Unt\‰¿
Nn{Xm-am-[-h≥, dnk¿®v Hm^o-k¿, Fkv.k
- n.C.-B¿.Sn.
 D≈-S°w
1. a[y-Ime C¥y : A[n-Im-ct- I-{μ-߃ 07

2. a[y-Ime C¥y : kaqlw hn`hw hn\n-abw 21

3. tIcfw : aÆpw agbpw a\p-jy\pw 31

4. Dev]m-Z\
- {- ]-{In-bb
- n-eqsS 47

5. `qan : IYbpw Imcyhpw 59

6. sshhn-[y-ßf
- psS temIw 79
 Cu ]pkvXIØn¬ Nne Nn”߃
]T\kuIcyØn\mbn D]tbmKn®ncn°p∂p

A[nIhmb\bv°v ˛ hnebncpØen\v
hnt[bamt°≠Xn√

]T-\- ]p-tcm-KXn \n¿W-bn-°p∂ tNmZy-߃

{]h¿Ø\-߃

kw{Klw

{][m\ ]T\t\´ßfn¬ s]Sp∂h

hnebncpØmw

XpS¿{]h¿Ø\߃

kzbw hne-bn-cpØmw
a[y-Ime C¥y : A[n-Im-ct- I-{μ-߃

Iq ´p- I m- t c,
Rm≥ bap-\m-\-Zn.
nse G‰hpw henb
Fs∂-°p-dn®v tI´n-´p-≠m-Ipat√m. C¥y-b
mWv Rm≥. DØcmJ-
\Zn-bmb KwK-bpsS t]mj-I-\-Zn-Ifn¬ H∂
D¤-hw. Rm≥ Hgp-
WvUnse bap-t\m {- Xn-bn¬ \n∂mWv Fs‚
mWv U¬ln.
Ip∂ h-gn-bnse {][m\ \K-c-ß-fn¬ H∂
Xw`w, Ppam- a-kvPnZv,
IpØ_van\m¿, salvdq-fn-bnse Ccpºv kv
n Ncn-{X-kvam-c-I߃
sNt¶m-´, C¥ym- tK-‰v.... Aßs\ H´-\h[
[n cmP - h w- i - ß fps S
Ch nsS Xe - b p- b ¿Ø n \n¬ °p - ∂ p. \nc - h
camWv U¬ln.
hf¿®bv°pw X-I¿®bv°pw km£nbmb \K

U¬ln-sb-°p-dn®v bap\m\Zn ]d-™Xv tI´-t√m. \ap°v U¬ln-bpsS a[y-Im-e-

N-cn{X-Øn-te°v Hcp bm{X-bm-b-mtem? kn.C. F´mw \q‰m-≠p-ap-X¬ ]Xn-s\´mw
\q‰m-≠p-h-sc-bp≈ Imew C¥ym-N-cn-{X-Øn¬ s]mXpsh a[y-Im-e-L´w F∂v
Adn-b-s∏-Sp-∂p.
 kmaq-ly-imkv{Xw

U¬ln-bpsS `qan-im-kv{X-Øn-eq-sS...
Xmsg X∂n-cn-°p∂ `q]Sw (`q]Sw 1.1) \nco-£n°q. Fs¥√mw
hnh-cß-ƒ Is≠Ømw?

kn‘p KwKm ka-Xew

kn‘p˛KwKm ka-X-e-ØnemWvv U¬ln-

ÿnXn sNøp-∂sX∂v I≠t√m. Cu
{]tZ-isØ ^e-`q-bn-jvTX Im¿jnI
]ptcm-KX - n°v klm-bI- a- m-bn. `q]-SØ - n¬
Bc-h√n ]¿hX-\n-c-Iƒ AS-bm-f-s∏-Sp-
Øn-bn-cn-°p-∂Xv {i≤n-°q. Cu ]¿h-X-
\n-c-Iƒ i{Xp-°-fpsS B{I-a-W-ßsf
{]Xn-tcm-[n-°m≥ U¬ln-sb klm-bn®p.
Bc-h√n ]¿Δ-X-\nc-I-fnse ]md-°q-´-
`q]Sw 1.1 ßfn¬ \n∂v tIm-´-I-fp-sSbpw sI´n-S-ß-
fp-sSbpw \n¿Ωm-WØ - n-\m-hi - y-amb I√p-
Iƒ tiJ-cn-°m≥ Ign™p. bap\m\Zn Pe-KX - m-KX - sØ klm-
bn®Xns\m∏w U¬ln°v Bhi-y-amb Pew Dd-∏p-h-cp-Øn.
Cu `qanimkv { X {]tXy- I - X - I fmWv `c- W m- [ n- I m- c n- I - s f
U¬ln-bn-te°v BI¿jn-®X - v.

U¬lnsb A[n-Imc tI{μ-ambn sXc-s™-Sp-°m≥ `-c-Wm-[n-Im-

cn-Isf t{]cn-∏n® `qan-imkv{X LS-I-߃ Fs¥-√m-am-bn-cp∂p?

U¬ln A[n-Imc-tI{μw
kn.C. 8˛mw \q‰m-≠n¬ cP-]p-{X-hn-`m-K-Øn¬s∏´ sXmac
cm-Pm-°-∑m-cpsS Ime-ØmWv U¬ln BZy-ambn A[n-Im-c
-tI-{μ-am-Ip-∂-Xv. A°m-eØv "Zn√nI' F∂ t]cn-emWv U¬ln

8
a[y-Ime C¥y : A[n-Im-c-tI-{μ-߃
 Ãm≥tU¿Uv VI

Adn-b-s∏´ncp-∂-Xv. sXmac cmPm-°-∑msc XpS¿∂v

Nulm≥ cmP- h w- i Øn¬s]- ´ - h ¿ U¬lnbn¬ cP-]p-{X¿
`c- W m[n- I m- c n- I - f m- b n. Nulm≥ hwiØnse at[y-¥y-bnsebpw hS°p]Sn-
Ahkm\ `cWm[nImcnbmbncp∂p ]rYzncmPv ™mtd C¥ybnsebpw
Nulm≥. At±- l sØ Iog- S - ° n tLmdnse £{Xn-bh - n-`m-KØ
- n¬s∏´hcm-
bn-cp-∂p cP-]p-{X¿. Ch-cn¬
(C∂sØ A^vLm-\n-ÿm≥) aplΩZv U¬lnbn¬ {][m-\n-I-fm-bn-cp∂p sXma-
B[n]Xyw Dd-∏n®p. At±-lØ - ns‚ tk\m\mbI\m- c∑mcpw Nulm-∑mcpw.
bncp∂p IpXv_p±o≥ sF_°v. tLmdnse apl-Ω-
Zns‚ ac-Wt- ijw kn.C. 1206˛¬ IpXv_ - p-±o≥ sF_°v U¬ln
tI{μ-am°n `cWw Bcw-`n-®p. At±-lØ - ns‚ cmP-hwiw aweq°v
hwiw (ASn-a-hw-iw) F∂-dn-b-s∏-Sp-∂p. aweq°v hwisØ
XpS¿∂v thsd \mev cmP-hw-i-߃ 1526 hsc U¬ln Bÿm-
\-am°n `cWw \S-Øn. kn.C. 1206 apX¬ kn.C. 1526 hsc-
U¬ln Bÿm\am°n `cWw \SØnbh¿ kp¬Øm-∑m¿
F∂pw Cu Imew k¬Ø-\Øv Imew F∂pw Adn-bs - ∏-Sp-∂p.
NphsS sImSp-Øn-cn-°p∂ ^vtfm Nm¿´n¬ k¬Ø-\Øv ImeØv
U¬ln `cn® cmP-hw-iß - s
- fbpw {][m\ `c-Wm-[n-Im-cn-Is
- fbpw
{Ia-ambn \¬In-bn-cn-°p-∂p.
aweq°v hwiw (ASn-ah - w-iw)
IpXv_p±o≥ sF_Iv, C¬XpXvanjv, _m¬_≥


J¬Pn hwiw
Aemhp±o≥ J¬Pn


Xp•Iv hwiw
aplΩZv _n≥ Xp•°v, ^ntdmkv jm Xp•°v


kønZv hwiw
Jnkn¿Jm≥


temZn- hwiw
C{_mlnwtemZn

9
a[y-Ime C¥y : A[n-Im-c-tI-{μ-߃
 kmaq-ly-imkv{Xw

^vtfm Nm¿´nse hnh-cß

- f
- psS ASn-ÿm-\Ø
- n¬ Xmsg ]d-bp∂
]´nI ]q¿Øn-bm-°p-I:

k¬Ø\Øv cmP-hw-i-߃ {][m\ `c-Wm-[n-Im-cn-Iƒ

$ aweq°v hwiw $ IpXv-_p±o≥ sF_-°v,

C¬XpXvan-jv, _m¬_≥
$ $
$ $
$ $
$ $

U¬ln kp¬Øm-∑m-cpsS `cWw C¥ybpsS a‰v `mK-ßf - n-te°v

hym]n-®-sX-ß-s\-sb∂v t\m°mw.
IpXv_p±o≥ sF_-°n-\p-tijw A[n-Im-c-Øn-se-Øn-bXv
C¬XpXvanjv Bbn-cp∂p. At±lw apƒ´m≥, emtlm¿, _wKmƒ
XpS-ßnb {]tZ-i-߃ Iog-S-°n. Xs‚ \nb-{¥-W-Øn-ep-≠m-bn-
cp∂ {]tZ-i-ß-fn¬ Hcp GIo-IrX \mW-b-hy-hÿ \S-∏n-em-
°n. X¶, PnX¬ F∂n-h-bm-bn-cp∂p \mW-b-߃.

emtlm¿
apƒ´m≥ C¬XpXvanjns‚ ImesØ \mW-bß
- ƒ

kp¯m\ dknb
KpP-dmØv _wKmƒ U¬ln k¬Ø- \ - Ø nse
GI h\nXm `c-Wm-[n-Im-cn-bm-
bn-cp∂p kp¬Øm\ dkn-b.
C¬XpXv a njns‚ aI- f m- b n-
cp∂p dknb. Nne {]`p-°-
C¬XpXvanjns‚
A[o-\-X-bn-ep≠mbn-
∑m¿ FXn- c m- b - t XmsS
cp∂ {]tZ-i-߃
kp¬Øm\ dkn-bbv°v A[n-
Imcw \jvSs- ∏-´p.

`q]Sw 1.2
C¬Xp-Xa v n-jn\ptijwA[n-Im-cØ - n-
se- Ø n- b {][m\ `c- W m- [ n- I mcn
10 _m¬_≥ Bbn- c p- ∂ p.
a[y-Ime C¥y : A[n-Im-c-tI-{μ-߃
 Ãm≥tU¿Uv VI

k¬Ø\Øns‚ hym]\w
aweq°v hwi-sØ-Øp-S¿∂v A[n-Im-cØ - n-se-ØnbXv J¬Pn hwi-
am-bn-cp-∂p. J¬Pn hwi-Ønse {][m\ `c-Wm-[nIm-cn-bm-bn-cp∂p
Aem-hp-±o≥ J¬Pn. At±-l-Øns‚ Ime-Øm-bn-cp∂p sXt°
C¥y-bn-epw ]Sn--™msd C¥y-bn-epap≈ {]tZ-i-߃ U¬ln
kp¬Øm- ∑ m- c psS `c- W - Ø ns‚ Iogn- e m- b Xv . KpP- d mØv
Bbncp∂p BZyw At±-lØ - ns‚ A[o-\X - b
- n-em-bX
- .v X∂n-´p≈
`q]-S-Øn¬ (1.2) KpP-dmØns‚ ÿm\w Is≠Øq. Fs¥-√m-
amWv KpP-dm-Øns‚ `qan-im-kv{X-]-c-amb {]tXy-I-X-I-ƒ? \o≠
kap-{Z-Xocw KpP-dm-Øns‚ {]tXy-I-X-bm-sW∂v ImWm-a-t√m.
AXp-sIm-≠p-Xs∂ \nch[n Xpd-ap-J-߃ KpP-dm-Øn-ep-≠v.
KpP-dmØv Iog-S-°n-b-tXmsS Xpd-ap-J-߃ Aem-hp-±o≥ J¬Pn-
bpsS \nb-{¥-WØ - n-em-bn. Cdm-Jn¬\n∂v Cu Xpd-ap-Jß - ƒ hgn
anI-®b - n\w IpXn-cI
- sf Cd-°p-aXn sNøm≥ Ign™p. CXv At±-
l-Øns‚ ssk\ysØ i‡n-s∏-Sp-Øn. Cu ssk\y-Øns‚
klm-bt- ØmsS sXt° C¥y-bnepw ]Sn-™msd C¥y-bn-epap≈
{]tZ-i-߃ Aem-hp-±o≥ J¬Pn Xs‚ \nb-{¥-W-Øn-em°n.

KpP- d m- Ø n- t ∑- e p≈ B[n- ] Xyw Aem- h p- ± o≥ J¬Pn- b psS

ssk\ysØ Fßs\bmWv i‡n-s∏-SpØnbXv?

Zue-Øm-_mZv

apl-ΩZ- _
v n≥ Xp•-
°ns‚ A[o-\X - -
Aem-hp-±o≥ J¬Pn-bpsS A[o- bnep≠m-bn-cp∂
\-X-bn-ep≠mbn-cp∂ {]tZiw {]tZiw
(ssk\nI \o°-ßfmWv Aº-
S-bm-fØ
- n¬ tcJ-s∏-Sp-Øn-bn-cn-
°p-∂Xv)

`q]Sw 1.3 `q]Sw 1.4

11
a[y-Ime C¥y : A[n-Im-c-tI-{μ-߃
 kmaq-ly-imkv{Xw

J¬Pn hwi-sØ-Øp-S¿∂v Xp•°v hwiw A[n-Im-c-Øn-se-Øn.

AXnse {][m\ `c-Wm-[n-Imcnbmbn-cp∂p apl-ΩZv _n≥ Xp•°v.
`cWw Imcy-£-a-am-°m≥ At±lw Xe-ÿm\w U¬ln-bn¬
\n∂v tZh-Kn-cn-bn-te°v am‰p-Ibpw AXn\v Zue-Øm-_mZv F∂
t]cv \¬Ip-Ibpw sNbvXp. `q]-S-Øn¬ (1.4) Zue-Øm-_mZv AS-
bm- f - s ∏- S p- Ø n- b n- c n- ° p- ∂ Xv t\m°q. hn]p- e o- I - c n- ° - s ∏´
cmPyØns‚ GI-tZiw a[y-`m-KØ - m-bn-cp-∂p Zue-Øm-_mZv . Xe-
ÿm\w Zue-Øm-_m-Zn-te°v am‰p-Ih - gn F√m {]tZi-ßtfbpw
\nb-{¥n-°m≥ Ign-bp-sa∂v At±lw Icp-Xn. F∂m¬ Xe-ÿm-
\-am‰w ^e-{]-Z-a-s√∂v a\- n-em-°n-b-Xn-s\-Øp-S¿∂v Cu Xocp-
am\w ]n≥h-en-®p. Xp•°v hwi-Øn-\p-tijw A[n-Im-c-Øn-se-
Ønb kønZv hwi-Øn-sebpw temZn hwi-Ønsebpw `c-Wm-[n-
Im-cn-Iƒ Zp¿_-ec - m-bn-cp-∂p. Xp•°v hwi-Øn\p tijw k¬Ø-
\Øv `cWw £bn-°m≥ XpS-ßn.

U¬ln apKƒ`-cW
- Ø
- n¬
1526 G{]n¬ 26 ...
U¬ln-°S- p-Øp≈ ]m\n-∏Ø - n¬ Im_qfnse
(A^vLm-\n-ÿm≥) `c-Wm-[n-Imcn _m_-dp-
sSbpw k¬Ø\Øv `c-Wm-[n-Imcn C{_mlnw
temZn- b p- s Sbpw ssk\y- ß ƒ G‰p- a p- ´ n.
C{_mlnw temZnsb ]cm-Pb - s- ∏-Sp-Øn _m_¿
U¬ln ]nSn-s®-SpØp.
]oc-¶n-bpw shSn-a-cp-∂pw D]-tbm-K-n®Xn-\m¬
_m_- d psS ssk\y- Ø n\v C{_mlnw
temZnbpsS ssk\ysØ Ffp-∏Ø - n¬ ]cm-P-
b-s∏-Sp-Øm-\m-bn.
k¬Ø-\Øv `cWw Ah-km-\n-∏n®v U¬ln
tI{μ-ambn _m_¿ XpS°w Ipdn® `cWw
apKƒ `cWw F∂-dn-b-s∏-Sp∂p.

]m\n-∏Øv bp≤-cwKw Nn{X-Im-cs‚ `mh-\b

- n¬

12
a[y-Ime C¥y : A[n-Im-c-tI-{μ-߃
 Ãm≥tU¿Uv VI

Xmsg X∂n-cn-°p∂ ^vtfm Nm¿´ns‚ klm-b-tØmsS {][m\

apKƒ `c-Wm-[n-Im-cn-Isf ]cn-N-b-s∏-Smw:
lpa-bq¨ Hudw-K-
_m_¿ AIv_¿ Plmw-Ko¿ jmPlm≥
1530˛1540, tk_v
1526˛1530 1556˛1605 1605˛1627 1627˛1658
1555 ˛ 1556 1658˛1707
_m_¿ XpS°w Ipdn® apKƒ `cWw ]n¬°m-eØv
- I qSp- X ¬ {]tZ- i - ß - f n- t e°v hym]n- ® p. apKƒ tj¿j kqcn
km{amPyw- hnkvXrXam-°p-∂X - n¬ AIv_¿ {][m\ kn.C. 1540 apX¬ kn.C. 1545
]¶p-h-ln-®p. At±lw hensbmcp ssk\ysØ hsc-bp≈ ImeØv U¬ln
cq]oIcn®p. CXn-\p-th≠n hyXykvXamb Hcp coXn tI{μ- a mbn `cn- ® Xv kq¿
kzoIcn®p. "a≥k-_Zv mcn k{º-Zmbw' F∂mWv CXdn- hw-iØ - nse tj¿j kqcn-bm-
b-s∏-Sp-∂-Xv. Cu k{º-Zm-b-Øn¬ Hmtcm DtZym-K- bn-cp-∂p. apKƒ `c-Wm-[n-Imcn
ÿ\pw Xß-fpsS Iogn¬ Hcp \n›nX FÆw lpa-bq-Wns\ ]cm-P-b-s∏-Sp-
ssk\n-Isc -\ne-\n¿Øm≥ _m[y-kvY-\m-bn-cp∂p-. - Øn-bmWv At±lw A[n-Im-
cmPmam≥knwKv, cmPm-tXm-U¿amƒ, _o¿_¬, cmPm c- Ø n- s e- Ø n- b - X v . tj¿j-
PbvknwKv XpSßn-b-h¿ apKƒ `c-W-Øn¬ {][m\ bpsS ]n≥Km-an-Iƒ Zp¿_-e-
]Z-hn-Iƒ hln® cP-]p-{X-cm-bn-cp-∂p. cm- b n- c p- ∂ p. Cub- h - k cw
`q]Sw (1.5) \nco-£n®v AIv_dns‚ A[o\Xbn¬ D]-tbm-Kn®v kn.C. 1555 ¬
Dƒs∏´ {]tZi߃ Is≠Øn FgpXpI. lpa- b q¨ U¬lnbpsS
A[n-Imcw Xncn-®p-]n-Sn-®p.

Im_qƒ Imivao¿

apƒØm≥ Jm≥tUjv
U¬ln

_nlm¿ AIv_d
- psS
amƒh _wKmƒ
KpP-dmØv A[o-\X - bn
Jm≥tUjv
epƒs∏´
{]tZ-iß
- ƒ

AIv_-dpsS Ime-
L´-Ønse C¥y

`q]Sw 1.5

13
a[y-Ime C¥y : A[n-Im-c-tI-{μ-߃
 kmaq-ly-imkv{Xw

AIv_¿ \mabpw
Abn≥˛C˛AIv_cnbpw
AIv_-dpsS sIm´m-c-Øn¬ Pohn-®n-cp∂
A_pƒ^- k ¬ Fgp- X nb Ncn- { X- I r- X n-
Pm´p-Iƒ bmWv "AIv_¿ \ma'. Cu ]pkvXI - Ø
- n\v
cP-]p-{X¿ aq∂v `mK-ßf - p-≠v. BZy-`m-Kw AIv_d- psS
ap≥Km-an-I-sf-bpw c≠mw- `m-Kw AIv_-
dpsS `c-W-Im-e-tØbpw aq∂mw `mKw
AIv _ - d psS `c- W - k w- h n- [ m- \ tØbpw
{]Xn- ] mZn°p- ∂ p. aq∂m- a sØ `mKw
admØIƒ "Abn≥˛C˛AIv_cn' F-∂pw A-dn-b-s∏-
Sp-∂p.

Hudw-K-tk-_ns‚
apKƒ km{amPyw G‰hpw hnkvXrXn
Ime-L-´-Ønse {]m]n-®Xv HudwKtk_ns‚ ImeØmbn-
C¥y
cp∂p. `q]Sw 1.6 \nco-£n-°q. AºXv
h¿j-°mew At±lw `cWw \SØn.
`q]Sw 1.6 HudwKtk_n\ptijw apKƒ km{amPyw
Zp¿_eambn. F¶nepw 1857 hsc B
cmPhwiw \ne\n∂p.
""a[y-Ime C¥y-bnse k¬Ø-\Øv ˛ apKƒ`-cW - Ø
- ns‚ hym]\w'' F∂
hnj-bsØ Bkv]Z- a- m°n Hcp skan-\m¿ t]∏¿ Xbm-dm-°p-I.

Z£n-tW-¥y-bn-sebpw ]›n-ta-¥y-bn-sebpw
A[n-Im-c-tI-{μ-߃
a[y-Ime C¥y-bnse Hcp A[n-Im-c-tI-{μ-sa∂ \nebnep≈
U¬ln-bpsS hf¿®-bmWv \mw CXp-hsc N¿® sNbvX-Xv. Cu
Ime-b-f-hn¬ Z£n-tW-¥y-bnepw ]›n-ta-¥y-bnepw \ne-\n-∂n-
cp-∂ a‰v {][m\ cmPy-ßfpsS t]cp-I-fmWv Xmsg sImSp-Øn-´p-
≈-X:v
cmPyw {]tZiw

tNmf-cmPyw
hnP-b\
- K
- cw Z£n-tW¥y
_mlvan\n
admØ ]›n-ta¥y

14
a[y-Ime C¥y : A[n-Im-c-tI-{μ-߃
 Ãm≥tU¿Uv VI

tNmf-cmPyw
kn.C. HºXmw \q‰m-t≠msS-bmWv tNmf-cmP-
hwiw {]_-ea - m-bXv. cmP-cm-Pt- Nm-f\pw cmtP-
{μ-tNm-f\pw Bbn-cp∂p {][m\ tNmf-`c - W
- m-
[n-Im-cn-Iƒ. i‡-amb \mhnItk\ tNmf-
∑m¿°p-≠mbncp∂p. Ch-cpsS kzm[o\w
ate-jy, Cs¥m-t\-jy≥ Zzo]pIƒ F∂n-hn-
S-ß-fn-te°v hym]n-®n-cp-∂p.

{ioe¶ atejy
`q]Sw (`q]Sw 1.7) \nco-£n®v C¥y°v ]pdØv
Cs¥m-t\jy≥ Zzo]p-Iƒ
tNmf- ∑ mcpsS kzm[o\w hym]n® cmPy- ß ƒ
Is≠ØpI.
`q]Sw 1.7

hnP-b\
- K
- c- w

""Cu cmPm-hns‚ `c- -sa-¶nepw thWw. cmPy-

W-Øn\p Iogn¬ tImgn- Øns‚ `qcn-`mKw
t°mSns\-t]m-se-bp≈ {]tZ-i-ßfpw ^e-`q-bn-
300 Xpd-ap-Jß - ƒ D≠v. jvThpw ]Xn-hmbn
At±-lØ - ns‚ `c-W- Irjn-bn-d°- p-∂X
- p-
Øn-\p-Io-gn-ep≈ {]tZ-i- amWv. ssk\y-
ß-fn¬ bm{X-sN-øW - - Øns‚ AwK-_ew
sa-¶n¬ Ipd-™Xv aq∂v 11 e£w hcpw''.
amksØ ka-b A_vZp¿ dkmJv

hnPb\Kc cm-Py-sØ-°p-dn®v t]¿jy≥ k©m-cn-bm-bn-cp∂

A_vZp¿ dkm-Jns‚ hnh-c-W-Ønse Hcp `mK-amWv apI-fn¬
sImSp-Øn-cn-°p-∂-X-v. CXn¬ \n∂pw Fs¥√mw Imcy-߃
Is≠Ømw?
hnP-b-\-K-c-cm-Py-Øn¬ [mcmfw Xpd-ap-J-߃ D≠m-bn-
cp∂p.

15
a[y-Ime C¥y : A[n-Im-c-tI-{μ-߃
 kmaq-ly-imkv{Xw

kn.C. ]Xn-\memw \q‰m-≠n¬ \ne-hn¬h∂ hnP-b-\-Kc cmPy-

Øns‚ ÿm]-I¿ lcn-l-c≥, _p°≥ F∂nh-cmbn-cp∂p.
IrjvWtZh-cm-b¿ Bbn-cp-∂p hnP-b-\-Kc cmPy-Ønse {][m\
`c-Wm-[n-Imcn.

_mlvan\n cmPyw
Aem-hp-±o≥ l ≥ _m“≥jm Bbn-cp∂p _m“n\n cmPy-
Øns‚ ÿm]-I≥. IrjvW, XpwK-`{Z F∂o \Zn-Iƒ°nS-bn¬
InS-°p∂ sdbv®q¿ {]tZiw ^e-`q-bn-jT
v a
- m-bn-cp-∂p. Z£n-tW¥y-
bnse s\√-d- F∂mWv CX-dnb-s∏-Sp-∂X - v. Cu {]tZ-iØv B[n-
]Xyw t\Sm≥ hnP-b-\-Kc `c-Wm-[n-Im-cn-Ifpw _m“n\n cmPm-
°-∑mcpw \nc-¥cw bp≤-߃ \S-Øn-bn-cp-∂p.
sdbv®q¿ {]tZiw C∂v GsXms° kwÿm-\ßfpsS `mK-am-sW∂v `q]-
S-Øns‚ klm-bt- ØmsS Is≠-Øn Fgp-XpI.

sdbv®q¿ {]tZ-i-߃°pth≠n bp≤w \S-Øm≥ hnP-b-\-Kc˛

_mlvan\n cmPm-°-∑msc t{]cn-∏n® LS-I-߃ Fs¥m-s°-bm-bn-
cp-∂p?

adm-ØcmPyw

kn.C. ]Xn-t\gmw \q‰m-≠n-em-Wv adm-ØIƒ

]qs\
{]_e i‡n-bm-bn- amdnb-Xv. `qan-imkv{X
khnti-jX - I
- ƒ adm-ØI-fpsS hf¿®sb Gsd
admØ cmPy-Øns‚ kzm[o-\n®p. hn‘y˛kXv]pc ]¿Δ-X-ß-fpw
A[o-\-X-bn-ep≠mbn-
cp∂ {]tZ-i-߃ \¿ΩZ˛Xm]vXn \Zn-Ifpw admØ {]tZ-isØ
kao-]-{]-tZ-i-ß-fn¬\n∂pw th¿Xn-cn-®p. CXv
admØ- { ]- t Z- i - Ø n\v {]Ir- X n- Z - Ø - a mb
kwc£Ww \¬In. admØn `mjbpw kmln-
`q]Sw 1.9 ˛
Xyhpw P\-ß-fn¬ sFIy-t_m[w hf¿Øn.

16
a[y-Ime C¥y : A[n-Im-c-tI-{μ-߃
 Ãm≥tU¿Uv VI

admØIfpsS hf¿®sb klm-bn® -L-S-I-߃ Fs¥m-s°-bm-bn-

cp∂p?

admØ cmPy-Ønse {][m\ `c-Wm-[n-Imcn inhPn Bbn-cp-∂p.

"O{X-]Xn' F∂ ÿm\-t∏¿ At±lw kzoI-cn-®p. i‡-amb
\mhn-I-tk\bpw Ic-tk-\bpw adm-Ø- cm-Py-Øns‚ {]tXy-IX
Bbn-cp-∂p. {]_-ea
- mb cmjv{So-bi
- ‡
- n-bmbn amdm≥ CXv Ahsc
klm-bn-®p. admØ cmPy-Øns‚ Bÿm\w ]qs\ Bbn-cp-∂p.

U¬ln-°p-]p-dsa a[y-Ime C¥y-bpsS hnhn[ `mK-ß-fn¬ \ne-\n∂

A[nIm-ct- I-{μ-ßs- f-°p-dn®v Ipdn∏v Xbm-dm-°p-I.

U¬lnsb A[nImctI{μambn sXcs™Sp°m≥

`cWm[nImcnIsf t{]cn∏n®Xv AXns‚ `qanimkv{X
{]tXyIXIfmWv.
sXmac cmPm-°-∑m-cpsS Ime-ØmWv U¬ln BZy-ambn
A[n-Im-ct- I-{μ-ambXv.
U¬ln Bÿm-\a - m-bmWv k¬Ø-\Øv `cWw ÿm]n°-
s∏-´X
- v.
Aemhp±o≥ J¬PnbpsSbpw aplΩZv _n≥ Xp•°ns‚bpw
`cWImeØv k¬Ø\Øv `cWw IqSp-X¬ {]tZ-i-ß-fn-
te°v hym]n-®p.
1526 se ]m\n∏Øv bp≤Øn¬ C{_mlnw temZnsb
]cmPbs∏SpØnb _m_¿ apKƒ `cWØn\v XpS°w
Ipdn®p.
KT 45-2/Social Sci. - 6(M) Vol-1

apKƒ km{amPyw hnkvXr-Xam°p∂Xn¬ AIv_dpw

HudwKtk_pw {][m\ ]¶phln®p.
a[y-Im-eL- ´- Ø
- n¬ ]›n-ta-¥y-bnepw Z£n-tW-¥y-bnepw
hyXykvX A[n-ImctI{μ-߃ \ne-\n-∂n-cp-∂p.

17
a[y-Ime C¥y : A[n-Im-c-tI-{µ-߃
 kmaq-ly-imkv{Xw

a[y-Ime C¥y

sXmac cmP-hwiw (U¬ln) tNmf-∑m¿ (Z£n-tW-¥y)

Nulm≥ cmP-hwiw (U¬ln) hnP-b-\-Kcw (Z£n-tW-¥y)

k¬Ø-\Øv `cWw (U¬ln) _mlvan\n (Z£n-tW-¥y)

adm-T-Iƒ (]›n-ta-¥y)
apKƒ cmP-hwiw (U¬ln)

U¬ln Xeÿm\am°n Db¿∂ph∂ k¬Ø\Øv, apKƒ

cmPhwi-ß-fpsS hf¿®bpw hym]-\hpw hniIe\w
sNøp∂p.
`qanimkv{X khntijXIƒ `c-WI
- q-Sß
- f
- psS hf¿®sb
kzm[o\n®sXßs\sb∂v hne-bn-cp-Øp-∂p.
]›n-ta-¥y-bnepw Z£n-tW-¥y-bnepw \ne-\n∂ hnhn[
A[n-Im-c-tI-{μ-ßsf∏‰n hni-Zo-I-cn-°p-∂p.

18
a[y-Ime C¥y : A[n-Im-c-tI-{μ-߃
 Ãm≥tU¿Uv VI

A[n- I m- c - t I- { μ- a mbn amdm≥ U¬lnsb klm- b n®

`qanimkv{X LS-Iß - ƒ Fs¥√mw?
C¥ym Ncn{XØnse kp{][m\ bp≤ambncp∂p 1526˛se
]m\n∏Øv bp≤w ka¿∞n-°pI.
apKƒ km{amPyw hnkv X rXam°p∂Xn\v AIv _ ¿
kzoIcn® \bw hniIe\w sNøpI.
"sdbvNq¿ {]tZiØn\pth≠n hnPb\KcØnsebpw
_m“n\nbnsebpw `c-Wm-[n-Im-cn-Iƒ \nc¥cw bp≤w
sNbvXp' Cu {]kvXmh\bpsS ]›mØeØn¬ sdbv®q¿
{]tZiØns‚ {]tXyIXIƒ ]cntim[n°pI.
admØ cmPy-Øns‚ hf¿®sb klmbn® `qan-imkv{X
LSI߃ GsXms°bmbncp∂p?
"F' hn`mKØn\v tbmPn°p∂h "_n' hn`m-KØn¬\n∂p
Is≠Øn FgpXpI.

F _n

C¬XpXvanjv ]m\n∏Øv bp≤w

IrjvWt- Z-hc
- m-b¿ a≥k_vZmcn k{ºZmbw
aplΩZv _n≥ Xp•°v PnX¬ \mWbw
_m_¿ hnP-b\
- K
- cw
AIv_¿ Xeÿm\am‰w

sX°pIng°≥ Gjy≥ cmPyßfpw C¥ybpw XΩnep≈

kmwkvImcnI _‘߃ hy‡-am-°p∂ sXfnhpIƒ
tiJcn°pI.

19
a[y-Ime C¥y : A[n-Im-c-tI-{μ-߃
 kmaq-ly-imkv{Xw

a[y-Ime C¥y-bnse hnhn[ cmP-hw-i-ß-fp-sS A[o-\-X-

bn¬ D≠m-bn-cp∂ {]tZ-i-߃ ImWn-°p∂ `q]-S-߃
Dƒs∏-SpØn A‰vekv \n¿Ωn-°p-I.
Xangv kn\n-aI
- f
- psS {][m\ dneokv tI{μß-fn¬ H∂mWv
sX°pIng-°≥ Gjy≥ cm-Py-߃. ImcWw Is≠Øp.

kzbw hne-bn-cpØmw
]q¿Æ-ambn `mKn-Ia- mbn sa®s∏
tS≠Xp≠v
U¬ln-bpsS `qan-imkv{X {]tXy-I-X-Iƒ
Xncn-®-dn-bm≥ Ignbpw
U¬lnsb Xe-ÿm-\-am-°nb BZy-Ime
cmP-hw-i-ßsf Xncn-®-dn-bm≥ Ignbpw
k¬Ø\Øv `cWØns‚ hym]\w
hni-I-e\w sNøm≥ Ignbpw
k¬Ø\Øv `c-Wm-[n-Im-cn-I-fpsS A[o-
\-X-bn-ep-≠m-bn-cp∂ {]tZ-i-߃ Xncn-®-
dn-bm≥ Ignbpw
]m\n-∏Øv bp≤-Øns‚ {]m[m\yw Xncn-®-
dn™v hni-Zo-I-cn-°m≥ Ignbpw
apKƒ km{amPyw hnim- e - a m- ° p- ∂ - X n\v
AIv_¿ kzoI-cn® \b-߃ hni-I-e\w
sNøm≥ Ignbpw
a[y-Im-eØv C¥y-bpsS hnhn[ `mK-ßf
- n¬
Db¿∂p-h∂ A[n-Im-c-tI-{μ-ßsf∏‰n hni-
Z-am°m≥ Ignbpw

20
a[y-Ime C¥y : A[n-Im-c-tI-{μ-߃
a[y-Ime C¥y : kaqlw hn`hw hn\n-abw

lnμp-ÿm≥ A¤p-X-ap-f-hm-°p∂ `q`m-K-amWv. a‰p cmP cmPy-y-ß-fp-

ambn Xmc-Xayw sNøp-tºmƒ AXv XnI®pw hn`n-∂-am-Wv. ChnSsØ
]¿Δ- X - ß ƒ, \Zn- I ƒ, ImSp- I ƒ, acp- ` q- a n- I ƒ F√mw hyXykv X -
amWv. Chn-SsØ arK-߃, sNSn-Iƒ, P\-߃, `mj-Iƒ, ag, Im‰v,
F√mw sshhn-[y-am¿∂hbmWv...
a[y-Ime C¥y : A[n-Im-ct- I-{μ-߃
˛ _m_¿\ma

apKƒ N{I-h¿Øn _m_-dns‚ Hm¿Ω-°p-dn-∏mb _m_¿\m-a-bn¬

\n∂p≈ `mK-amWv apI-fn¬ sImSp-Øn´p-≈Xv. C¥y-sb-°p-dn®v
Fs¥√mw Imcy-߃ CXn¬\n∂v a\- n-em-°mw?
C¥y-bnse sshhn-[y-ß-fpw hn`-h-ßfpamWv _m_¿ hni-Zo-I-cn-
°p-∂-Xv. Cu sshhn-[y-ßfpw hn`-h-k-ar-≤n-bpamWv k©m-cn-Isf
a[yIme C¥y-bn-te°v BI¿jn-®-Xv. A°mesØ kmaq-lnI
kmº-Øn-Im-hÿ a\- n-em-°p-∂-Xn\v AhcpsS k©m-c°pdn-
∏p-Iƒ klm-bn-°p-∂p.
 kmaq-ly-imkv{Xw

Irjnbpw ssIsØm-gnepw
""[m\y- ß ƒ Irjn- s N- ø p- ∂ - X n\pw I∂p- I m- e n- I sf tabv ° p- ∂ -
Xn\pw `c-Wm-[n-Im-cn-Iƒ°v `qan-°chpw ta®n¬°-chpw sImSp-
°-Ww. CXp-t]mseØs∂ I®-hS hcp-am-\-ß-fn¬\n∂v \n-Ip-
Xn-b-Sbv-°Ww. hcp-am-\-Øns‚ Bdn¬ Hcp `mKw \mSns‚
kwc-£WØn-\mbn D]-tbm-Kn-t°-≠-Xm-Wv.
A¬-˛_-dq-\n
at[y-jy-bn¬\n∂v C¥y-bn-se-Ønb A¬-˛_ - d- q-\n- F∂ k©mcn-
bpsS hnh-c-W-ß-fn¬ \n∂p≈ `mK-amWv apI-fn¬ sImSp-Øn-cn-
°p-∂Xv. A¬-˛-_-dq-\n-bpsS hnh-c-W-Øn¬ ]cm-a¿in-®n-´p≈
sXmgn-ep-Ifpw \nIp-Xn-Ifpw GsXm-s°-bmWv?
a[y-Ime C¥y-bnse P\-ß-fpsS {][m-\- sXm-gn¬ Irjn-bm-bn-
cp-∂p. ]cp-Øn,- [m\y-߃, ]b-dp-h¿K-߃, \oew, Icnºv
XpS-ßn-bhbmbn-cp∂p A°m-esØ {][m\ hnf-I-ƒ.
Irjn-°\ - p-tbm-Py-am-bXpw F∂m¬ Irjn-bn-d°
- mØ-Xp-amb `qan
A°m-eØv C¥y-bn¬ [mcm-f-ap-≠m-bn-cp-∂p. CØcw `qanbn¬
BZy-ambn Irjn sNøp∂h¿°v AXns‚ DS-amh-Imiw e`n-®n-
cp∂p. C{]-Imcw Irjn`qanbpsS DS-am-h-Imiw t\Sm≥ D¬km-
l-io-e-cmb I¿j-I¿ {ian-®p. Im¿jnI ]ptcm-K-Xn-°mbn `c-
Wm-[n-Im-cn-Iƒ kzoI-cn® \S-]-Sn-Iƒ {i≤n-°q.
Pe-tk-N-\-ku-I-cy-߃ Hcp°n
hnØp-Iƒ hnX-cWw sNbvXp
\nIp-Xn-bn-f-hp-Iƒ \¬In.
a[y- I m- e - L - ´ - Ø n¬ DtZym- K - ÿ ¿°v thX- \ - a mbn `qan
]Xn®psImSp-Øp. Cu k{º-Zmbw k¬Ø-\Øv ImeL´-Øn¬
CJvX F∂pw apKƒ Ime-L-´-Øn¬ PmKn¿Zmcn F∂pw Adn-
bs∏-´p.

k¬Ø-\Øv˛apKƒ `c-W-Im-eL´-ß-fn¬ Im¿jnI ]ptcm-K-Xn-sb

klm-bn® LS-Iß
- ƒ Fs¥√mw? N¿® sNøq.

22
a[y-Ime C¥y : kaqlw hn`hw hn\n-abw
 Ãm≥tU¿Uv VI

IrjntbmsSm∏w Im¿jn- t Im- ] - I - c - W - ß - f psS

\n¿Ωm-W-hp-ambn _‘-s∏´ ]e ssIsØm-gn-ep-
Ifpw {Kma- ß - f n¬ \ne- \ n- ∂ n- c p- ∂ p. Ah
Fs¥ms°-bm-bn-cn°mw? N¿® sNøq.
teml∏Wn

s\bvØpw a‰v ssIsØm-gn-ep-If - p-am-bn-cp∂p ]´-W-

ß-fnse {][m-\ sXmgn¬. {KmaoW P\X Dev]m-
Zn∏n® ]cp-Ønbpw \oehpw ]´p-\qepw s\bvØp
hyh-kmbsØ i‡-am-°n. C¥y≥ s\bvØp-Im¿
I¿j-I¿ Pe-tk-N\
- Ø
- n\v D]-tbm-Kn-®n-cp∂
hyXykvX KpW-Ønepw \nd-Øn-ep-ap≈ hkv{X- Pe-N{Iw
߃ Devv]m-Zn-∏n-®p. ]´v, ]cp-Øn, Iºnfn F∂n-h-
sIm-≠p-≠m-°nb hkv{X-߃ Ah-bn¬ {][m-\s - ∏-´h- b
- m-bn-cp∂p.
XpWn- s \- b v Ø n\v ]pXnb D]- I - c - W - ß ƒ D]- t bm- K n- ® p.
\q¬\q¬°m\p≈ N¿°bpw s\bvØn-\p≈ X-dn-If - pw Ah-bn¬
{][m-\-s∏-´-h-bm-bn-cp-∂p. XpWn-I-fn¬ Nmbw ap°p-∂-Xn\v
\oehpw \nd°q´p-I-fpw D]tbm-Kn®p. C¥y≥ XpWn-Ø-c-߃
temI{]i-kvXn t- \Sn.

N¿°

Im¿jn-I-ta-Je s\bvØp-hy-h-km-b-Øns‚ hf¿®sb klm-bn-®-sX-ß-

s\-sb∂v N¿® sNøp-I.

\K-cß
- fpw hmWn-Pyhpw
hnP-b-\-Kcw F∂ aal lm-\-Kcn Iogv-°mw-Xq-°mb ae-\n-c-Iƒ°-
cnIn-em-Wv. \K-c-Øn¬ BI¿j-I-amb DZym-\-ßfpw D]-h-\-ßfpw
D≠v. kº¬kar-≤n-bpsS tIZm-c-amb Cu \K-c-Ønse AßmSn-
I-sf√mw hne-]n-Sn® hkvXp-°sfs°m≠v \nd-™-h-bm-Wv....
\nt°mfm tIm≠n

23
a[y-Ime C¥y : kaqlw hn`hw hn\n-abw
 kmaq-ly-imkv{Xw

C¥y-bn-se-Ønb C‰m-en-b≥ k©m-cn-bmb \nt°mtfm tIm≠n

hnP-b-\-KcsØ°p-dn®v \¬Inb hnh-cWw {i≤n-°q.
Im¿jn-I-cw-KsØ ]ptcm-KXn hmWn-Pyw A`n-hr-≤n-s∏-Sm-\p≈
kml-N-cy-sam-cp-°n. C¥y-bnse kpK-‘-hy-RvP-\-߃, XpWn-
Ø-cß - ƒ, XpI¬, cXv\ß - ƒ, Nμ-\w, teml-߃,
apØv, B\-s°mºv XpS-ßn-b-h ]pdw-\m-Sp-I-fn¬
Imen-t°mbpw
Imen-°‰pw {]nb-ap-≈ hn`-h-ß-fm-bn-cp∂p. Cu hn`-h-ß-fmWv
tImgn- t °mSv \n∂v hym]m-cn-Isf C¥y-bn-te°v BI¿jn-®Xv. temI-
]cpØnØp-Wn-Øc - ß
- ƒ a‰p Øns‚ hnhn[ `m-K-ß-fn¬\n∂v \nc-h[n I®-h-S-
ÿe-ß-fn-te°v Ib-‰p-aXn °m¿ a[y-Im-eØv C¥y-bn-se-Øn.
sNbvXn-cp-∂p. Cu XpWn-Øc-
߃ bqtdm-]y≥ hn]-Wn-bn¬ C¥y-bp-ambn hym]mcw \S-Ønb ]pdw-\m-´p-Im¿
"Iment°m' F∂mWv Adn-b- Bsc-√m-am-bn-cp-∂p?
s∏-´n-cp-∂X
- v. tImgn-t°m-Sn-s\ ssN\°m¿
bqtdm- ] y∑m¿ Imen- ° ‰v
Ad_n-Iƒ
F∂mWv hnfn-®Xv.
t]m¿®p-Ko-kp-Im¿
U®pIm¿
Cw•o-jp-Im¿
{^©p-Im¿

henb P\-kw-Jybpw \nd™

kº- Ø p- a p≈ \K- c - ß - f mWv B{Kbpw ^tØ-]p¿ kn{Inbpw
C¥y-bn-ep-≈Xv. \K-c-ß-fpsS Al- Ω - Z m- _ mZpw temI- Ø p-
sXcpthm- c - ß ƒ sshhn- [ y- Xs∂ henb \K-c-amb e≠-t\-
am¿∂ Dev]-∂-ß-fpsS
Itºmfß-fmWv. h¿Æm-`-amb °mƒ hep-Xm-Wv. U¬ln-bm-hs´
]´- W - ß - f mWv U¬lnbpw hepXpw kº- ∂ - h p- a mb \K-
Zue- Ø m- _ mZpw. chpw....
C_v\p _ØqØ
dm¬^v ^n®v
dm¬^v ^n®v

24
a[y-Ime C¥y : kaqlw hn`hw hn\n-abw
 Ãm≥tU¿Uv VI

k¬Ø-\Øv Ime-L-´-Øn¬ C¥y kμ¿in® samtdmt°m

k©m-cn-bmb C_v\ - p- _-Øq-Øbpw apKƒ Ime-L´- Ø
- n¬ C¥y
kμ¿in® Cw•ojv k©m-cn-bmb dm¬^v ^n-®pw C¥y-bnse
\K-c-ß-sf-°p-dn-®p \¬Inb hnh-c-W-߃ {i≤n-®-t√m.
Ah-bn¬\n∂v A°m-esØ \K-cß - s - f-°p-dn-®v Fs¥√mw hnh
c-ß-fmWv e`n-°p-∂Xv? N¿® sNøq.
Dev]m-Z-\-tI-{μ-ß-sfbpw N¥-I-sfbpw tI{μo-I-cn-®mWv \K-c-
߃ hf¿∂p-h-∂Xv. CØ-c-Øn¬ hf¿∂p-h∂ \KcßfmWv
[m°, ss]Øm≥, Im©o]p-cw, Dd-bq¿, a[pc XpS-ßn-bh.
ssIsØm-gn-ep-Im¿, hym]m-cn-Iƒ, DtZym-K-ÿ¿, ]cn-Nm-c-I¿,
ASn-a-Iƒ XpS-ßn-b-h-cm-bn-cp∂p \K-c-hm-knIƒ.

U¬ln
B{K

ap¿jn-Zm-_mZv
Al- Ω - Z m- _ mZv [m°
I¬°Ø
kqdØv

ss]Øm≥

lw]n
n-°-S¬

-S¬

Im©o]pcw
Ad-_

alm- _ - e n- ] pcw
Dƒ

Dd- b q¿
mƒ

tImgn- t °mSv a[pc X©m- h q¿

wK

sIm®n
_

sIm√w
a[y-Ime C¥y-bnse {][m\ hmWn-Py-tI-{μ-߃

a[y-Im-e C¥y-bnse {][m\ hmWnPytI{μ-߃ `q]-SØ - n¬\n∂v Is≠-

ØpI. Z£n-tW-¥y-bnse hmWnPytI{μ-ßf- psS ]ptcm-KX - nsb klm-bn®
`qanim-kv{X-]c- a- mb s]mXp-kh
- n-ti-jX Fs¥∂v N¿® sNøpI.

25
a[y-Ime C¥y : kaqlw hn`hw hn\n-abw
 kmaq-ly-imkv{Xw

sXmgn¬tI-{μ-߃
Im¿Jm-\-Iƒ {]h¿Øn-°p∂ henb apdn-Iƒ ]e ÿe-ß-fnepw
ImWp- ∂ p- ≠ v. Hcp apdn- b n¬ ta¬t\m- ´ - ° m- c \p Iogn¬
Nn{X- Ø p- ∂ ¬ \S- Ø p- ∂ - h sc ImWmw. as‰m- ∂ n¬ kz¿Æ- ∏ - W n-
sb- S p- ° p- ∂ - h - s c- . .. Nmbw- ] q- i p- ∂ - h cpw sNcp- ∏ p- ≠ m- ° p- ∂ - h cpw
sht∆sd apdn-Ifn¬ ]Wn sNøp-∂p-≠v....
_¿Wn-b¿
_¿Wn-b¿
_¿Wn- b ¿ F∂ {^©v k ©mcn sXmgn¬tI- { μ- ß - s fbpw
sXmgn¬hn-`m-K-ß-sf-bpw-°p-dn®v hnh-cn-°p-∂-XmWv apI-fn¬
sImSp-Øn´-p≈
- X
- v.

sNt¶m-´-bnse Im¿Jm\˛Hcp s]bn‚ nwKv

apKƒ cmPm-°-∑m-cp-sSbpw {]`p-°-∑m-cp-sSbpw sIm´m-c-ßfn-

te°p≈ hkvXp-°ƒ \n¿Ωn®v hnX-cWw sNbvXn-cp-∂ tI{μ-
ß-fm-bn-cp∂p Im¿Jm-\-I-ƒ

GsX√mw sXmgn¬°q- ´ - ß - f mbn- c p∂p Im¿Jm- \ - I - f n¬

D≠m-bn-cp∂-Xv?

26
a[y-Ime C¥y : kaqlw hn`hw hn\n-abw
 Ãm≥tU¿Uv VI

P\-Pohn-Xw
apKƒ Ime-L-´-Øn¬ C¥y kμ¿in® {^©v k©m-cn-bmb
Sh¿Wn-b¿ C¥y-bnse kmaq-lnIPohn-Xs
- Ø-°p-dn®v hnh-cn-°p-
∂Xv {i≤n-°q.
C¥y-bnse Hmtcm ÿe-ß-fn-sebpw P\-ß-fpsS Pohn-X-co-Xn°pw
hkv{X-[m-c-W-Øn\pw `£-W-co-Xn°pw Imcy-amb hyXym-k-߃
D≠v. Bh-iy-Øn-tesd h¿W-s∏m-en-a-bp≈ hkv{Xw -[-cn-°p-∂-
hscbpw \ma-am-{X-amb hkv{Xw [cn-°p-∂-h-scbpw ChnsS I≠p.
Sh¿Wn-b¿ Sh¿Wn-b¿
Cu hnh-c-W-Øn¬\n∂v A∂sØ kmaq-lnIPohn-X-sØ-°p-
dn®v Fs¥√mw hnh-c-߃ e`n-°pw?
kmaq-ln-Ihpw kmº-Øn-Ih - p-amb Ak-aXz-߃ A°m-eØv P\-
߃°n-Sb - n¬ \ne-\n-∂n-cp-∂p. Ah Fs¥m-s°-bm-bn-cp∂psh∂v
t\m°mw.
PmXn, DtZym-Kw, kºØv XpS-ßn-b-hsb ASn-ÿm-\-
am°nbmWv kmaq-lnI]-Zh - n-Iƒ \n¿Æ-bn-°s
- ∏-´ncp-∂Xv.
cmPm-°-∑m¿, {]`p-°∑m¿, ]ptcm-ln-X∑m¿, DtZymK-ÿ¿
XpS-ßn-b-h¿ Db¿∂ kmaq-lnI-]-Zhn A\p-`-hn®p.
ssIsØm-gn-ep-Ifnepw Irjn-bnepw G¿s∏-´n-cp-∂h
- ¿ kaq-
l-Ønse Xmsg X´nep≈-h-cm-bn-cp-∂p.
Hmtcm PmXn-bn¬s∏-´h
- ¿°pw Ah-cp-tS-Xmb BNm-cß
- fpw
A\p-jvTm-\-ßfpw D≠m-bn-cp-∂p.
kXn, ssii-h-hn-hmlw XpS-ßn-b A\m-Nm-c-߃ \ne-
\n∂n-cp∂p.

hn⁄m-\t- I-{μ-amb C¥y

\Ωƒ C¥y-°m¿°v GXv `m-j-bnepw kwkm-cn-°m-\m-Ipw. F∂m¬
a‰p-≈-h¿°v \ΩpsS `mj hg-ßm≥ _p≤n-ap-´m-Wv. hn⁄m-\-
kºm-Z-\-Øn\v a‰p cmP cmPy-y-ß-fn-te°v C¥y-°m¿ t]mIp-∂n-√.
a‰p≈ cmPcmPy-y- ß - f n¬ \n∂p≈h¿ C¥y- b n- t e°v hcn- I - b m- W v .
NXp-cw-Kw, ]©-X-{¥w-I-Y-Iƒ, kwJym-imkv{Xw F∂nh temI-
Øn\v C¥y \¬Inb kw`m-h-\IfmWv...
Aao¿ Jp{kp
27
a[y-Ime C¥y : kaqlw hn`hw hn\n-abw
 kmaq-ly-imkv{Xw

k¬Ø\Øv ImeØv Pohn®ncp∂ Ihn Aao¿ Jp{kp--hns‚

hm°p-I-fm-Wn-h. C¥y-bpsS hn⁄m-\-]p-tcm-K-Xn-sb-°p-dn®v
CXn¬\n∂v Fs¥√mw a\- n-em-°mw?
\fμ k¿Δ-I-em-im-e-sb-°p-dn®v ap≥¢m- n¬ N¿® sNbv
Xn-´p≠t√m. a[y-Im-e C¥y-bnepw \nc-h[n hnZym-tI-{μ-߃
D≠m-bn-cp-∂p. temI-Øns‚ hnhn[ `mK-ß-fn¬ \n∂p≈
hnZym¿∞nIƒ Cu hnZym-tI-{μ-ß-fn¬ Adnhv tXSn-sb-Øn.
_\m-d-kv, B{K, emtlm¿, Im©n, aYp-c, U¬ln F∂n-hn-S-ß-
fnse hnZym-tI{μ-߃ Ch-bn¬ {it≤-b-am-bn-cp-∂p.
tPymXn-im-kv{Xw, KWn-X-im-kv{Xw F∂o hn⁄m-\-im-J-Iƒ
A°meØv ]ptcm-KXn t\Sn. `mkvI-cm-Nm-cy¿ cNn® eoem-hXn
{it≤-ba- mb KWn-Xi- m-kv{X-{K-Ÿa
- m-bn-cp-∂p. \nc-h[n IrXn-Iƒ
t]¿jy≥ `mj-bn-te°v X¿÷a sNø-s∏-´p. Pbv]q¿, U¬ln,
D÷bn\n, _\m-dkv F∂n-hn-S-ß-fn¬ hm\-\n-co-£W tI{μ-
߃ ÿm]n-°-s∏-´p.

a[y-Ime C¥y-bnse kmº-ØnI˛kmaq-lnI ÿnXnbpw˛ssh⁄m-\nI

cwK-ßf- nse ]ptcm-KXnbpw' F∂ hnj-bsØ ASn-ÿm-\a- m°n Hcp skan-
\m¿ kwL-Sn-∏n-°p-I.

a[y-Im-e-L-´-Øn¬ C¥y-bn-te°v h∂ k©m-cn-I-fp-sS

Ipdn-∏p-Iƒ B Ime-L-´-sØ-°p-dn®v hnh-c-߃ Xcp-∂p.
I®-hS- Ø
- n-\mbn \nc-h[n hntZ-in-Iƒ a[y-Im-eL
- ´- Ø
- n¬
C¥y-bn-te°v h∂p.
Im¿jnI˛hmWnPy ]ptcm-KX - n°pth≠ klm-bß - ƒ `c-
Wm-[n-Im-cn-Iƒ sNbvXp sImSp-Øp.
a[y-Im-e-L-´-Øn¬ ssIsØm-gnepw I®-hStI{μ-ßfpw
hf¿∂p-h-∂p.

28
a[y-Ime C¥y : kaqlw hn`hw hn\n-abw
 Ãm≥tU¿Uv VI

apKƒ cmPm-°∑ - m-cp-sSbpw {]`p-°∑

- m-cp-sSbpw sIm´m-cß
- fn-
te°p≈ hkvXp-°ƒ \n¿Ωn®v hnX-cWw sNbvXn-cp-∂
tI{μ-ß-fm-bn-cp∂p Im¿Jm-\-I-ƒ
a[y-Im-e-L-´-Øn¬ kmaq-ln-I-˛-km-º-ØnI Ak-aXzw
\ne\n-∂n-cp-∂p.
C¥y kmº-ØnI ]ptcm-K-Xn-s°m∏w hn⁄m\ ]ptcm-K-
Xnbpw ssIh-cn-®p.

Ncn-{X-t{km-Xkv F∂ \ne-bn¬ bm{Xm-hn-h-c-W-ß-fpsS

{]m[m\yw Xncn-®-dn-bp-∂p.
a[y-Ime C¥y-bnse kmaq-lnI -kmº-ØnI Po-hn-Xw
hni-I-e\w sNøp-∂p.
\K-c-ß-fpsS hf¿®sb klm-bn® hnhn[Xcw kmº-
ØnI{]h¿Ø-\-߃ hne-bn-cp-Øp-∂p.
a[y-Ime C¥y hn⁄m-\-cw-KØv ssIh-cn® ]ptcm-KXn
hni-Za- m-°p-∂p.

a[y-Ime C¥y-bnse Im¿jn-I-{]h¿Ø-\-߃ anI-hp-‰-

Xm-bn-cp-∂p. hni-Z-am-°pI.
s\bvØn-s‚bpw I®-hS- Ø - n-s‚bpw hym]\w \K-cß - f- psS
hf¿®sb klm-bn-®sXßs\?
a[y-Ime C¥y-bn-te°v k©m-cn-Is - fbpw I®-hS- °
- m-scbpw
BI¿jn® LS-I-߃ Fs¥√mw?
a[y-Ime C¥y hn⁄m-\-cw-KØv ssIh-cn® ]ptcmKXn
]cn-tim-[n-°p-I.

29
a[y-Ime C¥y : kaqlw hn`hw hn\n-abw
 kmaq-ly-imkv{Xw

]T- \ - b m- { XIfpsS ASnÿm\Øn¬ k©m- c - ° p- d n- ∏ v

Fgp-Xn Xbm-dm-°p-I.
a[y-Ime C¥y-bnse {][m\ hmWnPy tI{μ-ßfpw Ah
C∂v ÿnXn sNøp∂ kwÿm-\-ßfpw ]´n-I-s∏-Sp-Øp-I.
hnhn[ k©mc kmlnXy IrXn-Iƒ hmbn®v Ipdn∏v Xbm-
dm-°p-I.
Cu A[ym-b-Øn¬ ]cn-N-b-s∏´ k©m-cn-I-fp-sSbpw
AhcpsS {KŸ-ß-fp-sSbpw t]cp-Iƒ ]´n-I-s∏-Sp-Øp-I.

kzbw hne-bn-cpØmw
]q¿Æ-ambn `mKn-Ia- mbn sa®s∏
tS≠Xp≠v
a[y-Ime C¥ybn-te°ph∂ k©m-cn-Iƒ
Bsc-√m-sa∂v Xncn-®-dn-bm≥ Ignbpw
k©m-cn-I-fpsS Ipdn-∏p-I-fn¬ \n∂v a[y-
Ime C¥y-bnse P\-Po-hnXw hni-I-e\w
sNøm≥ Ign-bpw.
a[y-Ime C¥y-bnse kmaq-lnI˛kmº-
Øn-Im-hÿ Xncn-®-dn-bm≥ Ign-bpw.
a[y-Ime C¥y-bpsS kº-∂X°v ASn-
ÿm\w Irjn- b m- b n- c p- ∂ p- s h∂v
Is≠Øm≥ Ign-bpw.
s\bvØpw I®-h-Shpambn-cp∂p \Kc-ß-
fpsS hf¿®bpsS ASn-ÿm-\-sa∂v Xncn-®-
dn-bm≥ Ign-bpw.
a[y-Ime C¥ybnse hn⁄m-\-cw-KsØ
]ptcm-KXn Xncn-®-dn-bm≥ Ign-bpw.

30
a[y-Ime C¥y : kaqlw hn`hw hn\n-abw
tIcfw : aÆpw agbpw a\p-jy\pw

""hgn... hgn HXpßn\n¬°Ww...''

temdn-If
- n¬ \n∂v Npa-Sp-ambn \oßp∂ sXmgn-em-fn-Iƒ hnfn®p
]d-bp-∂p-≠m-bn-cp-∂p. A—-t\m-sSm∏w ]´-WØ
- n-se-Ønb Rm≥
BZy-am-bmWv C{Xbpw henb ]®-°-dn-°-tºmfw ImWp-∂-Xv.
F{X hep-Xm-Wo Itºmfw!
aØ\pw sh≈-cnbpw ae- t]mse Iqºmcw Iq´n-bn-cn-°p-∂p.
]Sh-e-ß, Imc-‰v, Imt_-Pv, hmg-°p-e-, sh≠-bv°, ]mh-bv°...
F{X-sb{X Xcw ]®-°d - n-If
- m-Wn-hn-sS! Ah[n Ign-™p≈ Zn\-
am-bn-cp-∂-Xn-\m¬ \√ Xnc-°m-bn-cp-∂p. FhnsS \n∂mWo ]®-
°-dn-Is- fms° FØp-∂Xv?
 kmaq-ly-imkv{Xw

ssakqcp, Du´n, ta´p-∏m-f-bw, Iºw, tX\n, HsV≥®{Xw,

\mK¿tImhn¬ F∂n-ßs\ Iptd ÿe-ßf - psS t]cp-Iƒ A—≥
F\n-°v ]d-™p-X-∂p. \ΩpsS {][m\`-£-W-amb Acn-bp-sS
\s√mcp ]¶p-sa-Øp-∂Xv C\n-bp-
tasd AIse koam{‘bn¬
\n∂pw HUnj-bn¬\n∂p-sam-s°-
bm-W-t{X. apfIv, a√n, ]b¿,
ISe... tIcfØn\v ]pdØp
\n∂pw FØp∂ km[\ßfmWv
H´pan°Xpw Fs∂\n°v t_m[y-
ambn. C\n ]q°tfm? ap√∏q,
sNØn, Pa¥n, Xmac F∂n-
ßs\ tIcfØn¬ hn‰gn-
°s∏Sp∂ ]q°ƒ FØp∂Xpw
AXn¿Øn°∏p- d Øp \n∂p-
Xs∂.
\ap°v th≠ ]®-°-dn-Iƒ, ]ehyRvP\߃, ]q°ƒ XpS-ßn-
b-h-bn¬ `qcn-`m-Khpw A\y-kw-ÿm-\-ß-fn¬ \n∂pw sIm≠p-
h-tc≠nhcp-∂Xv F¥p-sIm-≠mbncn°mw?
Hcp- I m- e Øv ]´- W - ß - f n¬ am{X- a mWv CØ- c - Ø n¬
]pdØp\n∂pw ]®-°-dn-Ifpw ]q°fpsams° FØn-bn-cp-∂-Xv.
C∂v \ΩpsS \m´n≥]p-d-ß-fnepw CXp-Xs∂ ÿnXn.
]®-°-dn-Ifpw `£y-[m-\y-ß-fp-sams° \ap°v Xs∂ Irjn
sNbvXp-IqtS? CXn\v Fs¥m-s°-bmWv ASn-ÿm-\L - S- I
- ß
- f
- mbn
th≠-Xv?
hf-°q-dp≈ aÆv
A\p-tbm-Py-amb
Imem-hÿ
Pee`yX
a\p-jym-[zm\w
at‰sX-¶nepw LS-I-ß-fp-s≠-
¶n¬ Iq´n-t®¿°q.

32
tIcfw : aÆpw agbpw a\p-jy\pw
 Ãm≥tU¿Uv VI

Ab¬\mSp-am-sbmcp Xmc-Xayw
tIc-f-Øn-te°v ]®-°-dn-Ifpw ]q°fpw ]ehyRvP-\-ßfpw
FØn-°p-∂-Xn¬ Xan-gv\m-SmWv ap∂n¬. Xan-gv\m-´n-sebpw tIc-
f-Øn-sebpw Im¿jn-I-km-l-Ncy߃ \ap-s°m∂v Xmc-Xayw
sNbvXmtem? t\csØ \mw Is≠-Ønb ASn-ÿm-\L - S- I
- ß
- ƒ
ap≥\n¿Øn-bmImw Xmc-Xa
- yw. Xmsg \¬Inb ]´n-II - ƒ t\m°q.

{][m\ aÆn-\ß
- ƒ Pee`yX
tIcfw Xangv\mSv
tIcfw Xangv\mSv

$ hm¿jnI ag $ hm¿jnI ag
300 [Link]. 95.9 [Link].
F°¬aÆv sNΩÆv $ 44 \ZnIƒ $ 14 \ZnIƒ
$ ag e`n°p∂Xn- $ag IpdhmbXn\m¬
em‰-ssd‰v aÆv Idp-Øa
- Æv \m¬ ]ebnSß- PetkN\ kuIcyw
fnepw PetkN\- hym]Iambn G¿s∏-
h\-aÆv em‰s-sd‰v aÆv kuIcy-ßfpsS SptØ-≠X - p≠v.
BhiyIXbn√.
sNΩÆv Xoc-tZi aÆv

tIc-f-Ønepw Xan-gv\m-´nepw GXm≠v Htc-X-c-Øn-ep≈ aÆn-\-

KT 45-3/Social Sci. - 6(M) Vol-1

ß-fmWv ImW-s∏-Sp-∂-Xv. F∂m¬ Irjn°v G‰hpw A\p-tbm-

Py-amb F°¬aÆv tIc-f-Øn-em-Wp-≈-Xv. ag-bpsS -e-`y-X-bn-em-
Is´ tIcfw Xan-gv\m-Sn-t\-°mƒ Gsd ap∂n-em-Wv.
as‰-s¥ms° \nK-a-\-ß-fn-seØmw?

33
tIcfw : aÆpw agbpw a\p-jy\pw
 kmaq-ly-imkv{Xw

tIcfw Im¿jnI {]h¿Ø-\-߃°v A\p-tbm-Py-amb {]tZ-i-

am-sW∂v t_m[y-am-bnt√?
Irjn-°-\p-Iq-e-amb Cu kml-N-cy-ß-sf tIc-fw Hcp ImeØv
th≠-hn[w D]--tbm-K-s∏-Sp-Øn-bn-cp-∂p. sXßv, s\√v, ac-®o\n,
tN\, Im®n¬ XpS-ßnb hnf-I-sf-°q-SmsX Ipcp-ap-f-Iv, C©n,
Gew XpS-ßnb kpK‘hnf-Ifpw hf-cp-∂X - n\v A\p-Iqe kml-
N-cy-ß-fp≈ \mSmWv tIc-fw.
tIc-f-Øns‚ Cu Im¿jn-I-ssh-hn-[y-hpw AXn\p Imc-W-amb
`q{]-IrXnkhn-ti-j-X-I-f-pw \ap°v ]cn-tim-[n°mw.

tIc-fØ
- ns‚ `q{]-IrXnsshhn[yhpw Irjnbpw
kap-{Z-\n-c-∏n-¬ \n∂p≈ Db-c-Øns‚ ASn-ÿm-\-Øn¬ tIc-f-
Øns‚ `q{]-Ir-Xnsb ae-\m-Sv, CS-\m-Sv, Xoc-{]-tZiw F∂n-ßs\
Xncn-°m-sa∂v ap≥ ¢m n¬ \n߃ ]Tn-®n-´p-≠v. Cu `q{]-IrXn
hn`m-Kß
- tfmtcm-∂nepw Irjn sNøp∂ hnf-Iƒ°v Nne {]tXy-
I- X - I fp≠v . sshhn- [ y-
tIcfw am¿∂ hnf- I ƒ Irjn
sNøm≥ A\p-tbm-Py-amWv
I¿Wm-SI \ΩpsS `q{]-IrXn.
e£

Xan-gv\mSv
Zzo ]
vI
S¬

[Link].

Nn{Xw 3.1

34
tIcfw : aÆpw agbpw a\p-jy\pw
 Ãm≥tU¿Uv VI

ae-\mSv

Nn{Xw 3.2

tIcfØns‚ Ing-°≥ {]tZi-߃ Dƒs∏-Sp∂ ae- tPm¨ tPmk^v a¿^n

\m´n¬ agbpw a™pw XWp∏pw GsdbmWv . kap-{Z- Ab¿e‚ v
\n-c-∏n¬ \n∂pw hfsc Db-cØn¬ ÿnXn sNøp-∂ kztZ- i n- b mb
kly-]¿ΔX\nc-bpsS `mK-amWnhnSw. ChnsS Irjn Ct±lw C¥y-
bnse d_¿
sNøp∂ Gew, tXbne F∂o hnf-If - mWv Nn{X-Øn¬.
Irjn-bpsS
(Nn{Xw 3.2). Cu hnf-If
- psS hf¿®-°m-hi
- y-amb `qanim-
(1872 ˛ 1957) ]nXm-hm-bmWv
kv{X-L-S-I߃ NphsS tN¿°p-∂p. Adn- b - s ∏- S p-
Xm]-\n-e 30 Un{Kn sk¬jy-kn¬ Xmsg- ∂Xv. At±lw kplr-Øp-°-
tfm- s Sm∏w s]cn- b m- d ns‚
[mcm-f-ambn e`n-°p∂ ag
XocØv Bep-h-bv°-Sp-Ømbn
\o¿hm¿®bp≈ aÆv 1902˛¬ d_¿ Irjn XpS-ßn.
ae-\m-Sns‚ ÿm\w `q]Sw (Nn{Xw 3.1) \nco-£n®v ]n∂oSv At±lw tIm´bw Pn√-
Is≠-Øq. Gew, IpcpapfIv, C©n, a™ƒ XpS-ßnb bn¬ ap≠- ° - b - Ø n- \ - S pØv
G¥-bm-dn¬ hmWn-Pym-Sn-ÿm-\-
kpK-‘h - nf-Iƒ°pw tXbn-e, Im∏n XpS-ßnbhbv°pw
Øn¬ d_¿ Irjn Bcw-`n®p.
A\p-tbmPyamb Imem-h-ÿ-bmWv Chn-sS-bp-≈-Xv. tIhew Hcp πm‚¿ am{X-am-bn-
Cu `q{]-IrXn hn`m-K-Øn-¬ \n∂pw e`n® kpK-‘- cp- ∂ n√ a¿^n. sXmgn- e m- f n-
hn-f-I-fpsS s]cp-a-bmWv tIc-fsØ hntZ-in-I-fpsS Iƒ°mbn s]≥j≥ B\p-Iq-
{]nb-s∏´ CS-am-°n-bs- X∂v Ncn-{Xw ]d-bp-∂p. F∂m¬ ey-߃, \m´p-Im¿°mbn hnZym-
e-b-߃, Bcm-[-\m-e-b-߃
tIc-fØ - ns‚ Imem-hÿ - b
- nepw `qhn-\n-tbm-KØ
- nepw
F∂nh At±lw ]WnXp
h∂ am‰-߃ Cu taJ-e-bnse Im¿jn-I Dev]m-Z- \¬In.
\sØ Gsd _m[n-®n-´p-≠v.

35
tIcfw : aÆpw agbpw a\p-jy\pw
 kmaq-ly-imkv{Xw

\ΩpsS ae-\mSv {]tZiw GsXms° hnf-I-fpsS Irj-n°mWv A\p-

tbmPyw? ]´n-I-bm-°q.
F¥p-sIm-≠mWv \n߃ ]´n-I-bn¬ Dƒs∏-Sp-Ønb hnf-Iƒ ae-
\m-´n¬ Irjn sNøm\mIp-∂Xv?

CS-\mSv
Xoc-{]-tZ-iØ
- n\pw ae-\m-Sn-\p-an-Sb
- n-em-bmWv CS-\mSv . tIc-fØ
- n¬
G‰hpw A[nIw hnf-ssh-hn-[y-ap≈ {]tZ-i-am-Wn-Xv. `£y-[m-
\y-߃, ]®-°d - n-Iƒ, Ing-ßp-h¿§-߃ XpS-ßn-bh CS-\m-´nse
hnf-ssh-hn-[y-Øns‚ `mK-am-Wv. at‰-sXms° hnf-I-fmWv CS-
\m-´n¬ {][m-\-ambpw Irjn sNøp-∂-sX∂v Nn{Xw (Nn{Xw 3.3)
t\m°n Is≠-Øq.

Nn{Xw 3.3
[mcm-f-ambn e`n-°p∂ ag, Cu taJ-e-bnse sNdpIp∂n≥
{]tZißfnse em‰-ssd‰v aÆns‚bpw \Zo-X-S-ß-fnse F°¬
aÆn-s‚bpw kmam\yw I\Ø Bh-cWw XpS-ßn A\p-Iq-e `qan-
imkv{XLS-Iß - fmWv C
- S-\m-´nse hnf-ssh-hn-[y-Øn\v Imc-Ww.
tIc-f-Ønse {][m\ hmWn-Py-hn-f-bmb d_¿ Irjn sNøp-∂-
Xn\v G‰hpw A\p-tbm-Py-amWnhn-Sw. Ccp-]Xmw \q‰m-≠ns‚
BZy-]m-Z-Øn-emWv Cu taJ-e-bn¬ d_¿ hym]-I-ambn Irjn
sNøm≥ XpS-ßp∂-Xv. AXp-hsc ac-®o-\n, Im®n¬, tN\ XpS-
ßnb Ing-ßp-h¿K-ßfpw ]®-°-dn-Ifpw hym]-I-ambn Irjn
sNbvXn-cp-∂p. GØ-hmg Irjn-bpw Cu taJ-e-bn¬ hym]-I-am-
bn- c p- ∂ p. CS- \ mSns‚ Cu hnf- s sh- h n[yw AXn- t hKw
d_- d n\v hgn- a m- d p- I - b m- W v . sNdnb IrjnbnS- ß ƒt]mepw
C∂v d_¿ Irjn-°mbn D]-tbm-K-s∏-Sp-Øp-∂p. Hcn-°¬ \´v

36
tIcfw : aÆpw agbpw a\p-jy\pw
 Ãm≥tU¿Uv VI

hnf-sh-Sp∏v XpS-ßn-bm¬ Gsd-°mew hnfhv e`n-°p-sa∂Xv d_-

dns‚ ta∑-bm-Wv.
I¿j-I¿ ]c-º-cm-KX hnf-Iƒ Dt]-£n®v d_¿ Irjn-bn-te°v amdm≥
Imc-Ws- a-¥m-bn-cn°mw? CXv Ah-cpsS Pohn-Xs- si-en-bn¬ D≠m-°p∂
am‰-߃ Fs¥m-s°-bm-bn-cn°pw? N¿® sNøq.

Xoc-{]-tZiw

Nn{Xw 3.4

kap-{Z-\n-c-∏n¬\n∂pw A[nIw Db-c-an-√mØ {]tZ-i-amWv Xoc-

{]-tZiw. Fs¥m-s°-bmWv Xoc-{]-tZ-i-ß-fnse apJy-hn-f-Iƒ?
Nn{Xw 3.4 ]cn-tim-[n-°q. Xmgv∂ CS-ß-fnse F°¬a-Æns‚
\nt£]w s\¬°r-jn°pw Xoc{]-tZ-i-ß-fnse D∏p-c-k-ap≈
F°¬a-Æv sXßv Irjn°pw Gsd A\p-Iq-e-am-Wv.
Cu hnf-Iƒ kar-≤-ambn Irjn-sN-bvXn-cp∂ Xoc-{]-tZ-i-ta-J-e-
Iƒ Ime-{I-taW P\-hm-k-tI-{μ-ß-fmbn amdm≥ XpS-ßn. CXv
Irjn`qanbpsS Af-hn¬ Imcy-amb Ipd-hp-≠m-°n. hnØv, hfw,
XpS-ßn-b-h-bnse hne h¿≤\hv Irjn BZm-b-I-ca√mXm-°n.
CXp-aqew I¿j-I¿ a‰p sXmgn-ep-If
- n-te°v amdm≥ \n¿_-‘n-X-
cm-bn.

`q{]-Ir-Xn, Imem-hÿ
- , Pe-e`- y-X, aÆns‚ hf-°qdv F∂nh tIc-fØ - n¬
sshhn-[y-am¿∂ hnf-Iƒ Irjn sNøp-∂X - n\v A\p-Iq-ea- m-sW-∂v a\- n-
em-bt√m? F∂n´pw tIc-fØ - n¬ Irjn ]n∂m°w t]mIm≥ CS-bm°nb
kml-Ncyw F¥v? N¿® sNøq.

37
tIcfw : aÆpw agbpw a\p-jy\pw
 kmaq-ly-imkv{Xw

Irjnsb s\t©-‰nb \mSv

tIcfw Hcp Im¿jn-Ik

- w-kI
v m-cØ
- ns‚ tI{μ-am-bn-cp-∂p- F∂Xn\v
sXfn-hmbn At\Iw BtLm-j-ßfpw BNm-c-ßfpw \ΩpsS
\m´n-ep-s≠∂v ap≥ ¢m n¬ \n߃ a\knem°nbn´p≠t√m.
\ΩpsS \m´nse Nne ]g-s©m-√p-Iƒ {i≤n-°q. "Ipw`-Øn¬ ag
s]bvXm¬ Ip∏-bnepw amWnIyw', "Ipw`-Øn¬ \´m¬ IpS-tØmfw
tN\', "ao\-Øn¬ \´mtem ao≥ IÆn-t\m-fw', "Xncnapdn-bmsX
Xncp-hm-Xnc Rm‰p-th-e...' CsX√mw Irjnbpw Imem-h-ÿbpw
\ΩpsS kwkvIm-cØ- n¬ F{X-am{Xw kzm[o\w sNep-Øn-bn-cp∂p
F∂-Xn\p≈ sXfnhpI-fm-Wv.

Irjn-bp-ambn _‘-s∏´ IqSp-X¬ ]g-s©m-√p-Iƒ Is≠-Øq. Ah-sb-

°p-dn®v Ipdn-∏p-Iƒ Xbm-dm-°q.

amdp∂ `qhn-\n-tbm-Kw, amdp∂ Pohn-X{- Iaw

tIcfØnse Nne {][m\ hnfIfpsS `qhnkvXrXnbn¬ Ign™
Ac\q‰m≠n\nsS D≠mbn´p≈ hyXymkamWv NphsS
tN¿°p∂ ]´nIbn¬.

h¿jw
hnf 1961 1987 2011
(`qhnkvXrXn e£w slIvSdn¬)

s\√v 7.5 6.04 2.08

ac®o\n 2.37 1.72 0.75
sXßv 5.05 7.75 8.21
d_¿ 1.33 3.59 5.40
Ahew_w : ^mw ssKUv, Un∏m¿´vsa‚ v Hm^v F°tWmanIvkv & Ãm‰nÃnIvkv

38
tIcfw : aÆpw agbpw a\p-jy\pw
 Ãm≥tU¿Uv VI

GsXms° hnfIfpsS `qhnkvXrXnbnemWv Ipdhv tcJ-

s∏-Sp-Øn--bn-´p-≈X
- v?
GXp hnfbpsS `qhnkvXrXnbmWv G‰hpw Ipd™n´p≈Xv?
GsXms° hnfIfpsS `qhnkvXrXnbmWv IqSnbn´p≈Xv?
apI-fn¬ \¬Inb tNmZy-ß-fpsS ASn-ÿm-\-Øn¬ ]´nI hni-
I-e\w sNøp-tºmƒ Fs¥√mw \nK-a-\-߃ cq]o-I-cn-°mw?
s\√v, ac-®o-\n F∂o hnf-I-fpsS Irjn-bn¬ Ipdhv hcp-
tºmƒ d_¿°rjn hym]n-°p-∂Xmbn ImWmw.

kwÿm-\-Øns‚ s]mXp-`q-hn-\n-tbm-K-Ønepw C°m-e-b-f-hn¬

henb am‰-߃ D≠m-bn-´p-≠v. Ipf-ßfpw hb-ep-Ifpw aÆn´v
\nIØn a‰m-h-iy-߃°mbn hn\n-tbm-Kn-°p-∂Xpw Ip∂n-Sn-°-
epw Ip∂n≥Ncn-hp-I-fn¬ Aim-kv{Xo-b-ambn Irjn sNøp-∂-Xp-
sams° C∂v tIc-f-Øn¬ hym]-I-am-bn-cn-°p-∂p.

Irjn-`q-an- Ipd-bp∂Xv Im¿jnI taJ-eb

- n¬ D≠m-°p∂ am‰-߃ Fs¥m-
s°-bm-bn-cn°pw? N¿® sNøp-I.

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amdp∂ Pohn-X{- Iaw
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]mSØpw ]d-ºn-ep-sams° A≤zm-\n-®n-cp∂hcm-bn-cp∂p \ΩpsS

]gb Xe-ap-d. \qX\ sXmgn¬ta-J-e-Iƒ h∂-tXmsS ]pXnb
Xe-apdbv°v Irjn-tbm-Sp≈ XmXv]cyw Ipd-™p. Irjn-bn¬
\n∂p e`n-°p-∂-Xn-t\-°mƒ hcp-am\w a‰p taJ-e-I-fn-¬ \n∂p
e`n-°p-sa-∂-Xn-\m¬ Irjn sas√ Dt]-£n-°-s∏-´p. s]mXpsh
Imbn-Im-[zm\w IqSp-X¬ th≠ Im¿jnI {]h¿Ø-\-ß-fn¬
\n∂v ae-bmfn ]Xps° ]n≥am-dm≥ XpS-ßn. CXv Pohn-X-co-Xn-
bnepw Btcm-Ky-kp-c-£-bnepw A-\-h[n am‰-߃°n-S-bm-°n.

39
tIcfw : aÆpw agbpw a\p-jy\pw
 kmaq-ly-imkv{Xw

Pohn-Xssienbn-ep-≠mb am‰-ßf- mWv ]pXp-Xe

- a
- pdtcmK-ßf
- mb
c‡-k-Ω¿±w, lrt{Zm-Kw, {]talw F∂nhbv°v apJy Imc-W-
at{X. Pohn-Xs
- sieo tcmK-߃ F∂m-Wn-hbv°v s]mXp-sh-bp≈
t]cv.
Im¿jn-I-kw-kvIm-c-Øn¬ \n∂v amdnb ae-bm-fn-bpsS Pohn-X-
ssi- e n- b n¬ Fs¥ms° am‰- ß - f mWv D≠m- b n- ´ p- ≈ - X v ?
]´nIs∏SpØq.

{KmaoW Pohn-X-Øn¬ \n∂p \K-c-tI-{μo-Ir-X-amb PohnXcoXn-

bn-te°v amdnb ae-bmfn C∂v A`n-ap-Jo-I-cn-°p∂ Hcp {][m\
{]iv\-amWv amen-\y-kw-kvI-c-Ww. {Kma-ß-fn¬t]mepw amen-\y-
kw-kvI-c-W-kw-hn-[m-\-߃ A]-cym-]vX-am-Wv.
ho´nse amen-\y-߃ Ahn-sS-Øs∂ kwkvI-cn-®v ssPh-h-f-am-
°m\pw ]®-°-dn-tØm-´-ß-fnepw Irjn-bn-S-ß-fnepw D]-tbm-Kn-
°m\p-ap≈ ]pXnb ]≤-Xn-Iƒ Bhn-jv°cn--°msX C\n \ap°v
apt∂m´p t]mIm-\m-hn-√.
amen-\y-w Zp¿K‘w han-°msX kwkvI-cn-°m≥ C∂v \nc-h[n
am¿§ßƒ {]Nm-cØ - n-ep-≠v. ho´nse amen-\y-ßf
- n¬ AgpIn-s∏m-
Sn-bp-∂h D]-tbm-Kn®v aÆnc ItºmÃv Xøm-dm-°mw. Cu hnZy
ASp-Øp≈ Irjn`h-\n¬ At\z-jn-®-dn-bq.
ssPh-am-en-\y-߃ D]-tbm-Kn®v _tbm-Kymkv \n¿Ωn-°p-Ib
- mWv
as‰m-∂v. _tbm-Kymkv πm‚ v \n¿Ωn-°p-∂-Xn\v k¿°m¿
k_vknUnbpw \¬Ip-∂p.

\ap-°ptXSmw _Z-ep-Iƒ
tIc-fw C∂v `qan-imkv{X khntijX-If
- psS km[y-XIƒ {]tbm-
P-\-s∏-Sp-Øp∂-Xn\p ]Icw Im¿jnI kwkvIm-c-sØ hn´-I-∂-
Xmbn I≠nt√?
]q¿W-ambpw Hcp Xncn-®p-t]m°v C\n km[y-amtWm? AXn-\p-I-
gn-bn-s√-¶nepw Nne _Z-ep-Iƒ \ap°v kzoI-cn-°m-hp-∂-XmWv.
Nne amXr-I-Iƒ {i≤n-°q (Nn{Xw 3.5, 3.6).

40
tIcfw : aÆpw agbpw a\p-jy\pw
 Ãm≥tU¿Uv VI

Nn{Xw 3.5

41
tIcfw : aÆpw agbpw a\p-jy\pw
 kmaq-ly-imkv{Xw

_Z-ep-Iƒ km[y-XI
- ƒ
Irjn sNøm-s\¥n\m aÆv !
Irjn sNø- W - s a- ∂ p- ≠ v , ]t£
aÆn√. \K-ch - m-kn-If - psS ÿncw ]cm-
Xn- I - f n- s em- ∂ m- W n- X v . sslt{Um-
t]mWnIvkv AXn-s\mcp ]cn-lm-ca - m-
Wv . kky- h - f ¿®- b v ° m- h - i y- a mb
[mXpe-hW - ß- ƒ sh≈-Øn-ee - n-bn®v
\¬Ip-Ib - m-Wn-hn-sS. thcp-Iƒ°v ]S-
cm≥ sXm≠v, Nc¬ XpS-ßnb hkvXp-
°ƒ \¬Im-hp-∂X - m-Wv.
hf- s c- ° p- d ®v ÿew D≈h¿°v -
t]mepw ho´n¬ ]®- ° dntØm´w
D≠m- ° m≥ klm- b - I - a mWv
sh¿´n°¬ s\‰v ^manw-Kv. apf-bntem
Iºp- I - f ntem hne- I p- d ™ he
IpØs\ hen- ® p- s I- ´ n- b mWv Cu
Irjn-coXn \S-∏m-°p-∂-Xv. Cßs\
sNøp-tºmƒ ]bdpw ]mh-ep-sams°
apI- f n- t e°v ]S- c p- ∂ - X n- \ m¬
ÿe°p-dhv {]-iv\a - m-In-√.

Nn{Xw 3.6

]cn-ÿnXn kulrZ Irjn°v \qdp-ta\n hnfhv

Ip´-\m-´nse BZysØ ]cn-ÿnXn kulrZ I¿j-Ic - n-sem-cm-fmWv ][Link]. tXmakv.
s\¬Ir- j n- b n- e mWv At±lw Xs‚ Im¿jnI ]co- £ Ww \S- Ø n- b - X v .
AsX-ßs - \-sb∂v Adn-tbt≠? CXm tIt´m-fq.
NmWIw, tKmaq-{Xw, ]mSsØ aÆv XpS-ßn-bh {]tXyI A\p-]m-XØ - n¬ Iq´n-°-
e¿Øn GXm\pw Znhkw AS-®p-aqSn sh®p. Cu an{inXw s\¬s®-Sn-Iƒ°p-aosX
hoin Hgn-®p. ssPh-an-{in-Xa
- m-bX
- p-sIm≠v sNSn-bn¬ hoWmepw Ipg-∏a - n-√. 15 Znhkw
hoXw CS-hn´v CXv aq∂pXhW Bh¿Øn-®p. Btcm-Ky-tØmsS hf¿∂ s\¬s®Sn-
I-fn¬ \ndsb IXn-cv. cmk-Irjn sNbvX a‰p ]mS-ßf - n-sems° G°-dn\v c≠c
S¨ s\√v In´n-bt- ∏mƒ tXma-kv tN´\v In´n-bXv 3 S¨ s\√v!

42
tIcfw : aÆpw agbpw a\p-jy\pw
 Ãm≥tU¿Uv VI

Cu amXr-I-I-fn¬ Nne-sX√mw A\p-I-c-Wo-b-am-Wv. CXn-eqsS

\ap°v \ΩpsS \jvSs∏´ Irjnsb ]q¿W-ambn Xncn-®p-]n-Sn-°m≥
Bhn- s √- ¶ nepw aÆns\ \ne- \ n¿Øm- \ mhpw. aÆns‚
\o¿hm¿Nbpw {]Ir-Xn-bpsS Ipfn¿abpw Xncn-®p-]n-Sn-°m≥ Bbm¬
Xs∂ AXv hen-sbmcp t\´-am-Wv.
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k¿°mcns‚ t{]m’ml\w
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tIc-f-Øns‚ Im¿jnI ]mc-ºcyw

Xncn- ® p- ] n- S n- ° m≥ k¿°m- c ns‚
Nne \qX-\-Ir-jn-co-Xn-Iƒ
t\Xr-Xz-Øn¬ \nc-h[n ]≤-Xn-Iƒ
lcn-X-Kr-l-Irjn (Green house Farming)
Bhn- j v I - c n- ® n- ´ p- ≠ v . P\ßsf sImSpw-XW- p-∏p≈ CS-ßf - n¬ hnf-Iƒ \in-®p-t]m-Im-
Irjn sNøm≥ t{]m’mln∏n°p∂ Xn-cn-°m-\mbn kv^SnI ta¬°qcbp≈ apdn-I-fn¬
\nch[n kvIoap-Ifpw k¿°m¿ Xe- Ahsb hf¿Øp-∂ c - o-Xn-bm-Wn-Xv.
Øn-ep≠v. shPn‰_nƒ B‚ v {^q´v IrXyXm-Irjn (Precision Farming)
Hmtcm {]tZ-i-sØbpw aÆn\pw hnfbv°pw Hmtcm
s{]mtamj≥ Iu¨kn¬ tIcf
kabØpw Bh-iy-amb ]cn-N-cWw (sh≈w, hfw
( V.F.P.C.K), AØc-Ønep≈ Hcp F∂n-h) IrXyamb Af-hn¬ \¬Ip∂ Irjn-co-Xn-bm-
kwcw`am-Wv. Wn-Xv. ]®-°d- n-Ir-jn-°\ - p-tbm-Py-amb \o¿hm¿®bpw
]g߃, ]®°dnIƒ, kpK‘- kqcy-{]-Im-ihpw e`n-°p∂ GXv ÿehpw IrXyXm
Irjn°v {]tbm-P\ - s
- ∏-Sp-Ømw.
hnfIƒ, Iq¨ C\߃, Huj[
s^¿´n-tK-j≥ (Fertigation)
kky- ß ƒ F∂nhbpsS Irjn sh≈hpw hfhpw IWn-Im-cq-]Ø - n¬ {Un∏-dp-If
- n-eqsS
t{]m’mln∏n-°pI F∂ e£y \¬Ip∂ coXn-bmWv s^¿´n-tK-j≥. ]q¿Æ-ambpw
tØmsSbmWv kwÿm\ tlmƒ´n sh≈-Øn¬ ebn-°p∂ cmk-hf - ß
- ƒ D]-tbm-Kn-°p-
Iƒ®¿ anj≥ {]h¿Øn°p∂Xv. ∂-Xp-sIm≠v sNSn-Iƒ°v Ah thK-Øn¬ hen-s®-Sp-
°m≥ Ign-bpw.
tX\o® hf¿Ø¬ t{]m’mln∏n-
°pI F∂Xpw Cu anjs‚ e£y
amWv. Irjn-h-Ip∏pw IpSpw-_-{io
a
- n- j \pw a‰p \nc- h [n GP≥kn-
Ifpw Irjn t{]m’mln∏n °p
∂Xn¬ k¿°m- c ns\ klmbn-
°p- ∂ p- ≠ v .

43
tIcfw : aÆpw agbpw a\p-jy\pw
 kmaq-ly-imkv{Xw

I¿j-IZ- n\w

Nnßw 1 I¿j-I-Zn-\-am-Wv.
Cu h¿jsØ I¿j-I-Zn\w \nß-fpsS kvIqfn¬
Fß-s\-bmWv BtLmjn°p-∂Xv? Iq´mbn Nn¥n-°p-at√m.

lcn-X-tI-cfw
tIc-fØ
- ns‚ `q{]-Ir-Xnbpw aÆpw Imem-hÿ - b - p-sa√mw Irjn°v
G‰hpw A\p-Iq-ea - m-Wv. CXns\ D]-tbm-Ks - ∏-Sp-Øp∂ Hcp Pohn-
X-ssi-en-bn-te°v tIcfob¿ amtd-≠-Xp-≠v. Hmtcm IpSpw-_hpw
Ah¿°m-hi - y-ap≈ ]®-°d - n-Iƒ ho´p-]d
- º
- n¬ Irjn sNøp-∂p.
kvIqƒ D®-`-£W ]cn-]m-Sn-°m-h-iy-amb ]®-°-dn-Iƒ kvIqƒ
tImºu-≠n¬Øs∂ Irjn sNbvXp-≠m-°p-∂p. \m´n-seßpw
hnj-an-√mØ ]®-°-dn-Ifpw `£y-[m-\y-ßfpw hnf-bp∂p.
]mSØpw ]d-ºnepw A≤zm-\n-°p-∂-Xp-sIm-≠v Pohn-X-ssieo
tcmK-ßf - pan√.
Cß-s\-sbmcp \msf-bmWv \ap°p th≠-Xv. \msa-√m-hcpw Hcp-
t]mse D’m-ln-®m¬ CsXms° \njv{]-bmkw km[n-°m-hp-
∂- t Xbp≈q. `q{]- I r- X n, aÆv , Imem- h ÿ, ag, \Zn- I ƒ
Chsbms° Im¿jn-I-{]-h¿Ø-\-߃°v A\p-Iq-e-amb \Ωp-
sS \mSns‚ Im¿jn- I - k w- k v I mcw hos≠- S p- ° m≥ \ap°v
ssItIm¿°mw.

44
tIcfw : aÆpw agbpw a\p-jy\pw
 Ãm≥tU¿Uv VI

tIc-f-Øns‚ `q{]-Ir-Xn-ssh-hn[yw Im¿jn-I-ssh-hn-[y-Øn\v

A\p-Iqe kml-Ncyw Hcp-°p-∂p.
tIc-fØ
- ns‚ `q-hn-\n-tbm-KØ
- n¬ am‰-߃ D≠mbn-´p-≠v. CXv
Irjn-bpsS hym]-\sØ kzm[o-\n-°p-∂p.
XnI®pw ]cn- ÿ nXnkulr- Z - ] - c - a mb Irjn- c o- X n- b mWv
ssPhhfw D]-tbm-Kn-®p≈ -Ir-jn-co-Xn.
tIc-f-Øns‚ Im¿jnI kwkvImcw Xncn-®p-]n-Sn-°p-∂-Xn-
\mbp≈ ]cn-]m-Sn-Iƒ Bhn-jvI-cn-t°-≠-Xp-≠v.
Irjn t{]m’m-ln-∏n-°p-∂X - n-\mbn \nc-h[n k¿°m¿ ]≤Xn-
Iƒ D≠v.

tIc-fw C∂v `£yhkvXp-°ƒ°mbn Ab¬ kwÿm-\-ß-

sf-bmWv B{i-bn-°p-∂Xv F∂p Is≠Øn Ah-X-cn-∏n-°p-
∂p.
Irjn-°\ - p-Iq-ea- mb `qan-imkv{X LS-Iß- f- mWv tIc-fØ
- n-ep-
≈-sX∂v Xncn-®-dn™v Ah-X-cn-∏n-°p-∂p.
tIc-fØ - nse `q{]-Ir-Xn, Imem-hÿ - , aÆn-\ß
- ƒ F∂n-hb - nse
sshhn[yw Im¿jnI sshhn-[y-Øn\v Imc-W-ambn F∂p-Xn-
cn-®-dn™v hni-Zo-I-cn-°p-∂p.
tIc-fØ - nse Im¿jnI `qhn-\n-tbm-KØ - n¬ D≠m-bn-´p≈ am‰-
߃ hni-Zo-I-cn-°p-∂p.
`£ykzbw-]c - ym-]vXX
- b
- v°m-bp≈ {]h¿Ø-\ß - f- n¬ G¿s∏-
Sm-\p≈ at\m-`mhw cq]s∏Sp-∂p.

45
tIcfw : aÆpw agbpw a\p-jy\pw
 kmaq-ly-imkv{Xw

tIc-fØ - ns‚ `q{]-Ir-Xn, Imem-hÿ - , aÆn-\ß- ƒ F∂nh-

bnse sshhn-[yw Im¿jnI sshhn-[ysØ kzm[o-\n-
°p∂pt≠m? DZm-l-c-W-k-lnXw hni-Z-am-°p-I.
`£y-kz-bw-]-cym-]vX-X-bv°mbn Hmtcm hy‡nbpw I¿Ω-
\n- c - X - c m- t I- ≠ - X p- ≠ v . hnZym¿∞n F∂ \ne- b n¬
Fs¥ms° {Inbm-flI - \
- S- ]
- S- n-If
- mWv CXn-\mbn \n߃°v
Gs‰-Sp-°m≥ Ign-bp-I?

Xcn-ip-In-S°
- p∂ ]mS-ßf - n¬ Iq´mbn Irjn sNøm≥ Irjn-
°msc t{]m’m-ln-∏n-°q. PetkN\w, If ]dn-bv°¬,
hf-{]-tbmKw F∂nh Hcpan®v sNøp-∂-Xns‚ sa®-߃
¢mkn¬ N¿® sNøq.
Irjn Hm^o-kd - p-ambn A`n-apJw \SØn \qX-\I- rjn coXn-
I-sf-°p-dn®v hnhcw tiJ-cn-°q.

46
tIcfw : aÆpw agbpw a\p-jy\pw
 Dev]m-Z\{]{In-b-bn-eqsS
\ΩpsS ]q¿hn-I¿ ImbvI-\n-Iƒ tiJ-cn®pw arK-ßsf th´-bm-
Snbpw Kpl-I-fn¬ Xma-kn®pw Ign-™n-cp∂ Ncn{Xw Hm¿°p-
at√m. C∂v Aßs\ Hcp Pohn-Xs - Ø-°p-dn®v Nn¥n-°m-\m-Iptam?
sam´vkqNn a-- p-X¬ Ir{Xntam]-{Klw hsc FÆn-bm¬ Xocm-Ø{X
km[-\-߃ C∂v D≠m-°p-∂p-≠v. \n߃ Hcp Znhkw D]-tbm-
Kn-°p∂ km[-\-ßfpsS t]cv Fgp-Xn-t\m-°q.
t]\
]pkvXIw

F¥mWv km[-\-߃ F∂-XpsIm≠v A¿∞-am-°p-∂Xv? a\p-

jys‚ Bhiy-߃ ]q¿Øo-I-cn-°m≥ D]-tbm-Kn-°m-hp-∂Xpw
ImWm\pw kv]¿in-°m\pw Ign-bp∂Xpamb hkvXp-°fmWv
km[-\-߃ (Goods). \n߃ apI-fn¬ Fgp-Xnb F√m km[-\-
߃°pw Cu khn-ti-j-X-Iƒ Dt≠m F∂v t\m°q.
\n߃ Fgp-Xnb F√m km[-\-ßfpw \n¿an-°p-hm\pw hnX-
 kmaq-ly-imkv{Xw

cWw sNøp-hm\pw [mcmfw Bfp-I-fpsS tkh-\-߃ D]-tbm-

Kn-°m-dp-≠t√m. F¥mWv tkh\w (Service)? Hcp DZm-l-cWw
t\m°mw.
\n߃ D]-tbm-Kn-°p∂ ]pkvXIw A®-Sn-®Xv AI-se-bp≈
GsX-¶nepw Hcp {]kn¬ Bbn-cn-°pw. AXv \nß-fpsS ssIhiw
FØn-bXv ]e BfpIfpsSbpw {]h¿Ø\^eambmWv. Cu
{]{In-b-bn¬ Fs¥√mw Dƒs∏-´n-´p-s≠∂v t\m°mw.
sXmgn-em-fn-Iƒ
KXm-KX- k
- u-Icysamcp°p∂h¿
]pkvXI hnXcW°m¿

Ch-sc√mw \¬Ip∂Xv tkh-\-߃ BWv. tkh-\-߃ ]e-

t∏m-gpw ImWp-hmt\m kv]¿in-°p-hmt\m Ign-bn√ adn®v A\p-
`-hn-®d
- n-bmw. A[ym-]\w Hcp tkh-\a - m-Wv. _m¶v DtZym-Kÿ
- ¿,
tUmIvS¿am¿ XpS-ßn-bh - c
- n¬ \n∂pw \ap°v Pohn-XØ- n¬ tkh-
\-߃ e`n°m-dp-≠v.
\mw Znh-tk\ D]-tbm-Kn-°p∂ km[-\-ßfpw tkh-\-ßfpw
]´nI-s∏-Sp-Øn-bm¬ [mcm-f-ap-≠m-Ipw. C{Xbpw km[-\-ßfpw
tkh-\-ßfpw \ΩpsS Bh-iy-߃ \nd-th-‰m≥ th≠n-bm-Wv
\mw D]-tbm-Kn-°p-∂X - .v AXp-sIm-≠v Ah Dev]m-Zn-∏n-t°≠-Xp≠v.

F¥mWv Dev]m-Z\w (Production)?

a\p-jys‚ Bh-iy-߃ \nd-th-‰p-∂-Xn-\p≈ km[-\-ßfpw
tkh-\-ßfpw \n¿Ωn-°p∂ {]{In-b-bmWv Dev]m-Z-\w. Dev]m-Z-\-
^-e-ambn e`n-°p-∂XmWv Dev]∂w (Product). s\√v F∂
Dev]∂w cq]-s∏-Sp∂ hnhn[ L´ßƒ Fs¥m-s°-sb∂v Nn{Xw
4.1˛¬ \n∂v Is≠-Øm-a-t√m.
\new Hcp-°¬
hnØv hnX-bv°¬/Rm¿ \So¬
If ]dn-°¬
hfw hnXd¬

48
Dev]m-Z\{]{In-b-bn-eqsS
 Ãm≥tU¿Uv VI

Nn{Xw 4.1
sImbvØv
I‰ saXn-°¬
s\√v tiJ-cn-°¬
ChnsS s\√p¬]m- Z \w F∂ {]{In- b - b n¬ GsX√mw
LSIßfpsS ]¶mfn-Ø-ap-≠v?
sXmgn-em-fn-Iƒ
{]Ir-Xn-hn-`-h-߃ (`qan, Pew...)
a\p-jy-\n¿ΩnX hkvXp-°-ƒ(hfw, hnØv b{¥-߃,....)
\nc-h[n LS-I-ß-fpsS {]h¿Ø-\-^-e-ambn am{Xta Dev]m-Z\w
\S-°p-Ib- p≈q F∂v a\ n-emb-t√m. Cßs\ Hcp Dev]∂
- Ø
- ns‚
Dev]m-Z\
- Ø- n\v klm-bn-°p∂ hnhn[ LS-Iß
- fmWv Devv]m-Z\
- -
L-SI- ß
- ƒ.

Dev]m-Z-\-L-S-I-߃ (Factors of Production)

Nn{Xw 4.2
49
Dev]m-Z\{]{In-b-bn-eqsS
 kmaq-ly-imkv{Xw

Hcp sNcp∏v \n¿ΩmW ^mIvS-dn-bpsS Nn{X-amWv (Nn{Xw 4.2)

sImSp-Øn-´p-≈-Xv. sNcp∏v F∂ Dev]∂w \n¿Ωn-°p-∂-Xn¬
GsX√mw LSIßfpsS klmbw e`n-®n-´p-≠v?
sI´n-Sß
- ƒ
b{¥-߃
sXmgn-em-fn-Iƒ
sshZypXn
kwLm-SI - ≥

Ch Fß-s\-bmWv sNcp∏v F∂ Dev]∂w D≠m-°p-hm≥

klmbn-®Xv F∂v N¿® sNbvXp Is≠-Øm-at- √m. Cßs\ Dev]m-
Z-\Ø
- n\v klm-bn-°p∂ LS-Iß - sf s]mXpth \membn XcwXn-
cn-°mw.
`qan (Land)
sXmgn¬ (Labour)
aqe-[\w (Capital)
kwLm-S\w (Organization)
Ch Hmtcm-∂n-s‚bpw khn-ti-j-X-Iƒ t\m°mw:
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`qan (Land)
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Dev]m-Z-\-L-SIw F∂ \ne-bn¬
hnim-e-amb A¿∞-Øn-emWv `qan
F∂ ]Zw D]-tbm-Kn-®n-cn-°p∂Xv.
km[-\ß - f
- psS Dev]m-Z\
- Ø
- n\v D]-
tbm-Kn-°p∂ F√m {]IrXn hn`-h-
ßfpw `qan F∂-Xn¬s∏-Spw. `utam-
]-cn-X-e-Øn-sebpw `uam-¥-co-£-
Øn-sebpw `uam-¥¿`m-K-sØbpw
F√m {]IrXnhn`-h-ßfpw Dev]m-Z-
\-L-S-I-amb `qan F∂-Xn¬ ]cn-K-
Wn-°pw.
Nn{Xw 4.3

50
Dev]m-Z\{]{In-b-bn-eqsS
 Ãm≥tU¿Uv VI

At∏mƒ Dev]m-Z-\-L-S-I-sa∂ \ne-bn¬ `qan-bn¬ GsXm-s°

{]Ir-Xn-hn-`-h-ß-ƒ Dƒs∏-Spw? Fgp-Xn-t\m-°q.
aÆv
Pew
h\-߃
hmbp
I¬°cn

Xmsg sImSp-Øn-cn-°p∂ kqN-I-߃ N¿® sNbvXv `qan F∂

Dev]m-Z\
- L
- S- I
- Øns‚ khn-ti-jX
- I
- ƒ Is≠Øq.
kqN-Iß
- ƒ
Dev]m- Z - \ - L - S - I - a mb `qan F∂Xn¬ GsXms°
{]IrXnhn`h-߃ Dƒs∏Spw?
`qan-bn¬ Dƒs∏-Sp∂ Ic-`m-K-Øns‚ hnkvXrXn \ΩpsS
Bhiyw A\p-k-cn®v h¿≤n-∏n-°p-hm-\m-Iptam?
`qan-bnse Ic-`m-K-Øns‚ ^e-]pjvSn h¿≤n-∏n-°p-hm≥
Ignbptam? F¶n¬ Fßs\?
`qan F∂ Dev] v m-Z\ - L
- S- I
- sØ as‰mcp ÿe-tØ°v Nen∏n-
°p-hm≥ Ign-bptam?
Dev]m-Z-\-{]-{In-b-bn¬ Dƒs∏-´n-´p≈ F√m LS-I-߃°pw
{]Xn^ew e`n-°p-∂p≠v. Dev]m-Z-\-L-SIw F∂ \ne-bn¬ `qan-
bpsS {]Xn-^-e-amWv ]m´w (Rent).
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sXmgn¬ (Labour)
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GsXmcp Dev]-∂-Øn-s‚bpw Dev]m-Z-\-Øn¬ kPo-h-ambn

{]h¿Øn-°p∂ Hcp LS-I-am-Wv sXmgn¬. sXmgn-em-fn-I-ƒ Ah-
cpsS A≤zm-\t- i-jn-bmWv Dev]m-Z\
- Ø
- n-\mbn D]-tbm-Kn-°p-∂Xv.
Hcp DZm-l-cWw t\m°q. Hcp Ib¿ Dev]∂ \n¿ΩmW bqWn‰v
kμ¿in-®m¬ sXmgn-em-fn-Iƒ F¥n-s\ms° Ah-cpsS A≤zm-\-
tijn D]-tbm-Kn-°p∂p F∂v ImWmw (Nn{Xw 4.4)

51
Dev]m-Z\{]{In-b-bn-eqsS
 kmaq-ly-imkv{Xw

Nn{Xw 4.4

Ib¿ Dev]-∂-\n¿Ωm-W-Øn\v NIncn A\p-tbm-Py-am-°p-

∂Xn\v
Bh-iy-amb \nd-߃ tN¿°p-∂Xn\v.
b{¥-߃ {]h¿Øn-∏n-°p-∂-Xn\v
Dev]∂
- h
- n-Xc
- WØn\v.

ChnsS sXmgn-em-fnI-fpsS Imbn-Ihpw am\-kn-Ihpw _p≤n-]c-

hp-amb A≤zm-\t- ijn D]-tbm-Kn-°p-∂Xv ImWmw. km[\ßfpw
tkh\ßfpw Dev]mZn∏n°p∂Xn\v sXmgnemfnIƒ ImbnIhpw
am\knIhpw _p≤n]chpambn A[zm\tijn D]tbmKn°p
∂Xns\bmWv sXmgn¬ F∂p ]dbp∂Xv. A[zm-\t- i-jn°v {]Xn-
^ew e`n-°p∂p F¶n¬ am{Xta AXv sXmgnem-Ip-I-bp-≈q.
ho´n¬ IpSpw-_mw-Kß - ƒ sNøp∂ tPmenIƒ°v D]-tbm-Kn-°p∂
A[zm- \ t- i - j n°v {]Xn- ^ ew e`n- ° m- Ø - X n- \ m¬
AXv sXmgn-embn ]cn-K-Wn-°m-dn-√. sXmgn-emfn \¬Ip∂
A≤zm-\-ti-jn°p≈ {]Xn-^-ew IqenbmWv. CXv an°-t∏mgpw
]W-ambmWv e`n-°p-∂-Xv. ]W-Øn\p ]Icw km[-\-߃ e`n-

52
Dev]m-Z\{]{In-b-bn-eqsS
 Ãm≥tU¿Uv VI

°p∂ kμ¿`-ßfpw D≠m-Imw. DZmlc-W-ambn Nne-t∏mƒ

sXßpIb‰-Øn\v {]Xn-^-e-ambn tXß \¬Im-dp-≠v.

Nn{Xw 4.5

GsXmcp sXmgn-en\pw a\p-jy≥ {]tbm-Kn-°p-∂Xv Ahs‚ A≤zm-

\-ti-jn-bm-Wv. C∂v D]-tbm-Kn-t°≠ A≤zm-\-tijn C∂v D]-
tbm-Kn-®n√ F¶n¬ AXv \jvS-am-Ipw. Bb-Xn-\m¬ sXmg-n-em-fn-
bpsS A≤zm-\-tijn ]nt‰ Znh-k-tØ°mbn IcpXn hbv°m-\m-
hn√. AXp-t]mse sXmgn-em-fn-bpsS A[zm-\t- i-jnsb hnZym-`ym-
k-Øn-eq-sStbm ]cn-io-e\
- Ø
- n-eq-sStbm sa®s∏SpØm≥ Ignbpw.
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aqe-[\w (Capital)
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Hcp Dev]∂w Dev]m-Zn-∏n-°p-∂X - n\pw Dev]m-Z\

- Ø
- n\v Bh-iyamb
ASn-ÿm-\k - u-Ic- y-߃ Hcp-°p-∂X - n\pw Bh-iy-amb H∂mWv
aqe-[-\w. Hcp Dev]∂w Dev]m-Zn-∏n-°p-∂-Xn\v ^mIvSdn ÿm]n-
°p-I, b{¥-߃ hmßp-I, sXmgn-em-fn-Iƒ°v thX\w \¬Ip-I,
Dev]∂ \n¿Ωm-WØ - n\v Bh-iy-amb AkwkvIr-Xh - k
- vXp-°ƒ
hmßpI XpSßn hnhn[ Bh-iy-߃°v aqe-[\w
Bhiy-amWv. hn⁄m\aqe[\w
Dev]m-Z\
- Ø
- n\v D]-tbm-Kn-°p-∂Xpw ImWm\pw kv]¿in- (Knowledge Capital)
\man∂v Pohn-°p-∂Xv hn⁄m-
°m\pw Ign-bp∂Xpamb a\p-jy-\n¿ΩnX hkvXp-°ƒ
\-ka
- q-lØ- n-em-Wv. hnh-ck
- m-
aqe-[\w F∂dn-bs - ∏-Sp-∂p. Dev]m-Z\ {]h¿Ø-\Ø - n¬ t¶- X nI hnZybpw hn⁄m-
D]-tbm-Kn-°m≥ Ign-bp∂ b{¥-߃, hml-\-߃, \hpw Dev]m-Z-\-Øn¬ Imcy-
Iºyq-´-dp-Iƒ XpS-ßn-bh aqe-[\Øn¬ (Capital) amb ]¶mWv hln-°p-∂-Xv.
Dƒs∏Spw. hn⁄m-\-aq-e[\w B¿÷n-
°m- \ p≈ {ia- a mWv C∂v
temI- h ym- ] - I - a mbn \S- ° p-
∂Xv.

53
Dev]m-Z\{]{In-b-bn-eqsS
 kmaq-ly-imkv{Xw

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aqe-[\
- Ø
- ns‚ khn-ti-jX
- I
- ƒ
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aqe-[\w a‰v F√m Dev]m-Z-\-L-

SI-ß-tfbpw klm-bn-°p-∂p.
aqe- [ \w sXmgn- e m- f n- I - f psS
Dev]∂ \n¿Ωm-W-Øn-\p≈ tijn
h¿≤n-∏n-°p-∂p.
aqe-[\w Ne-\m-fl-I-am-Wv.
F√m Dev]m-Z-\-L-S-I-ß-sf-t∏mse
aqe-[-\-Øn\pw {]Xn-^ew e`n-°p-
∂p-≠v. aqe-[\ - Ø
- n-\p≈ {]Xn-^ew
]en-ib- m-Wv.
Nn{Xw 4.6

kwLm-S\w (Organisation)
Dev ] m- Z - \ - L - S - I - ß - f mb `qan, sXmgn¬, aqe- [ \w F∂nh
Iq´ntbm-Pn-∏n-°e - mWv kwLm-S\ - w. kwLm-S\w \S-Øp∂ hy‡n
kwLm-S-I≥/kwcw-`-I≥ F∂-dn-b-s∏-Sp-∂p.

`qan sXmgn¬ aqe-[\w

kwLm-S\w Dev]m-Z\w Dev]∂w

Hcp Dev]∂w D≠m-°p-∂-Xn¬ kwLm-S-Is‚ ]¶v Fs¥∂v

hy‡-am-°p∂ Nm¿´v I≠ph-t√m. Nn{Xw hni-Ie- \w sNbvXm¬
Dev]m-Z-\-{]-{In-b-bn¬ \n¿Æm-bIÿm\-amWv kwLm-S-I\v
D≈Xv F∂v Is≠-Øm-at- √m. Hcp Dev]m-Z\LS-Is- a∂ \nebn¬
kwLm-S-\-Øn-\p≈ {]Xn-^ew em`-am-Wv.

54
Dev]m-Z\{]{In-b-bn-eqsS
 Ãm≥tU¿Uv VI

Xmsg- sIm-Sp-Øn-cn-°p∂ kqN-Iß

- ƒ D]-tbm-Kn®v kwLm-SI
- s‚
khn-ti-jX- I - ƒ Is≠-Øq:
kqN-Iß
- ƒ
F¥mWv kwLm-S-Is‚ e£yw?
Dev]-∂-\n¿Ωm-W-Øn¬ kwLm-S-Is‚ DØ-c-hm-ZnXzw
F¥v?
GsXms° LS-Iß - s
- f-bmWv kwLm-SI
- ≥ Iq´n-tbm-Pn-∏n-
t°-≠Xv?
kwLm-S-Is‚ Ignhv Fß-s\-sbms° h¿≤n-∏n°mw?

Dev]m-Z\
- L
- S- I
- ß
- ƒ HØp-tN¿∂v {]h¿Øn-°p-tºmƒ Dev]m-Z-
\-hpw AXp-hgn Dev]-∂hpw cq]-s∏-Spw. hy‡n-I-fpsS Bh-iy-
]q¿Øo-I-c-W-Øn\v Dev]-∂-߃ A\n-hm-cyam-Ip-∂-Xn-\m¬
Dev]m-Z\w F∂ {]{Inb \nc-¥camIp-∂p. Dev]m-Z\w F∂Xv
Hcp kmº-Øn-I{- ]-h¿Ø-\hpw \
- nc-¥c
- a
- mbn XpS-cp-∂ Hcp {]{In-
b-bp-am-Wv. Cu -{]-{Inb Fßs\ \nc-¥-c-am-Ip∂p F∂v
t\m°mw.

kmº-ØnI {]h¿Ø-\ß - f- psS Nm{In-I{- ]-hmlw

(Circular flow of Economic Activities)
kmº-ØnI {]h¿Ø-\-ß-
fpsS KXn kqNn- ∏ n- ° p∂
Xmsg sImSp- Ø n- c n- ° p∂
Nn{Xw (Nn{Xw 4.7) t\m°q:
ChnsS Dev]∂߃ Dev]m-
Zn-∏n-°p-∂Xv Dev]m-Z-\-bq-
Wn‰pw Dev ] m- Z n- ∏ n- ° p- ∂
Dev]∂߃ D]-tbm-Kn-°p-
∂Xv Km¿lnI bqWn-‰p-am-W.v
a\p-jy≥ Bh-iy-]q¿Øo-I- e
hn
c-W-Øn-\m-Wt√m Dev]-∂-
߃ D]- t bm- K n- ° p- ∂ - X v .
Nn{Xw 4.7

55
Dev]m-Z\{]{In-b-bn-eqsS
 kmaq-ly-imkv{Xw

a\p-jys‚ Bh-iy-߃ \nc-h-[nbm-Wv. Hcp Bhiyw \nd-th-‰p-

tºmƒ ]pXnb Bhiyw D≠m-Ipw. Bh-iy-߃ amdp-∂-Xn-\-\p-
k-cn®v km[-\ß - fpw tkh-\ß - fpw Bh-iy-ambnhcpw. At∏mƒ
Ah Dev]m-Zn-∏n-t°-≠n-h-cpw. AXp-sIm≠v Cu {]{Inb XpS¿®-
bmbn kw`-hn-°p-∂-Xm-Wv. Nn{Xw (Nn{Xw 4.7) hni-I-e\w
sNbvXm¬ Fs¥ms° Is≠-Ømw?
Dev]m-Z-\-bq-Wn-‰p-Iƒ°v Dev]m-Z-\L-S-I-ß-fmb `qan,
sXmgn¬, aqe-[\ - w, kwLm-S\ - w F∂nh {]Zm\w sNøp-∂-
Xv Km¿ln-Ib - q-Wn-‰m-Wv.
Dev]m-Z-\-L-S-I-߃°p≈ {]Xn-^-e-ambn ]m´w, Iqen,
]eni, em`w F∂nh Dev]m-Z-\-bq-Wn‰v Km¿lnI bqWn-
‰n\v \¬Ip-∂p.
Dev]m-Z-\-bq-Wn-‰v Km¿lnI bqWn-‰p-Iƒ°v Bh-iy-amb
km[-\-ßfpw tkh-\-ßfpw \¬Ip-∂p.
CXn\v {]Xn- ^ - e - a mbn Km¿ln- I - bq- W n‰v
Dev]m-Z\- bq-Wn-‰p-Iƒ°v hne (Price) ]W-ambn \¬Ip-∂p.
Cßs\ Dev]m-Z\
- hpw D]-t`m-Khpw \nc-¥c
- a
- mbn XpS-cp-∂X
- n-\m¬
kmº-ØnI {]h¿Ø-\-߃ Nm{In-I-K-Xn-bn-em-Ipw.
kz¥w {]tZ-isØ GsX-¶nepw Hcp Dev]m-Z\ bqWn‰v kμ¿in®v Hmtcm
Dev]m-Z\
- L
- S- I
- hpw Fßs\ Dev]∂ \n¿Ωm-Ws- Ø klm-bn-°p-∂p-sh∂v
Is≠Øn Ipdn∏v Xøm-dm-°pI.

a\p-jys‚ Bh-iy-߃ ]q¿Øo-I-cn-°p-∂-Xn-\mbn \mw

D]-tbm-Kn-°p∂ ImWm\pw kv]¿in-°m\pw Ign-bp∂
hkvXp-°-fmWv km[-\-߃.
a\p-jys‚ Bh-iy-߃ ]q¿Øo-I-cn-°p-∂-Xn-\v klm-bn-
°p-∂X - pw ImWm\pw kv]¿in-°m\pw Ign-bm-Øh - b- pamWv
tkh-\ß - ƒ.
km[-\-ß-fpw tkh-\-ßfpw \ap°v Bh-iym-\p-k-cWw
D]-tbm-Kn-°W - s
- a¶n¬ AXv Dev]m-Zn-∏n-t°-≠X - p-≠v.
Hcp Dev]∂w \n¿Ωn-°p-∂X - n-\p≈ Dev]m-Z\- L
- S- I
- ß- f - mWv
`qan, sXmgn¬, aqe-[\w, kwLm-S\w F∂nh.

56
Dev]m-Z\{]{In-b-bn-eqsS
 Ãm≥tU¿Uv VI

Hmtcm Dev ] m- Z - \ - L - S - I - Ø ns‚bpw khn- t i- j - X - I ƒ

hyXykvXa - mWv.
Dev]m-Z\
- L- S- I
- ß
- f
- mb `qan, sXmgn¬, aqe-[\w, kwLmS\w
F∂n-hbv°p≈ {]Xn-^ew bYm-{Iaw ]m´w, Iqen/iºfw,
]eni, em`w F∂n-h-bm-Wv.
kmº-ØnI {]h¿Ø-\-߃ Nm{In-I-K-Xn-bn-em-Ip-∂Xv
Dev]m-Z\- hpw D]-t`m-Khpw Hcp \nc-¥c - {- ]-{In-bbm-Ip-∂X- n-
\m-em-Wv.

Dev]m-Z-\-L-S-I-߃

`qan sXmgn¬ aqe-[\w kwLm-S\w

(Land) (Labour) (Capital) (Organisation)

Dev]m-Z\
- {- ]-{Inb

Dev]∂w

a\p-jys‚ Bh-iy-]q¿Øo-I-c-W-Øn-\p-]-tbm-Kn-°p∂
km[-\-ß-fp-sSbpw tkh-\-ß-fp-sSbpw khn-ti-j-X-Iƒ
Xcw-Xn-cn®v hni-Z-am-°p-∂p.
Dev]m-Z\- LS-Iß - f
- mb `qan, sXmgn¬, aqe-[\
- w, kwLmS\w
F∂n-hb - psS khn-ti-jX- I
- ƒ hnhn[ am¿§-ßf - n-eqsS Ah-
X-cn-∏n-°p-∂p.
Dev]m-Z\ - LSI߃°p≈ {]Xn-^ew Xncn-®d - n-™v hni-Z-
am-°p∂p.
kmº-Øn-I-{]-h¿Ø-\-ß-f-psS Nm{In-I-KXn hni-Zo-I-cn-
°p∂p.

57
Dev]m-Z\{]{In-b-bn-eqsS
 kmaq-ly-imkv{Xw

a\p-jys‚ Bh-iy-]q¿Øo-I-c-W-Øn\v D]-tbm-Kn-°p-∂-

h-bmWv km[-\-ßfpw tkh-\-ß-fpw. Ch Fßs\
hyXym-k-s∏-´n-cn-°p-∂p?
kwLm-S-Is‚ Npa-Xe a‰v D-ev]m-Z\ LS-I-ßsf Iq´n-
tbmPn-∏n-°e- m-Wv. ka¿∞n-°p-I.
Xmsg∏d-bp∂ Dev]m-Z-\-L-S-I-ß-sf-°p-dn®v Ipdn∏pIƒ
Xbm-dm-°p-I.
$ sXmgn¬
$ aqe-[\w
kmº-Øn-I{- ]-h¿Ø-\ß - f
- psS Nm{In-IK
- Xn Nn{X-kl
- m-b-
Øm¬ hni-Za - m-°p-I.

kzbw hne-bn-cpØmw
]q¿Æ-ambn `mKn-Ia- mbn sa®s∏
tS≠Xp≠v
a\p- j ys‚ Bh- i y- ] q¿Øo- I - c - W - Ø n\v
D]- t bm- K n- ° p∂ km[- \ - ß fpw tkh- \ -
ßfpw th¿Xn-cn-®-dn-bm≥ Ignbpw
Dev]m-Z\{]{Inb DZm-l-c-W-k-lnXw hni-
Zo-I-cn-°m≥ Ignbpw
kmº-ØnI {]h¿Ø-\-ß-fpsS Nm{In-I
KXn Nn{XØns‚ klm-b-Øm¬ hni-Z-am-
°m≥ Ign-bpw.

58
Dev]m-Z\{]{In-b-bn-eqsS
 `qan : IYbpw Imcyhpw
_n.kn.C c≠mw \q‰m-≠nse Hcp ]pcmX\
]´Ww: P\-߃ F√m-hcpw BÀm-Z-Øn-
an¿∏n-emWv. ImcWw Xß-fpsS cmP-Ip-am-
c≥ Ab¬ cmPysØ AXoh kp-μc - nbmb
cmP-Ip-am-cnsb hnhmlw sNbvXv cmPy-
tØbv°v Fgp- s ∂- ≈ p∂ Znh- k - a mWv.
Ahsc hc-th¬°m≥ cmPho-Yn-bpsS Ccp-hi - ß
- -
fnepw P\߃ Xnßn \nd-™n-cp-∂p. cmP-Ip-am-cnsb ImWp-
∂-Xn-s\-°mƒ IuXp-It- ØmsS Ah¿ ho£n-®Xv hnhm-lk - Ω
- m-\a- mbn
e`n® IpXn-cb - psS DSepw a\p-jys‚ Xebpap≈ Iq‰≥ kz¿Æ{]Xn-
asb Bbn-cp-∂p. BtLm-jZ - n-\ß
- ƒ A[n-I\
- mƒ \ne-\n-∂n-√. B ]´-
Ww AXn-cq-£-amb Hcp hcƒ®bn¬s∏-´p. hcƒ®-bpsS Imc-Whpw
{]Xn-hn-[nbpw Adn-bp-∂X - n-\mbn cmPmhv cmPy-Øp≈ tPymXnj ]fin-
X-∑msc hnfn-®p-tN¿Øp. cmP-Ip-am-c\v hnhm-l-k-Ωm-\-ambn e`n®
kz¿Æ-{]-Xna cmPyØv sIm≠p-h∂ Zu¿`m-Ky-amWv hcƒ®-bv°p≈
Imc-Wa - mbn Ah¿ Is≠-Ønb-Xv. {]Xn-hn-[n-bmbn Ah¿ \n¿tZin®p.
""kz¿Æ{]Xn-asb `qan-bpsS A‰Øv sIm≠p-t∏mbn Xmtgbv°v
Dt]-£n-°p-I.''
 kmaq-ly-imkv{Xw

IY- hm-bn-®n-t√. kz¿Æ-{]-Xn-asb `qan-bpsS A‰Øp\n∂v

Xmtg°v hen-s®-dn-bp-hm≥ Ah¿°v Ign-™n-cn-°ptam?
hf-sc-°mew Bfp-Iƒ hniz-kn-®n-cp-∂Xv `qan ]c-∂-Xm-Wv
F∂s{X! `qan-bpsS BIrXnsb°p-dn-®p≈ [mc-WI - ƒ ]pcm-X\-
Imew apX¬t° P\-ß-fn¬ Bib°pg∏w krjvSn-®n-cp-∂p.
sXbn¬kv
`qan-bpsS BIr-Xnsb°pdn®v {]N-cn-®n-´p≈ IY-Iƒ ]e-t∏mgpw
`mh-\m-]q¿Æhpw ck-I-c-hp-am-Wv.

`qanbpsS BIrXn:
hnizm-kß
- f- n¬ \n∂p hkvXp-XI
- f- n-te°v
ss]Y-tKm-dkv
_n.kn.C Ggmw \q‰m-≠n¬ Pohn--®n-cp∂ {Ko°v XXz-Nn-¥-
I-\mb sXbn¬kv BWv `qanbv°v tKmfm-Ir-Xn-bmsW-∂
Bibw BZy-ambn apt∂m´ph®-Xv. F∂m¬ Cu tKmfw
Pe- Ø n¬ s]mßn°nS- ° p- ∂ p- s h- ∂ m- W v At±lw
Acn-tÃm-´n¬ hnizkn®n-cp-∂Xv.
{Ko°v XXz-Nn-¥-I∑m-cmb ss]Y-tKm-dkpw Acn-tÃm-´n-ep-
amWv `qan°v tKmfm-Ir-Xn-bm-sW∂v ÿm]n-®X - v. B Ime-
L-´-Øn¬ Cu Bi-b-tØmSv hf-sc-b-[nIw hntbm-Pn∏p-
Iƒ D≠m-bn-cp-∂p. ]n∂oSv tIm∏¿ \n-°kv Cu Bi-bsØ
Bcy-`S≥ i‡-ambn ]n¥m-ßn.
`mc-Xob tPymXn-im-k{v X-⁄\mb Bcy-`S≥ `qan°v tKmfm-
Ir-Xn-bm-sW∂pw km¶-ev]n-I- A-®p-X-≠n¬ AXv kzbw
Id-ßp-∂p-sh∂pw Dd®phniz-kn-®n-cp-∂p.
h¿j-߃°p-tijw aK-√≥ F∂ \mhn-Is‚ temIw-Np-
aK-√≥ ‰n-bp≈ I∏¬bm{X -`qan Dcp-≠-Xm-sW∂v sXfn-bn-®p.
k¿ sFkIv \yq´¨ `qan°v IrXy-amb tKmf-Øns‚ BIr-
Xn-bs- √∂v Is≠-Øn. {[ph-{]-tZ-iß
- ƒ Aev]w ]c-∂Xpw
a[y-`mKw sNdp-Xmbn ho¿Ø-Xp-amb tKmfm-Ir-Xn-bm-sW∂v
At±lw ÿm]n®p.
{[ph-߃ Aev]w ]c-∂Xpw a[y-`mKw sNdp-Xmbn ho¿Ø-
tIm∏¿ \n°kv
Xp-amb tKmfm-Ir-Xnsb Pntbm-bnUv (Geoid) F∂p-hn-fn-°p∂p.
PntbmbnUv F∂ ]Z-Øn\¿∞w "`qan-bpsS BIrXn' (Earth
shape) F∂m-Wv.

sFkIv \yq´¨

60
`qan : IYbpw Imcyhpw
 Ãm≥tU¿Uv VI

C∂v _ln-cm-Imi Nn{X-ß-fn¬\n∂v `qan-bpsS BIrXn

\apt°sd hy‡-amWv.

Aºtºm F{X-he
- p-XmWo `qan!
\nß-fpsS ho´n¬\n∂pw kvIqfn-te°v F{X Zqc-ap-≠v?
C{Xbpw Zqcw \n߃ \S-∂p-t]m-Ip-∂p-sh¶n¬ kvIqfn¬
FØn-t®-cp-hm≥ F{X kabw th≠nhcpw?
Im\-U°- m-c\
- mb Po≥ _enthm F∂ kml-knI k©m-
cn°v Im¬\-Sb - mbpw I∏¬bm-{X- sNbvXpw `qansb hew-h-
bv°m≥ F{X h¿j-w th≠nh∂p F∂-dn-bmtam?
GI-tZiw ]Xn-s\m∂v h¿j-߃!
CXn¬\n∂pw `qan- F{X hep-Xm-sW∂v Duln-°m-at√m?
\mw hkn-°p∂ Cu tKmf-Øns‚ Np‰-fhv GI-tZiw 40000 [Link].
BWv.

`qan-bn¬ Rm≥ Fhn-sS-bmWv?

C{Xbpw henb Cu `qan-bn¬ \n߃
Fhn- s S- b m- s W∂v Nn¥n- ® n- ´ pt≠m? `qan- b psS hen∏w Is≠Øp- h m≥
Gjym h≥I-c-bn¬, C¥y-bn¬, tIc-f- BZy-ambn {ian-®Xv Bsc-∂-dn-bmtam?
Øn¬ F∂nß-s\-sbms° \ap°v Cu
tNmZy-Øn\v DØcw \¬Imw. `qan-bn¬ _n.kn. aq∂mw \q‰m-≠n¬
{Ko°v XXz- N n- ¥ - I - \ mb
Hmtcm hkvXp-hn\pw {]tZ-iØ - n\pw IrXy-
Cdm-tØm-kvX\ - okv kqcy-
amb ÿm\-ßf - p-≠.v ÿm\\n¿Æbw \S- c-iav n-Iƒ `qan-bn¬ ]Xn-°p-
Øp-∂-Xm-Is´ Nne Afhp-I-fpsS ASn- ∂- X ns‚ tImW- f hns\
ÿm-\Ø - n-ep-am-Wv. am{Xw B{i-bn-®mWv `qan-bpsS Np‰-fhv
Hcp hkvXp-hn-s‚tbm {]tZ-iØ
- n-s‚tbm 250000 tÃUnb ({Kokn¬ A°m-eØv Zqcw
ÿm\w \n¿Æ-bn-°p-∂-sX-ß-s\-sb∂v Af-°m≥ D]-tbm-Kn-®n-cp∂ bqWn‰v) F∂v
Is≠-Øn-bX - v. `qan-bpsS bYm¿∞ Np‰-f-
\ap°p t\m°mw.
hn-t\mSv GI-tZiw ASpØp \n¬°p∂ Cu
¢m v apdn- b n¬ \n߃ Ccn- ° p∂ IW°v At±lw Is≠-Øn-bXv C∂-sØ-
ÿm\w H∂v FgpXn t\m°q. t∏mse kwhn-[m-\-߃ H∂p-an-√m-Xn-cp∂
¢m nse tai ASn-ÿm-\-am°n Hmtcm Ime-L´- Ø - n-em-sW∂v Hm¿°-Ww.
Ip´nbpw Ccn-°p∂ ÿm\w FgpXq.

61
`qan : IYbpw Imcyhpw
 kmaq-ly-imkv{Xw

DZm-l-c-W-ambn tai-bpsS he-Xp-`m-KØv c≠m-asØ _©n¬

aq∂m-a-Xn-cn-°p∂ Ip´n BcmWv?

Ifn°mw ]Tn°mw
Nn{X- Ø n¬ (5.1) ImWp- ∂ - X p- t ]mse
If- ß ƒ°v t]cv \¬In- b n- ´ p≈ Hcp
1 2 3 4 A
B
t_m¿Upw Hcp _´Wpw Ds≠-¶n¬ \ap°p
C
D
ck-I-c-amb Hcp Ifn- I-fn-°mw. c≠v Iq´p-
Im¿ t_m¿Un\v Ccp-h-iØpw Ccn-°pI.
Nn{Xw 5.1 t_m¿Unse GsX-¶nepw Hcp If-Øns‚
t]cv Hcp Ip´n ]d-bs´. DZm-l-cWw: B 3. At∏mƒ c≠masØ
Ip´n Xs‚ ssIhiap≈ _´¨ B If-Øn¬ IrXy-ambn hbv°p-
I-bm-sW-¶n¬ Hcp t]mbn‚ v t\Smw. C\n c≠m-asØ Ip´n-bpsS
Ah-kc - a
- m-Wv. CXp-t]mse CjvSa- p≈ If-Øns‚ t]cp-]d - b
- mw.
H∂m-asØ Ip´nbpw IrXy-amb Ifw Is≠Øn _´¨ hbv°p-
I-bm-sW-¶n¬ Hcp t]mbn‚ v t\Smw. Cßs\ Hmtcm-cp-Ø¿°pw
]Øv Ah-k-c-߃ hoXw \¬Imw. Ifw Is≠-Øp-∂-Xn\v ka-
b-¢n-]vXX ]men-°p-hm≥ {i≤n-°p-a-t√m.

tKmfm-Ir-Xn-bn¬ D≈Xpw AXn-hn-im-eh

- pamb Cu `qan-bn¬ \mw
Fßs\ Hcp {]tZ-iØ - ns‚tbm hkvXp-hn-s‚tbm ÿm\w Is≠-
Øpw? If-߃ hc®n-´mtWm?
\¬In-bn-´p≈ ]¥ns‚ Nn{Xw (5.2) t\m°q. ]¥n¬
H´n-®n-cn-°p∂ Nn{X-Øns‚ ÿm\w Fhn-sS-bm-
sW∂v Fßs\ ]d-bpw?
$apI-fn¬
$Xmsg
$a[y-`m-KØv
$Acn-In¬
]¥n\v tKmfm-Ir-Xn-bm-bXn-\m¬ Cu DØ-c-߃
H∂pw Xs∂ IrXy-a√- . \ap°v Fß-s\-bmWv IrXy-
Nn{Xw 5.2
amb ÿm\w \n¿Æbn°m\mIpI? ]¥n\p Ipdp-
sIbpw s\Sp-sIbpw hc-Iƒ hc-®p-t\m-°n-bmtem?

62
`qan : IYbpw Imcyhpw
 Ãm≥tU¿Uv VI

NphsS \¬In-bn-´p≈ Nn{Xw (5.3) {i≤n-°q: ]¥n-se Nn{X-Øns‚

ÿm\w CXnse hc-I-fpsS ASn-ÿm-\-Øn¬ \n¿Æ-bn-°m≥
{ian-°p.

Nn{Xw 5.3

`qan-bnse hc-Iƒ
`qan-bnse GsXmcp {]tZ-iØ
- ns‚bpw ÿm\w
CØcw hc-I-fpsS ASn-ÿm-\-Øn¬ \n¿Æ-
bn-°mw. AsX-ßs - \-sb∂v t\m°mw.
Cu hc-I-tfm-tcm∂pw IrXy-amb tImWob
Af-hp-I-fpsS ASn-ÿm-\-Øn-emWv tKmtfm-
]-cn-X-e-Øn¬ hc-®n-´p-≈-Xv.

Hcp hrØ-Øns‚ tImW-fhv F{X-bmWv?

Nn{Xw 5.4

63
`qan : IYbpw Imcyhpw
 kmaq-ly-imkv{Xw

Nn{Xw 5.4 {i≤n-°q. Hcp t•m_n¬ s\-SpsIbpw Ipdp-sIbpw hc-Iƒ hc-®n-cn-°p-∂Xv

I≠n-t√. s\SpsI ImWp∂ hc-Isf A£mw-i-tc-J-Isf∂pw IpdpsI ImWp∂ hc-
Isf tcJmwi tcJ-I-sf∂pw hnfn-°p-∂p. t•m_nepw `q]-S-Øn-ep-sams° ImWp∂
Cu tcJ-Iƒ km¶ev]nI tcJ-I-fm-Wv.

A£mw-i-tc-J-Iƒ tcJmwitc-J-Iƒ
Nn{Xw 5.5 (F) Nn{Xw 5.5 (_n)

A£mw-i-tc-J-Iƒ
`qan-bpsS tI{μ-Øn¬\n∂v `utam]-cn-Xe
- Ø
- nse Hmtcm _nμp-hn-te-°pap≈ tImWob
AI-es - Ø-bmWv A£mwiw F∂p ]d-bp-∂X - v. CØ-cØ
- n-ep≈ Htc tImWob Af-
hp-Isf XΩn¬ tbmPn-∏n-®m¬ A£mw-i-tc-J-I-fm-Ipw.

A®p-X≠v

DØ-c-{[phw Hcp ]¥ns‚ a[y-`m-K-Øp-IqSn Hcp

Zfiv ISØn ]¥ns\ H∂v Id°n
t\m°q. Cu ZfimWv ]¥ns\ kw_-
‘n-®n-S-tØmfw AXns‚ A®p-X-≠v.
CXp-t]mse `qan-bpsS tI{μ-`m-KØ - p-
IqSn IS- ∂ p- t ]m- I p∂ Hcp Zfiv
Ds≠∂v k¶-ev]n-°q. Cu km¶-ev]nI
ZfimWv `qan-bpsS A®p-X-≠v. Cu
A®p-X≠ - ns\ ASn-ÿm-\a - m-°n-bmWv
`qan kzbw Id-ßp-∂X - v.
Z£nW-{[phw

64
`qan : IYbpw Imcyhpw
 Ãm≥tU¿Uv VI

A£mw-i-tc-J-Iƒ hc-bv°mw
D≈p s]m≈-b-√mØ Hcp ]¥ns\ s\SpsI tOZn-°q. Hcp ]Ip-Xn-bn¬ e`y-am-
Ip∂ hrØ-Øn¬ \ap°v Hcp-tIm¨am]n\n D]-tbm-Kn-®p-sIm≠v Nn{X-Øn¬ ImWp-
∂-Xp-t]mse tIm¨ Af-hp-Iƒ tcJ-s∏-Sp-Øp-hm≥ Ign-bnt√?

90°
75° 75°
60° 60°
45 ° 45 °

3 0° 30
°

15°
°
15

0° 0°

15° 15°

° 30
30 °
45
°
45

°
60°
60°

75°
75°

90° Nn{Xw 5.6

hS°v A£mw-it- cJ-Iƒ
DØ-c{- [phw
00 apX¬ 900 hsc tIm¨ Af-
hp-Iƒ tcJ-s∏-Sp-Øn-b-Xn-\p-
tijw Nn{X-Øn¬ ImWn®n
´p≈-Xpt]mse ]¥ns‚ D]cn-
X- e - Ø n- e qsS \nc- s X- ‰ msX
s]m´p-Iƒ H´n®v Hmtcm Xpey-
tImWf-hp-I-sfbpw XΩn¬
tbmPn-∏n-°q-I (Nn{Xw 5.6).
C\n s]m´p-Iƒ°v ]Icw tcJ- Z£nW{[phw
sX°v A£mw-it- cJ-Iƒ
Iƒ hc-®p-sIm-≠v Xpey- tImW Nn{Xw 5.7
f-hp-Is- f tbmPn-∏n-°q (Nn{Xw 5.7). CtX {]h¿Ø\w Xs∂ ]¥ns‚ c≠m-asØ ]Ip-
Xn-bnepw Bh¿Øn-°p-I. AXn-\p-tijw Cu ]Ip-Xn-Iƒ XΩn¬ tN¿Øp-h®m¬ Np‰pw
hrØ-߃ hc® ]¥v e`y-am-Ipw. Cu KWn-Xi - m-k{v X-XXzw ASn-ÿm-\a
- m-°n-bmWv
t•m_n¬ A£mw-it- c-JI - ƒ km¶-e]
v n-Ia
- mbn hc-°p∂-X.v

65
`qan : IYbpw Imcyhpw
 kmaq-ly-imkv{Xw

t•m_v {i≤n-°q (Nn{Xw 5.8).t•m_ns‚ a[y-`m-K-Øp-\n∂pw

Ccp`mK-ß-fn-te°pw hrØ-߃ sNdp-Xmbn sNdp-Xmbn hcp-
∂Xv I≠n-t√. Htc tImWob AI-eØ - n-ep≈ A£mw-iß - sf
tbmPn-∏n-°p-∂-Xn-\mbn s]m´p-Iƒ D]-tbm-Kn-®-t∏mƒ th≠
s]m´p-If - psS FÆw Ipd-™p-hc- p-∂Xv {i≤n-®t- √m. t•m_ns‚
a[y-`m-K-Ømbn ImWp∂ A£mw-i-tc-J-bmWv G‰hpw hen-
∏-ta-dn-b-Xv. Cu A£mw-i-tc-J-bmWv `qa-[y-tc-J. Cu tcJ-
bpsS tImWob Afhv 00 bmWv. Cu tcJbv°v 900 hS°pw
900 sX°p-ambn ImWp∂ A£mw-i-߃ hrØ-ß-fmtWm?
Ch bYm-{Iaw DØ-c-{[p-h-sa∂pw Z£n-W-{[p-h-sa∂pw Adn-
b-s∏-Sp-∂p. a‰v A£mw-i-tc-J-I-sf√mwXs∂ hrØ-ß-fmWv.
Ch `qa-[y-tc-Jbv°v kam-¥-c-ambn hc-®n-´p≈ hrØ-ß-fm-
bmWv ImWp-∂X - v.
Nn{XØn¬ ( Nn{Xw 5.8) - AS-bm-f-s∏-Sp-Øn-bn-´p≈ {][m\
A£mw-it- c-JI
- ƒ Is≠-Øq:
66½° hS°v (B¿´nIv hrØw)
(DØc-{[phw) 90° hS°v
23½° hS°v (DØ-cm-b-\-tcJ)

0° (`qa-≤y-tcJ)
fw
¿≤t- Km
c-m
DØ

23½° sX°v (Z£n-Wm-b-\-tcJ)

fw
¿≤t- Km
- m
nW
Z£

66½° sX°v (A‚m¿´nIv hrØw)

90°sX°v (Z£nW-{[phw)
Nn{Xw 5.8

Is≠-Ømtam?
$ `qansb c≠v A¿≤-tKm-fß - fmbn hn`-Pn-°p∂ A£mw-it- cJ
$ `qa-≤y-tc-Jb
- psS hS°v ÿnXn sNøp∂ A¿≤-tKm-fw- .
$ `qa-≤y-tc-Jb
- psS sX°v ÿnXn sNøp∂ A¿≤-tKm-fw- .
$ G‰hpw henb A£mw-ih - rØw.

66
`qan : IYbpw Imcyhpw
 Ãm≥tU¿Uv VI

DØ-cm¿≤-tKm-fØ
- nse A£mw-it- c-JI
- sf hS°v A£mw-it- c-JI
- s
- f∂pw Z£n-Wm¿≤-
tKm-fØn¬ D≈-hsb sX°v A£mw-i-tc-J-I-sf∂pw ]d-bp-∂p.

tcJmw-i-tc-J-Iƒ
t•m_n¬ Ccp{[phßtfbpw XΩn¬ _‘n-∏n®v hc-®n-cn-°p∂ tcJ-Iƒ {i≤n°q.
tcJmw-i-tc-J-IfmWnh. A£mw-i-tc-J-Iƒ°v ew_ambn hc-®n-´p≈ h{I-tc-J-I-fm-
Wn-h.
tcJmw-i-tc-J-Iƒ hc-bv°mw
DØ-c{- [phw

Ing°v
]Sn-™mdv
135° 150° 165°180°165° 150° 135° 120°
120°
105° 105°
90° 90°
75° 75°
60° 60° Ing°v
45° 30° 15° 0° 15° 30° 45° ]Sn-™mdv
tcJmwi-tc-JI
- ƒ tcJmw-it- c-JI
- ƒ
Z£n-W{- [phw
Nn{Xw 5.9 (_n)
Nn{Xw 5.9 (F)
t\ctØ A£mw-it- c-JI - ƒ hc®n´p≈ ]¥nse DØ-c{- [p-hs - Øbpw Z£nW{[p-h-
sØbpw tbmPn-∏n-®p-sIm≠v Hcp tcJ hcbv° - q. Cu tcJ `qa-[y-tc-Jbv°v IpdpsI
IS∂pt]mIpIbmW-t√m. ]¥ns\ s\SpsI c≠mbn Nn{X-Øn¬ (Nn{Xw 5.9 (F))
ImWp-∂X- p-t]mse apdn-°p-I. `qa-[y-tc-Jbv°v IpdpsI hc® tcJsb 00 bmbn IW-
°m°n Cu tcJ-bn¬\n∂v CS-tØm´pw he-tØm´pw tIm¨-am-]n\nbpsS klm-b-
tØmsS tImWob Af-hp-Iƒ (Nn{Xw 5.9 (F)) tcJ-s∏-Sp-Øq. Hmtcm tImW-f-
hns\bpw s]m´p-Iƒ H´n®v {[ph-hp-ambn _‘n-∏n-°p-I. C\n s]m´pIƒ°p ]Icw
tcJIƒ hcbv°mw. ]¥ns‚ at‰ ]Ip-Xn-bnepw CXp-t]mse tcJ-Iƒ hc®v tN¿Øv
]¥v H´n-®p-h-bv°q. Ct∏mƒ Nn{X-Øn¬ (Nn{Xw 5.9 (_n)) ImWp-∂Xp t]mse
Ccp{[ph-ß-sfbpw _‘n-∏n®v tcJ-I-fp≈ ]¥t√ e`y-am-hp-I. Cu tcJ-I-sf-
bmWv tcJmw-i-tc-J-Iƒ F∂-dn-b-s∏-Sp-∂-Xv. 00 tcJmwiw am\-I-tc-Jmwiw F∂
t]cn¬ Adn-b-s∏-Sp-∂p.
67
`qan : IYbpw Imcyhpw
 kmaq-ly-imkv{Xw

am\- I - t c- J mw- i - Ø n- \ n- c p- h - i hpw Ing°pw ]Sn- ™ m- d p- a p≈

tImWob AI-ea - mWv tcJmw-iw. Cßs\ am\-It- c-Jmw-iØ - n¬
\n∂pw Htc tImWob AI-ea - p≈ tcJmw-iß
- sf XΩn¬ _‘n-
∏n-®p-sIm≠v hc-°p∂ km¶-ev]nI tcJ-IfmWv tcJmw-i-tc-J-
Iƒ. Nn{Xw {i≤n-°q (Nn{Xw 5.10). Cu tcJ-Isf√mw DØ-c{- [p-h-
Ønepw Z£n-W{- [p-hØ - nepw Iq´n-ap-´p∂nt√. am\-It- c-Jmwi-Øn\p
0
Ccp-h-i-hp-ambn 180 hoXw tcJmw-i-ß-fm-Wp-≈Xv.
Nn{X-Øn¬ \n∂pw am\ItcJmw-iw Is≠-Øq. am\-I-tc-Jmw-i-
Øn\v FXn¿h-iØ - p≈ tcJmw-iØ - ns‚ tImWob AIew F{X?

90 Ing°v
° A¿≤-tKmfw 90°
]Sn-™mdv
]Sn-™mdv Ing°v
A¿≤-tKmfw
60° 60°
am\I
30° 30° tcJmw-iw
0°

Nn{Xw 5.10

`qan-sb Ing°v, ]Sn-™mdv F∂o A¿≤-tKm-fß

- f- mbn hn`-Pn-
°p∂ tcJ- Is≠-Øq.

Ing°v A¿≤- t Km- f - Ø nse tcJmw- i - t c- J - I sf Ing°v

tcJmwitcJ-I-sf∂pw ]Sn-™mdv A¿≤-tKm-f-Øn-ep-≈-hsb
]Sn™mdv tcJmwitcJ-I-sf∂pw hnfn-°p-∂p.

C\n ]d-bq...
]mT-`m-K-Øns‚ XpS-°-Øn¬ ]¥n¬ ]Xn® Nn{X-Øns‚
ÿm\w Is≠- Ø m≥ ]d- ™ Xv Hm¿Ω- b p- t ≠m? ]¥nse
Nn{XØns‚ ÿm\w IrXy- a mbn \n¿Æbn- ° p- h m≥ C\n
\n߃°v Ign-bp-a-t√m.
68
`qan : IYbpw Imcyhpw
 Ãm≥tU¿Uv VI

`qan-bn¬ Hcp ÿe-Øns‚ IrXy-amb ÿm\w \n¿Æ-bn-°p∂Xv

A£mw-itcJ-I-tfbpw -tc-JmwitcJ-Itfbpw ASn-ÿm-\-am-
°nbm-Wv.
Xmsg ImWp∂ `q]-S-Øn¬ (Nn{Xw 5.11) \n∂pw C¥y-bpsS ÿm\w GsXms°
A£mwi tcJmwi tcJ-I-fpsS CS-bn-emsW∂v Is≠-Øq.
68 Ing°v 98 Ing°v

38 hS°v 38 hS°v

8 hS°v
(tXmXv ASn-ÿm-\-am-°n-b-√) 8 hS°v

68 Ing°v 98 Ing°v

Nn{Xw 5.11

Xmsg X∂n-cn-°p∂ ]´nI ]q¿Øn-bm-°p-I. CXn-\mbn t•m_pw

temI`q]-Shpw D]-tbm-Ks
- ∏-Sp-Øq.

cmPyw A£mwitcJ-Iƒ tcJmwitcJ-Iƒ

1. C¥y 8° hS°n\pw 38° 68° Ing°n\pw 98°

hS°n\pw CS-bn-embn Ing°n\pw CS-bn-embn

2. t\∏mƒ

3. bp.F-kv.F.

4. ssN\

69
`qan : IYbpw Imcyhpw
 kmaq-ly-imkv{Xw

cmhpw ]Iepw

Nn{Xw 5.12
Nn{Xw (5.12) {i≤n-°q. `qan-bnse GXm≠v hn]-co-Xh-i-ß-fnse
c≠p ÿe-ß-fn¬ Xma-kn-°p∂ Ip´n-I-fmWv Aeo-\bpw
AΩphpw. Aeo\ Ata-cn-°≥ sFIy-\m-Sp-I-fnse Imen-
t^m¿Wn-b-bnepw AΩp tIc-f-Ønepw. t•m_v ]cn-tim-[n-®m¬
Cu ÿe-߃ hn]-co-X-Zn-i-bn-em-sW∂v a\- n-em-Ipw. AΩp
cmhnse kvIqfn-te°v t]mIp-tºmƒ Aeo\ cm{Xn-bn¬ Dd-ßp-
I- b mWv . Aeo\ cmhnse kv I qfn- t e°v t]mIp- t ºmtgm?
AΩphns‚ \m´n¬ cm{Xn-bm-bn-cn-°pw. `qan-bn¬ Hcp `mKØv
]I¬ A\p-`h - s
- ∏-Sp-tºmƒ t\sc adp-`m-KØv cm{Xn-bm-bn-
cn°pw. ]Iepw cm{Xnbpw `qan-bn¬ amdnamdn A\p-`-h-s∏-
Sp-∂p. F¥p-sIm-≠mWv Cßs\ kw`-hn-°p-∂-sX∂v
\ap°v Is≠-Ømw. Hcp ]co-£-W-am-bmtem.
Nn{X- Ø n¬ (5.13) ImWp- ∂ - X p- t ]mse Hcp t•m_v
GsX-¶nepw Hcp {]Im-i-t{km-X- n\p A`n-ap-J-ambn
Nn{Xw 5.13
DØ-c{- [phw

`qa-[y-tcJ
kqcy-{]-Imiw

]I¬ cm{Xn

Nn{Xw 5.14 Z£nW-{[phw

70
`qan : IYbpw Imcyhpw
 Ãm≥tU¿Uv VI

hc-Ø° - h
- Æw ]nSn-®p-t\m-°q. Hcp `mKw {]Im-in-Xa- m-Ip-tºmƒ
adp-`mKw Ccp-´n-em-bn-cn-°pw. C\n t•m_v Id°n-t\m-°q. {]Im-
in-X-ambn-cp∂ `mKw Ccp-´n-te°v t]mIp-∂-Xpw Ccp-´n-em-bn-cp∂
`mKw {]Im-in-X-am-Ip-∂Xpw ImWp-∂n-t√? Nn{Xw (Nn{Xw 5.14)
{i≤n-°q . `qan-bpsS Hcp `mKØv {]Im-ia - p-≈t- ∏mƒ adp-`m-KØv
Ccp-´m-sW∂v Is≠t√m.
CXp-t]mse Xs∂-bmWv `qan-bnepw cm{Xnbpw ]Iepw D≠m-hp-
∂-X.v `qan-bpsS {]Im-it- {km-X v kqcy-\m-sW-∂d- n-bnt√? `qanbv°v
tKmfm-Ir-Xn-bm-sW∂pw `qan AXns‚ A®p-X-≠n¬ kzbw Id-
ßp-∂p-sh∂pw \n߃ ]Tn-®p-ht√m. `qan kzbw Id-ßp-∂X - ns\
{`aWw F∂p ]d-bp-∂p. {`aWwaqew kqcy\v A`n-ap-J-ambn
hcp∂ `mKw {]Im-in-Xa - m-Ip∂Xn-\m¬ ]I¬ A\p-`h - s
- ∏-Sp-∂p.
F∂m¬ adp-`m-KØv kqcy-{]-Imiw FØm-Ø-Xn-\m¬ cm{Xnbm-
bn-cn-°pw. `qan-bn¬ ]Iepw cm{Xnbpw amdn-amdn A\p-`-h-s∏-Sp-
∂Xv {`aWw- aq-e-amWv.
`qan°v Hcp {`aWw ]q¿Øn-bm-°m≥ 24 aWn-°q¿ kabw thWw.
CXns\ Hcp Znh-k-ambn IW-°m-°p-∂p.
\n߃ hkn-°p∂ `mKw Ct∏mƒ kqcy\v A`n-ap-J-amtWm?

h¿°v jo‰v
`qan-bpsS {`aWw `qan-bpsS {`aWw
]Sn-™m-dp-\n∂p ]Sn-™m-dp-\n∂p
Ing-t°m´v Ing-t°m´v

N{μ≥ N{μ≥
kqcy-{]-Imiw

kqcy-{]-Imiw

`qan `qan

apIfn¬ X∂n´p≈ Nn{Xßfn¬ `qan-bn¬ ]I¬ A\p-`-h-s∏-

Sp∂ `mKw a™ {Itbm-Wp-]t-- bm-Kn®pw cm{Xn A\p-`-h-s∏-Sp∂
`mKw IdpØ {Itbm-Wp-]-tbm-Kn®pw \ndw \¬Iq.

71
`qan : IYbpw Imcyhpw
 kmaq-ly-imkv{Xw

DZ-bhpw AkvXa- b
- hpw
`qan-bpsS {`aWwaqe-amWv kqcys‚ ÿm\w amdp-∂X
- mbn \ap°v
Zriy-am-Ip-∂X- v.
hml-\Øn¬ bm{X-sN-øp-tºmƒ ac-ßfpw sI´n-S-ß-fpsams°
FXn¿Zn-i-bn-te°v k©-cn-°p-∂-Xmbn \ap°v tXm∂m-dn-t√.
bYm¿∞-Øn¬ Ah Nen-°p-∂pt≠m? CXp-t]m-se-bmWv `qan
bn¬\n∂p hfsc AIs-ebmbn ÿnXn sNøp∂ kqcy≥ Ing°v
DZn-°p-Ibpw ]Sn-™m-dv AkvXa
- n-°p-Ibpw sNøp-∂X
- mbn \ap°v
Zriy-am-Ip-∂Xv.
tai-∏p-dØn-cn-°p∂ t•m_ns\ Nn{X-Øn¬
(Nn{Xw 5.15) ImWp-∂-Xp-t]mse CS-Xp-`m-K-
Øp-\n∂p he-Xp-`m-K-tØ°v Id-°q. CS-
Xp-`mKw ]Sn-™mdpw he-Xp-`mKw
Ing-°p-am-sW∂v k¶¬]n-°q.
`qan-bpsS {`aWw ]Sn-™m-dp-
\n∂v Ing-t°m-´m-bX
- n-\memWv
kqcy≥ Ing-°p-Zn®v ]Sn-™mdv
Nn{Xw 5.15
AkvX-an-°p-∂-Xv. ]I¬ hnhn[ ka-b-ß-fnse \nß-fpsS \ng-
en-\p-ant√ am‰-߃?

h¿°v jo‰v
Hmtcm Nn{X-Ønsebpw \ng-ens\ ASn-ÿm-\-am°n bYm-
ÿm\Øv kqcys\ hc®v tN¿°p-I.

72
`qan : IYbpw Imcyhpw
 Ãm≥tU¿Uv VI

amdp∂ Ime-߃

`qan AXns‚ km¶-ev]nI A®p-X-≠ns\ B[m-c-am°n kzbw

Id-ßp-∂-Xn-t\m-sSm∏w kqcys\ hew hbv°p-Ibpw sNøp∂p.
Cu hew-h-bv°¬ ]cn-{I-aWw F∂v Adn-b-s∏-Sp-∂p.

Hcp h¿j-Øn-\p-≈n¬
Xs∂ Fs¥ms° am‰-ß-fmWv
\ap-°p-Np-‰nepw A\p-`-h-s∏-Sp-∂-Xv F∂v
\n߃ {i≤n-®n-´pt≠m?
kvIqƒ h¿jm-cw-`t- ØmsS ag-°m-ea - mbn.
CS-bv°nsS s]øp∂ ag A©m-dp-amkw
\o≠p-\n¬°p-∂p. ]ns∂ sas√
XWp-t∏-dn-h-cp-∂p. AXp-I-gn-bp-tºmƒ
NqSv....
ac-ßfn¬ NneXv Ce-s]m-gn-°p-∂p....
]pjv]n-°p-∂p.... Imbv°p∂p....
-

F¥p-sIm-≠mWv Cß-s\sbms° Ime-߃ amdnamdn A\p-`h-

s∏-Sp-∂Xv F∂v Nn¥n-®n-´pt≠m?
`qan-bpsS ]cn-{I-a-WamWv CØ-c-Øn¬ hnhn[ Ime-߃
A\p-`-h-s∏-Sp-∂-Xn\v Imc-Ww.
kuc-bq-Y-Ønse F√m {Kl-ßfpw kqcys\ hew hbv°p∂p
F∂v \n߃ ap≥ ¢m p- I - f n¬ ]Tn- ® p- h - t √m. Nn{Xw
(Nn{Xw 5.16) t\m°q.
73
`qan : IYbpw Imcyhpw
 kmaq-ly-imkv{Xw

Hcp ]cn-{I-aWw ]q¿Øn-bm-°p-hm≥ `qanbv°v F{X-Zn-hk߃ th≠n-

hcpw F∂-dn-bmtam? IrXy-ambn ]d™m¬ 365 ¼ Znh-k-߃. CXmWv
Hcp h¿jw F∂-dn-b-s∏-Sp-∂-Xv.

`qan

Nn{Xw 5.16 ˛ `qan-bpsS ]cn-{I-aWw

slm Fs¥mcp thKw! A[n-h¿jw (Leap Year)

Hcp hnam- \ - Ø ns‚ thKX Hcp- ]-cn-{IaWw ]q¿Øn-bm-°m≥ `qan°v
F{Xsb∂-dn-bmtam? aWn-°q-dn¬ 365 ¼ Znh-kß- ƒ
- th≠n-hc - pw. F∂m¬ Hcp
GI-tZiw 560 Intem-ao-‰¿ BWv. h¿j- Ø n\v 365 Znh- k - ß - f mWv D≈- X v .
F∂m¬ aWn-°qdn¬ icm-icn _m°n-bp≈ Im¬ Znhkw \mev h¿j-߃
96000 Intem-ao-‰¿ thK-Xb
- n-emWv IqSp-tºmƒ Hcp ]q¿Æ-Zn-h-k-ambn ]cn-K-
`qan-bpsS ]cn-{I-aW
- w! Wn-°p-∂p. Aßs\ Hmtcm \mem-asØ
h¿jØnepw 366 Znh-k-߃ D≠m-Ipw.
CXmWv A[n-h¿jw.

slm! AXp-sIm-≠m-
Rm≥ kqcys\ Np‰p- Wt√ s^{_p-hcn 29˛\v
∂Xp \n¿Øn-bm¬ P\n® F\nbv°v \mev
h¿jw IqSp-tºmƒ am{Xw
ChnsS F¥p kw`-hn-
P∑-Zn\w BtLm-jn-
°p-sa∂v Nn¥n-®n- °m≥ ]‰p-∂X - v.
´pt≠m?
kvIqƒ [Link].em_nse Eduubuntu-School Resources - K Star D]tbmKs∏SpØn
"{`aWhpw ]cn-{IaWhpw' ImWpI

74
`qan : IYbpw Imcyhpw
 Ãm≥tU¿Uv VI

`qan Fs‚ BPo-h\

- m¥ kplrØv

1. `qanbn¬ \n߃ CjvS-s∏-Sp∂ 2. \n߃°v G‰hpw CjvS-s∏´ Hcp

Imcy-߃ cmPyhpw AXns‚ A£mw-i
....................................................................................... -tc-JmwitcJI-fpsS ASn-ÿm-\-
....................................................................................... Øn-ep≈ ÿm\hpw
....................................................................................... ....................................................................................
....................................................................................... ....................................................................................

3. `qan A`n-ap-Jo-I-cn-°p∂ {]iv\-߃ 4. Cu {]iv\-ßsf ]cn-l-cn°m

\p≈ \n¿t±-i-߃
....................................................................................... ....................................................................................
....................................................................................... ....................................................................................
....................................................................................... ....................................................................................
....................................................................................... ....................................................................................

`qanbpsS khn-tij BIr-Xnsb Pntbm-bnUv F∂v

hnfn°p∂p.
A£mw-i-tcJ-Ifpw tcJmw-i-tc-J-Ifpw `q-tI-{μ-Øn¬
\n∂p≈ tImWob AI-e-ßsf ASn-ÿm-\-am-°n-bmWv
km¶-ev]n-Ia
- mbn hc-®n-´p-≈X
- v.

75
`qan : IYbpw Imcyhpw
 kmaq-ly-imkv{Xw

`qan-bn¬ A£mw-i˛- tc-Jmw-itcJ-Isf D]-tbm-Ks - ∏-Sp-Øn-

bmWv ÿm\-\n¿Æbw \S-Øp-∂-Xv.
{`a-WØ - ns‚ ^e-ambn Zn\-cm-{X-ßfpw ]cn-{I-aW
- Ø- ns‚
^e-ambn EXp-°fpw D≠m-Ip-∂p.

`qan

BIrXn hen∏w Ne-\-߃

A£mw-it- c-JI
- ƒ tcJmw-it- c-JI
- ƒ {`aWw ]cn-{I-aWw

^e-߃
ÿm\\n¿Wbw

`qan-bpsS BIrXn, khn-ti-jXIƒ F∂nh hni-Z-

am°p∂p.
`qan-bpsS hen∏w kw_-‘n®v \nK-a-\-߃ cq]-s∏-
SpØp∂p.
A£mw-i-˛-tc-Jmwi tcJ-Iƒ `q-tI-{μ-Øn¬ \n∂p-ap≈
tImWob AI-e-ß-fm-sW∂v Xncn-®-dn™v Nn{Xo-I-cn-
°p∂p.

76
`qan : IYbpw Imcyhpw
 Ãm≥tU¿Uv VI

A£mwi˛-tcJmw-i-߃ D]-tbm-K-s∏-SpØn `qan-bn¬

ÿm\-\n¿Æbw \S-Øp-∂p.

`qan-bpsS {`a-W-Øns‚ ^e-߃ hni-Zo-I-cn-°p-∂p.

`qan-bpsS ]cn-{I-a-W-^-e-߃ hni-Zo-I-cn-°p-∂p.

`qanbpsS BIr-XnbpsS t]sc¥v? BIrXn khn-ti-jX

hy‡-am-°p-I.

{`a-Whpw ]cn-{I-a-Whpw `qan-bn¬ hyXykvX ^e-߃

D≠m-°p-∂p. ^e-߃ hni-Z-am-°p-I.

Hcp Un{Kn- tImWob AI-eØ

- n\v Hcp tcJmw-it- cJ F∂
{Ia-Øn¬ hc-®m¬ `qan-bn¬ F{X tcJmw-i-tc-J-Iƒ
D≠mIp-sa∂v IW-°m-°pI.

A£mw-i˛-tc-Jmw-i-tc-J-Iƒ bYm-{Iaw `q-tI-{μ-Øn¬

\n∂pw tImWob AI- e - ß - f m- s W∂v ÿm]n- ° m≥
Ignbp∂ Hcp amXrI \n¿Ωn®v kmaq-ly-imkv{X ¢m n¬
{]Z¿in-∏n-°q.

{`a-Whpw ]cn-{I-aW
- hpw hni-Za
- m-°m≥ Ign-bp∂ h¿°nwKv
tamU¬ ¢m n¬ {Kq∏v {]h¿Ø-\Ø - n-eqsS cq]-s∏-Sp-Øq.

77
`qan : IYbpw Imcyhpw
 kmaq-ly-imkv{Xw

kzbw hne-bn-cpØmw
]q¿Æ-ambn `mKn-Ia- mbn sa®s∏tS
≠Xp≠v
`qan-bpsS BIrXn hy‡-am-°m≥ Ignbpw

`qan-bpsS hen∏w hni-Z-am-°m≥ Ignbpw

A£mwi˛-tc-Jmwi tcJ-Iƒ
Nn{Xo-I-cn-°m≥ Ignbpw

ÿe- ß - f psS ÿm\w \n¿Æbn°m≥

Ignbpw

{`aWw hni-Zo-I-cn-°m≥ Ignbpw

{`a-W-Øns‚ ^e-߃ hni-Zo-I-cn-°m≥

Ignbpw

]cn-{I-aWw hni-Zo-I-cn-°m≥ Ignbpw

]cn-{I-a-W-Øns‚ ^e-߃
hni-Zo-I-cn-°m≥ Ignbpw

78
`qan : IYbpw Imcyhpw
 sshhn-[y-ßf
- psS temIw

Nn{X-߃ {i≤n-®nt√. CXn¬ ImWp∂ kky-Pm-e-߃ XnI®pw hyXy-kvX-a-t√.

F¥p-sIm-≠m-bn-cn°mw Cu hyXymkw? kky-ß-fn¬ am{X-a-√, P¥p-Pm-e-ß-fnepw
P\-Po-hn-XØ
- n-ep-sams° temIØv CØ-cØ - n¬ sshhn-[y-߃ \ne-\n¬°p-∂p. Hmtcm
{]tZ-iØpw A\p-`h - s
- ∏-Sp∂ Imem-hÿm kml-Nc- y-ßfmWv CXn-\p≈ {][m\ I- m-
c-Ww. Imem-hÿm khn-ti-j-X-I-fn¬ Gsd-°psd kam-\-X-Iƒ ]pe¿Øp∂ `q`m-K-
߃ Imem-h-ÿm taJ-e-Iƒ (Climatic Regions) F∂v Adn-b-s∏-Sp-∂p.
h≥I-c-I-sf-°p-dn®v \n߃ ap≥ ¢m n¬ ]Tn-®n-´p-≠-t√m. temI-Ønse h≥I-cIfn-
se√mw hyXy-kX v a
- mb Imem-hÿm taJ-eI
- f
- p-≠.v Ah-bnse Nne taJ-eI
- sf \ap°v
]cn-Nb
- s
- ∏-Smw.
 kmaq-ly-imkv{Xw

ag-sbm-gnbmØ DjvW`- q-an-Iƒ

Nn{Xw 6.1

Nn{X-Øn¬ ImWp-∂Xv th´-bm-Se - n-\mbn Xøm-sd-Sp-°p∂ ]n‹n-

I-sf-bm-Wv (Nn{Xw 6.1). Dbcw Ipd™ ico-c-{]-Ir-Xhpw Ccp≠
\nd-hp-am-Wn-h¿°v. Ikmh (a-c-®o-\n) bmWv ]n‹n-I-fpsS apJy-
`-£-Ww. IqSmsX ImbvI-\n-Ifpw th´-bm-Sn-°n-´nb amwk-hpw
Ch¿ `£-Wam°mdp≠v. -C-h¿ am\n-s‚- XpI-epw Ce-Ifpw
hkv{X-ßf - mbn D]-tbm-Kn-°m-dp-≠v. ac-®n-√I
- fpw henb Ce-Ifpw
Hme-I-fpw- sIm≠v A¿≤-hrØm-Ir-Xn-bn¬ Ch¿ hoSp-≠m-°p-
∂p (Nn{Xw 6.2) . h\-ßsf Poh\pXpeyw kvt\ln-°p-Ibpw
]cn-]m-en-°p-I-bpw -sN-øp-∂-hcm-Wn-h¿.

]n‹n-If
- psS Pohn-Xc- o-Xnbn¬ {]IrXn
Fß-s\-sb-√m-amWv kzm[o-\n-°p-
∂Xv?

]n‹n- I - f psS apJy A[n- h mk

taJ- e - b mb B{^n- ° - b nse
tImwtKm \Zo-XS- Ø- nse Nne khn-
Nn{Xw 6.2
ti-jX- I
- ƒ t\m°q.

80
sshhn-[y-ß-fpsS temIw
 Ãm≥tU¿Uv
Ãmt‚¿Uv VIVI

h¿jw apgp-h≥ Db¿∂ A¥-co-£X - m-]w, F√m Z- n-hk

- hpw
D®-bv°p-tijw e`n-°p∂ CSn-an-∂-temSpIqSnb ag.
h≥a-cß
- ƒ, h≈n-∏S- ¿∏p-Iƒ, ASn-°m-Sp-Iƒ, ]mb¬ h¿§-
k-ky-Pm-e-߃, ac-hm-g-Iƒ XpSßn CS-Xq¿∂v hf-cp∂
\nXy-l-cnX kky-߃.
sshhn-[y-am¿∂ P¥p-°ƒ.
F¥m-bn-cn°mw ta¬∏-d™ khn-ti-j-X-Iƒ°p≈ ImcWw?
`qan-bn¬ F√m {]tZ-iØpw kqcy{]Imi-e` - yX Hcp t]mse-b√
F∂v \n߃ ]Tn-®n-´p-≠t- √m. `qa-[y-tc-Jt- bmSv ASpØv ÿnXn
sNøp∂p F∂-XmWv ta¬∏-d™ Imem-hÿm khn-ti-j-X-
Iƒ°v Imc-Ww. Cu Imem-hÿm khn-ti-jX - I
- f
- mWv Chn-SsØ
kº-∂-amb kky-P-¥p-ssh-hn-[y-߃°v Imc-Wam-Ip-∂-Xv.
B{^n-°sb IqSmsX a‰v h≥I-cI - f- nepw `qa-[y-tc-Jt- bm-SS- pØv
kam-\k
- h
- n-ti-jX
- I
- ƒ D≈ {]tZ-iß - ƒ ImtW-≠X - t√?

sXt° Ata- c n- ° - b nse Ba- t km¨ \Zo- X - S - Ø nepw

sX°v˛Ing°v Gjy-bnse ate-jy, Cs¥m-t\jy XpS-ßnb {]tZ-
i-ß-fnepw kam-\-k-hn-ti-j-X-Iƒ \ne-\n¬°p-∂p.
Ba-tkm¨ XS-Ønse tKm{Xh¿§°m¿, ate-jy-bnse skamMp-
Iƒ, Cs¥m-t\-jy-bnse Ip_p, Zbm-Iv XpS-ßn-b P\-hn-`m-K-
߃ ]n‹n-I-sf-t∏mse h\-ß-fn¬ hkn-°p-∂-h-cm-Wv.
ta¬∏-d™ {]tZ-i-ßsf√mw Xs∂ `qa-[y-tc-J-bn¬\n∂v
10sX°pw 10hS-°p-w A£mw-i-߃°n-S-bn-embmWv ÿnXn
sNøp-∂-Xv. Cu taJ-esb a-[y-tcJm Imem-hÿm taJe
(Equatorial Climatic Region) F∂mW-dnb-s∏-Sp-∂-Xv.

A‰vekv D]-tbm-K-s∏-SpØn a[y-tc-Jm- Im-em-hÿm taJ-e-bnepƒs∏´

{]tZi߃ Is≠Øp.

a[y-tc-Jm- Im-em-hÿm taJ-e-bn¬ s]mXpsh P\hmkw Ipd-hm-Wv.

F¥m-bn-cn°pw ImcWw?

81
sshhn-[y-ß-fpsS temIw 81
 kmaq-ly-imkv{Xw

]n‹nIƒ, skamMpIƒ XpSßnb a[ytcJm \nhmknIfpsS IqSpX¬

Nn{X߃ C‚¿s\‰n¬\n∂pw tiJcn®v {]tXyI t^mƒUdn¬ kq£n°q.

alm-K-Wn, F_-Wn, tdmkvhpUv XpS-ßnb ImTn-\y-ta-dnb ac-

߃ [mcmf-ambn ImW-s∏-Sp∂ \n_nU h\-߃ a[y-tcJm
Imem-hÿm taJ-e-I-fpsS khn-ti-j-X-bm-Wv. kar-≤-ambn

a[y-tcJm \nXy-l-cnX h\-߃

h≥ac-߃ sIm≠v kar-≤a - mb
a[y- t cJm h\- t a- J - e - I fn¬
Hmtcm NXp-c{i Intem-ao-‰d- nepw
Bbn-cØ - ne[nIw hnhn[ kky-
h¿§-߃ - CS-Xq¿∂v hf-cp-∂p.

Nn{Xw 6.3
agbpw kqcy-{]-Im-ihpw e`n-°p-∂X - n-\m¬
Cu h\-ß-fnse ac-߃ Ce-s]m-gn-°m-dn-
√. AXn-\m¬ Cu h\-ßsf a[y-tcJm
\nXy-lc - nX h\-߃ (Equatorial Evergreen
Forests)F∂p- h n- f n- ° p- ∂ p (Nn{Xw 6.3).
a[ytcJm Imem-hÿm taJ-e-bn¬ h\-
hn-`-h-ti-J-cWw Hcp {][m\ D]-Po-h-\-
am¿§-am-Wv.
BƒIpc- ß p- I ƒ, ea¿, Hdm- w Mp- ´ m≥
XpSßnb Ipc-ßp-h¿§-߃, ac-ß-fn¬
\n∂v ac-ßf- n-te°v k©-cn-°p∂ Cg-P¥ - p-
°ƒ, sh≈- s °- ´ p- I - f n¬ Pohn- ° p∂
\o¿°p-Xn-c, No¶Æn XpS-ßnb P¥p-°ƒ,
]£n-h¿§-Øn¬s∏´ XØ, thgm-º¬
F∂n-ßs\ sshhn-[y-]q¿Æ-amWv Chn-
SsØ P¥p-Pm-eß - ƒ.

82
sshhn-[y-ß-fpsS temIw
 Ãm≥tU¿Uv VI

a[y-tc-Jm-h\
- ß
- f
- nse P¥p-°fn-tesdbpw ac-ßf
- n¬ Ba-tkm¨ XS-Ønse
Pohn-°p-∂-h-bm-Wv. CsX¥p- sIm-≠mWv? ssPh-ssh-hn[yw
sXt° Ata-cn-°b - nse Ba-tkm¨ \Zo-
X-SØ
- n-emWv temI-Ønse G‰hpw hnim-
ehpw ssPh-ssh-hn-[y-kº - ∂ - h - p-amb ag-
°m-Sp-Iƒ (Rain forest )ÿnXn sNøp-∂Xv.
a[ytcJm Imem-hÿm taJ-e-bnse P¥pPmeßfpsS
Nn{X߃ C‚¿s\‰v klmbtØmsS tiJcn®v {]tXyI Db¿∂ ]I¬Nq-Spw [mcm-f-ambn e`n-
t^mƒUdn¬ kq£n°q. °p∂ ag-bp-amWv Chn-SsØ ssPh-ssh-
hn-[y-Øn\v B[m-cw. hfsc Db-c-ap≈
ImTn-\y-ta-dnb ac-߃ apX¬ ]mb¬
a[y-tcJm Imem-h-ÿm-ta-J-e-bnse F√m {]tZ-i- h¿§-߃ hsc \ofp∂ FÆn-bm-sem-Sp-
ßfpw h\- ß - f - √ . Cu taJ- e - b n¬ Dƒs∏´ ßmØ kky-h¿K-ß-fmWv Chn-SsØ
{]tXy-I-X. IqSmsX AkwJyw hcp∂
{_ko¬, ate-jy, Cs¥mt\jy XpS-ßnb cmPy-
kq£vaP - o-hn-Iƒ, jUv]Z- ß- ƒ, hnhn-[-
ß-fn¬ Irjn, J\-\w, hyhkmbw F∂o {]h¿Ø- bn\w Ipc-ßp-Iƒ, D`-bP - o-hn-Iƒ, Dc-K-
\-߃ Imcy-£-a-ambn \S-°p∂ {]tZ-i-ßfp≠v. ߃, ]£n-Iƒ XpSßn sshhn-[y-am¿∂
Cu {]tZ-i-߃ h≥\K-c-ß-fmbn amdn-°-gn-™p P¥p-tem-Ihpw Cu h\-ßf - nse ssPh-
(Nn{Xw 6.4). ssh-hn-[y-Øn\v apX¬°q-´m-Ip-∂p.

a-[y-tcJm Imem-h-kYm taJ-e-bnse {][m\

\K-c-߃ A‰ve-kn¬ \n∂p Is≠-Øm≥
{ian-°q.

Nn{Xw 6.4 ˛ ate-jy-bnse Izmem-ew]q¿ \Kcw

ag-sb-ØmØ aW¬∏-c∏
- p-Iƒ
Ie-lm-cn-bnse _pjvsa≥ F∂-dn-b-s∏-Sp∂ tKm-{X-h¿§-°m¿,
]›na klm-d-bnse XzmsdKv hwi-P¿, Atd-_y≥ acp-`q-an-bnse
s_tUm-bn-\p-Iƒ,...

83
sshhn-[y-ß-fpsS temIw
 kmaq-ly-imkv{Xw

Ch-scms° temI-Ønse hnhn[ h≥I-c-I-fn-

embn ÿnXn sNøp∂ DjvW-a-cp-`q-an-Ifn¬
Pohn°p-∂-h-cm-Wv. Chn-SsØ Imem-h-ÿbv°v
A\p-krX-amb Pohn-X-co-Xn-bmWv Ch-cp-tS-Xv.

_pjvsa≥, XzmsdKv, _tUmbn≥ hn`mKßfn¬s∏´ a\pjycpsS Nn{X߃

C‚¿s\‰v klmbtØmsS tiJcn®v {]tXyI t^mƒUdn¬ kq£n°q.

c≠v A¿≤-tKm-fß - f
- nepw 20 apX¬ 30 hsc A£mw-iß
- ƒ°n-
S-bn¬ s]mXpsh h≥I-c-I-fpsS ]Sn-™mdv `mK-ØmWv DjvW
acp-`q-an-I-fpsS ÿm\w.

DjvWa- c- q-`q-an-Iƒ
- ÿnXn sNøp∂ h≥I-cI
- ƒ A‰vek
- n¬ \n∂v Is≠Øn
]´nI ]q¿ØoI-cn-°p-at√m.

acp-`q-an-Iƒ h≥-Ic
- I
- ƒ

klmd B{^n°
Ielmcn
Atd-_y≥ acp`qan
Xm¿
t{K‰v Bkvt{S-en-b≥ acp`qan
A‰-°ma
samtlhv

84
sshhn-[y-ß-fpsS temIw
 Ãm≥tU¿Uv VI

acp- ` q- a n- I - f nse Imem- h ÿm khn- t i- j - X - I ƒ Fs¥- √ m-

ambncn°pw?
]I¬ Xm]w hfsc IqSp-Xepw cm{Xn- Xm]w hfsc Ipdhpam-Wn-
hn-sS. DjvWI
- mew Np´p-s]m-≈p-∂X
- m-sW-¶nepw ssiXy-Im-eØv
hfsc Ipd™ A¥-co£Xm]amWv A\p-`h - s
- ∏-Sp-∂Xv. ag Xosc
Ipd-hm-Wnhn-sS.

Nn{Xw 6.5

Db¿∂ Xm]hpw hc≠ Im‰pw Pe-

Zu¿e`yhpw A\p-`h - s- ∏-Sp∂ DjvWa
- c
- p-`q-
an-If
- n¬ I≈n-apƒs®-Sn-Iƒ, At°-jy, XpS-
ßn-b-h-bmWv {][m\ kky-Pm-e߃
(Nn{Xw 6.5). I≈napƒh¿§ kky߃°v
Ce-I-fn-√. amwk-f-amb Imfi-amWnh-
bv°.v CXv F¥p-sIm-≠m-bn-cn°mw? At\z-
jn-®d - n-bq.

DjvWacp-`q-an-bnse kml-N-cy-ßfn¬
Pohn-°m≥ DX-Ip∂ A\p-Iq-e\- ß
- ƒ D≈
P¥p-h¿§-ß-fmWv Chn-sS-bp-≈-Xv. H´-I-w,
IgpX, IpXnc, Ipdp°≥, ]mºp h¿§ßƒ,
tXƒ, ]√n-h¿§-߃ XpSßnbh CXn¬
Dƒs∏Spw.

85
sshhn-[y-ß-fpsS temIw
 kmaq-ly-imkv{Xw

DjvWacp-`q-an-I-fn¬ ImW-s∏-Sp∂ kky-P¥pPme-ß-fpsS Nn{X-߃

C‚¿s\-‰n¬ \n∂v tiJ-cn®v {]tXyI t^mƒU-dn¬ kq£n-°p-at√m.

th´-bm-Sepw I∂p-Imen hf¿ØepamWv DjvW-a-cq-`q-an-I-fnse

tKm{X-h¿§P\-hn-`mK-ßfpsS {][m\ PohntXm]m[n. amwkw,
]m¬, Xn\-hn-fI
- ƒ, Cu¥-∏gw XpS-ßn-bhbmWv Ch-cpsS {][m\-
`-£Ww.

DjvW-a-cp-`q-an-I-fn¬ Irjn s]mXpsh Ipd-hm-Wv. F¥m-bn-cn°mw

ImcWw?

DjvWacp-`q-an-If- n¬ acp-∏®
- I
- ƒ tI{μo-Ic
- n®v am{X-amWv ÿncw
P\-hm- k-ta-Je- I- ƒ ImWp-∂X - .v
acp-`q-an-If- nse Pe-e` - y-amb {]tZ-iß- s - f-bmWv
acp-∏®- I- ƒ (Oasis) F∂p hnfn-°p-∂X - .v H‰-s∏´p
ImWp∂ Cu Pem-i-b-ßsf Np‰n-∏‰n kky-
ß-fpw P¥p-°f - pw P\-hm-kt- a-Je- I
- fpw IqSpX-
embn ImW-s∏-Sp-∂p (Nn{Xw 6.6).
DjvW-a-cp-`q-an-I-fnse ÿncw P\-hm-k-ta-J-e-
Iƒ°v DZm-lc - W- a- mWv B{^n-°b - nse ss\¬
\-Zo-XS- w. Irjnbpw I∂p-Imen hf¿Ø-ep-amWv
ss\¬\ZoXS-Ønse apJy a\pjy-{]-h¿Ø-\-
Nn{Xw 6.6 ˛ acp-∏® ߃. tKmXºv, tNmfw, ]g-h¿§-߃, ]®-°d - n-
Iƒ, ]cpØn XpS-ßn-b-h-bmWv {][m\ Im¿jn-I-hn-f-Iƒ.
DjvW-a-cp-`q-an-Iƒ ]eXpw [mXp-\n-t£-]-ßfm¬ kº-∂-am-Wv.
CuPn]vXv : ss\ens‚ Zm\w (Gift of Nile)
CuPn-]vXns\ "ss\ens‚ Zm\w' F∂v hntijn-∏n-
°p-∂X- n\v aXn-bmb Imc-Wa
- p-≠.v ss\¬ XSw HgnsI
a‰p {]tZißsf√mw acp- ` q- a n- b m- W v . {]mNo\
kwkvImc∏nd-hn°v km£yw hln-®p F∂pam{X-
a√, Cu cmPysØ Irjn-tbm-Ky-am-°p-∂Xpw ss\¬
\¬Ip∂ Poh-Pe - hpw ^e-`q-bn-jvTa
- mb aÆp-am-Wv.
temIsØ P\-km-{μ-amb taJ-e-I-fn¬ H∂mWv
ss\¬ X-Sw. ss\ens\ CuPn-]vXns‚ Poh-c‡w
F∂pw hnti-jn-∏n-°p-∂p.

86
sshhn-[y-ß-fpsS temIw
 Ãm≥tU¿Uv VI

[mXp- \ n- t £- ] - ß - f nse J\- \ - { ]-

h¿Ø-\-߃ Cu {]tZ-i-ß-fpsS
hnI-k-\-Øn\v Imc-Wam-bn. CØ-c-
Øn-ep-≠mb hnI-k\w temI-Øns‚
a‰p `mK-ß-fn¬\n∂v P\-ßsf Chn-
tS°v BI¿jn-®p. acp-{]-tZ-i-ß-
Nn{Xw 6.7 kuZn Atd-_y≥ \K-camb dnbmZv
fnse h≥\-K-c-ß-sfms° Cßs\
cq]-s∏-´-Xm-Wv (Nn{Xw 6.7). Atd-_y≥ \mSp-I-fnse \K-c-߃
CXn-\p-Zm-l-c-W-ß-fm-Wv. Chn-SsØ s]t{Sm-fnbw \nt£-]-ß-
fm-Wt√m Cu \K-c-ß-fpsS hf¿®bv°v B[m-cw.

Ad-_n-\m-Sp-If- n¬ tPmen sNøp∂ \nß-fpsS ]cn-

Nn-Xc- n¬ \n∂v Ahn-SpsØ Imem-hÿ
- sbbpw P\- acp-`q-an-bnse I∏¬
Po-hn-XsØbpw kw_-‘n®v IqSp-X¬ hnh-cß - ƒ
tNmZn-®d- n-bq.

acp-`qan \nhm-kn-Iƒ s]mXpth Cfw-\n-dØ - n-

ep≈ Ab™ hkv{X-ß-fmWv [cn-°p-I.
apJw ad-bv°p∂ intcm-hkv{Xw Ch-cpsS acp-`q-an-bnse {][m\ arKw H´IamWv.
hkv { X- [ m- c - W - Ø nse {]tXy- I - X - b m- W v Npa-Sp-Iƒ sIm≠p-t]m-Ip-∂-Xn\pw
k©m-cØ - n\pw acp-`q-an-If
- n¬ H´-Iß- -
(Nn{Xw 6.8). sf-bmWv B{i-bn-°m-dv. AXn-\m-emWv
Chsb acp-`q-an-bnse I∏¬ F∂v
hnti-jn-∏n-°p-∂X - v. ico-cØ - n\v Bh-
iy-amb Pew kw`-cn®v kq£n-°m-
\p≈ Ad- I ƒ Ch- b psS ico- c -
Ønep≠v. CXp-Iq-SmsX icocXm]-
\ne anXambn \ne-\n¿Øm-\p≈ Ignhv
sIm≠v H´I߃ acp- ` q- a n- b nse
kmlN- c yßsf AXnPohn- ° p∂p.
tN¿∂n-cn-°p∂ Im¬ hnc-ep-Iƒ aW-
Nn{Xw 6.8
en¬ ]pX-bmsX k©-cn-°p-∂-Xn\v
klm-bIamWv. Cc´ I¨t]m-fI - fpw
\o≠ I¨]o-en-Ifpw aW¬°m-‰n¬
acp-`qan \nhm-kn-Iƒ CØcw hkv{X-߃ \n∂v kwc-£W - w \¬Ip∂p.
[cn-°p-∂s- X-¥p-sIm≠v?

87
sshhn-[y-ß-fpsS temIw
 kmaq-ly-imkv{Xw

a™p-cp-ImØ \m´n¬

Nn{Xw 6.9 ˛ C•q

Nn{Xw {i≤n-°q (Nn{Xw 6.9). C\yq-´v tKm{X-h¿§-°m¿ a™p

I´-Iƒ sIm≠v ssiXy-Im-e-tØ°v \n¿Ωn-°p∂ XmXvIm-enI
hmk-ÿeß-fm-Wn-Xv. C•q F∂m-Wn-Xn\v t]cv. hSt° Ata-
cn°, bqtdjy F∂o h≥I-c-I-fpsS hS°v `mKØv ÿnc-ambn
a™v aqSn-°n-S-°p∂ {]tZ-i-ß-fn¬ hkn-°p-∂-h-cmWv C\yq-´p-
Iƒ. h¿j-Øn¬ XpS¿®-bmbn Bdp-am-k° - mew Ch¿°v ]Iepw
XpS¿∂v cm{Xn-bp-am-Wv. {]Xn-Iq-e-Im-em-h-ÿbpw hn`-h-ß-fpsS
A`m-hhpw AXn-Po-hn®v Ign-bp∂-h-cmWv C\yq-´p-Iƒ. arK-th-
´bpw, a’y-_-‘-\hpamWv PohnX D]m-[n. sNdp kaq-l-ß-
fmbn Pohn-°p∂ Ch¿ Hcp {]tZ-iØv ÿnc-ambn hkn-°p-∂n-
√. k©m-ct- h-fb
- n¬ a‰v kaq-lß- f - p-ambn Ahiy km[-\ssIam-
‰-߃ \S-Øp-∂p. Xnanw-K-eØns‚ F√pw ]cp-°≥ I√p-Ifpw
XpIepw a‰p-ap-]-tbm-Kn®pw Ch¿ hoSp-Iƒ \n¿Ωn-°m-dp-≠v.

C\yq´pIƒ ÿncw hmk-ÿe

- ß
- ƒ \n¿Ωn-°m-Øs- X-¥p-sIm≠v?

C\yq-´p-Iƒ th\¬°m-eØv ko¬, dbn≥Unb¿,

lna- ° - c Sn XpSßnb arK- ß sf th´- b mSp∂p. Ch- b psS
amwkw `£- W - a mbpw XpI¬ hkv { X- a mbpw F√p- I fpw
sImºp- I fpw Bbp- [ ßfmbpw {]tbm- P - \ - s ∏- S p- Ø p- ∂ p.

88
sshhn-[y-ß-fpsS temIw
 Ãm≥tU¿Uv VI

Bdp-am-k-tØmfw \ofp∂ ssiXy-Im-

eØv Ch¿ C•p-hn¬ \n∂pw ]pd-Øn-d-
ßm-dn-√. C°m-e-tØ-°p≈ `£Ww
Ch¿ ap≥Iq´n Icp-Xn-h-bv°p-∂p.
XpI¬sIm≠v \n¿Ωn®Xpw hmbp-I-S--
°mØXpamb ]mZ- c - £ - I fpw tcma-
\n¿Ωn-X-amb Cc-´-∏m-fn-I-fp≈ {Suk-dp-
Ifpw Pm°-‰p-Ifpw Ch-cpsS ]c-ºc - m-KX
Nn{Xw 6.10 C\yq-´p-Iƒ
hkv{X-[m-c-W-co-Xn-bn¬s]Spw (Nn{Xw
6.10).
F¥p-sIm-≠mWv C\yq-´p-Iƒ hyXykvX
amb hkv{X[mc-W-coXn A\ph¿Øn
°p∂Xv?
hf¿Øp\mb-Iƒ hen-°p∂ ]c∂ kvsfUvPp-I-fn¬ k©-cn-
°p∂ C\yq-´p-Iƒ
- Cu taJ-eb
- n¬ km[m-cWam-Wv (Nn{Xw 6.11).
DØ-cm¿≤tKmf-Øn¬ B¿´nIv hrØ-Øn\v (66½hS°v) hS°v
DØc- { [p- h sØ Np‰n ÿnXn
sNøp∂ Cu Imem-hÿm taJ-
esb "Xp{μm' taJe (Tundra
Region) F∂v hnfn- ° p∂p.
Xosc°pd™ agbpw hnc-f-amb
kky-Pm-eß - fpw hfsc°pd™
P\-hm-khp-ap≈ Cu taJ-e Hcp
ioX-a-cp-`q-an-bm-Wv. Pq¨ amk-
Øn¬ A]q¿Δ-ambn A\p-`h - s
- ∏-
Nn{Xw 6.11
Sp∂ 10 sk¬jykmWv Chn-
SsØ G‰hpw Db¿∂-Xm-]w.

Xp{μm I
- m-em-hÿmta-Je GsX√mw h≥I-cI
- f- n-embn ÿnXn sNøp-∂p
F∂v A‰vek - n¬\n∂pw Is≠Øq.

89
sshhn-[y-ß-fpsS temIw
 kmaq-ly-imkv{Xw

AXn-ssi-XysØ AXn-Po-hn-°p∂ ]∂¬, ]mb¬ XpSßn-b-h-

bmWv apJy-k-ky-h¿§-߃. ]pjv]n-°p∂ sNdp-k-ky-ß-fpw
Ip‰n-s®-Sn-Ifpw {lkz-amb th\¬°m-eØv am{Xw Xe-bp-
b¿Øp∂p. Dbc-ap≈ kky-߃ A]q¿Δ-amtb ImWm-dp-≈q.
{[ph-°-c-Sn-Iƒ, sdbn≥Un-b¿, kap-{Z-Po-hn-I-fmb Xnanw-K-ew,
ko¬, a’y-߃ XpS-ßn-b-h-bmWv {][m\ P¥p-h¿§-߃.

{[ph-°-cSn

Xnanw-Kew

sdbn≥Uo¿

\o¿\mb

Xp{μm-ta-Je- b
- nse kkyP¥pPmeßsfbpw P\PohnXsØbpw kw_-‘n-
°p∂ IqSp-X¬ hnh-c-ßfpw Nn{X-ßfpw C‚¿s\‰n¬\n∂v tiJ-cn®v
{]tXyI t^mƒU-dn¬ kq£n-°p-at√m.

90
sshhn-[y-ß-fpsS temIw
 Ãm≥tU¿Uv VI

\n߃ CXp-hsc ]cn-Nb- s

- ∏´ Imem-hÿm taJ-eI - f
- psS khn-
ti-j-X-Iƒ Xmsg ]d-bp∂ ]´n-I-bn¬ tcJ-s∏-Sp-Øq.

taJ-eI
- ƒ A£mwi kky-߃ P¥p-°ƒ P\-Po-hnXw
hym]vXn

hnhn[ Imem-h-ÿm-ta-J-e-Isf ASn-ÿm-\-am°n \n߃ tiJ-cn®v

kq£n- ® n- ´ p≈ kky- P - ¥ p- P m- e - ß - ƒ , P\PohnXw XpSßnbhbpsS
Nn{X-߃ GtIm-]n-∏n®v Hcp UnPn-‰¬ B¬_w Xbm-dm°n ¢m n¬
{]Z¿in-∏n°pat√m.

`qan-bnse hyXy-kvXhpw sshhn-[y-]q¿W-hpamb aq∂v Imem-h-

ÿ-mta-J-e-Iƒ \n߃ ]cn-N-b-s∏´nt√. CØ-
90hS°v
c-Øn-ep≈ Imem-hÿm taJ-e-Iƒ thtd-
ssiXy-ta-Je 65hS°v
bp-ap-≠v. AtXs-X-√m-sa∂v At\z-jn-®-
dn-bpa-t√m. F¥m-bn-cn°mw Cu antXm-jvW-ta-Je
taJ-e-I-fpsS cq]o-I-c-W-Øn\v 30hS°v
ASn-ÿm\w?
Nn{Xw (Nn{Xw 6.12) \nco-£n®v DjvW-ta-Je

AXn¬ tcJ-s∏-Sp-Øn-bn-cn-°p∂ 0
Xm]o-bt- a-Je
- I
- ƒ Xncn-®d
- nbq.
DjvW-ta-Je
DjvWt- a-Je
30sX°v
antXm-jvW-ta-Je

ssiXy-ta-Je 65sX°v
90sX°v
Nn{Xw 6.12
91
sshhn-[y-ß-fpsS temIw
 kmaq-ly-imkv{Xw

`qa-[y-tc-J-bn¬\n∂v {[ph-ß-fn-te°v t]mIpw-tXmdpw kqcy-{]-

Imi e`y-X-bn¬ hcp∂ hyXymkw ASn-ÿm-\-am°nbmWv
`qansb hnhn[ Xm]ob taJ-e-I-fmbn Xncn-®ncn-°p-∂-Xv.
Cu Xm]o-bt- a-Je - I
- ƒ°p-≈n¬Øs∂ hyXykvX Imem-hÿm
taJ-eI - f
- p-≠.v Hcp `q`m-KØ
- ns‚ ÿm\w, kap-{Z-km-ao-]yw, kap-
{Z-\n-c-∏n¬ \n∂p≈ Dbcw XpS-ßnb LS-I-ßfmWv hyXykvX
Imem-hÿm taJ-e-Iƒ cq]-s∏-Sp-∂-Xn\v Imc-Ww.

\n߃ ]cn-N-b-s∏´ {][m\ Imem-hÿmtaJ-e-Iƒ Hmtcm∂pw GXv

Xm]ob taJ-eI
- ƒ°p-≈n-emWv F∂v Xncn-®d- n™v ]´nI ]q¿Øn-bm-°q.

Imem-hÿm taJ-eI
- ƒ Xm]o-bt- a-Je

a[ytcJm Imem-hÿm taJe $

DjvWa
- c
- p-`qanIƒ $

Xp{μm-ta-Je $

92
sshhn-[y-ß-fpsS temIw
 Ãm≥tU¿Uv VI

Imem-h-ÿm khn-ti-j-X-I-fn¬ Gsd-°psd kam-\-X-Iƒ

]pe¿Øp∂ `q`m-K-߃ Imem-h-ÿm-ta-J-e-Iƒ F∂v
Adnb-s∏-Sp-∂p.
Hmtcm Imem-hÿmtaJ-ebv°pw X\Xmb khnt-ij-XI-
fp-≠v.
kutcm¿P-e-`y-Xsb ASn-ÿm-\-am°n `utam-]-cn-X-esØ
hnhn[ Xm]o-b-ta-J-e-I-fm°n Xncn-°mw.
`q`m-K-ß-fpsS ÿm\w, kap-{Z-km-ao]yw, kap{Z\nc∏n¬
\n∂p≈ Dbcw XpS-ßnb LS-I-ß-fpsS ASn-ÿm-\-Øn¬
Hmtcm Xm]o-b-ta-J-e-bv°p-≈nepw hyXykvX Imem-h-ÿm
taJ-e-Iƒ cq]-s∏-Sp-∂p.
Hmtcm taJ-e-bn-sebpw Imem-hÿ a\p-jy-Po-hn-X-sØ
\n¿Wm-b-I-ambn kzm[o-\n-°p-∂p.

93
sshhn-[y-ß-fpsS temIw
 kmaq-ly-imkv{Xw

Imem-hÿm taJ-e-Iƒ cq]-s∏-Sp-∂-Xns‚ ASn-ÿm\

ImcW߃ Is≠Øn hnh-cn-°p-∂p.
Imem-hÿm taJ-e-Iƒ Xmc-Xayw sNbvXv Hmtcm taJ-e-
bp-sSbpw X\Xv khn-ti-j-X-Iƒ tcJ-s∏-Sp-Øp-∂p.
Imem-hÿ
- m-ta-JeIfnse P\-Po-hnXw hni-Ie
- \w sNbvXv
Imem-hÿ a\p-jy-Po-hn-X-Øn¬ sNep-Øp∂ kzm[o\w
kw_‘n®v \nK-a-\-߃ cq]-s∏-Sp-Øp-∂p.
hnhn[ taJ-e-I-fnse kky-P-¥p-Pm-e-߃, P\-Po-hnXw
XpS-ßnbh-bpsS Nn{X-߃ C‚¿s\-‰n¬ \n∂pw tiJ-cn®v
UnPn-‰¬ B¬_w Xbm-dm-°p-∂p.
hnhn[ Imem-hÿm taJ-e-I-fnse {]Ir-Xn-hn-`-h-ssh-hn-
[y-߃ hni-Zo-I-cn-°p-∂p.
{][m\ Imem-hÿm taJ-eI - sf Xm]o-bt- a-Je
- b
- psS ASn-
ÿm-\-Øn¬ Xcw-Xn-cn-°p-∂p.

a[y-tcJm Imem-h-ÿm-ta-J-e-bn¬ s]mXpsh P\-hmkw

Ipd-hm-Wv. ChnsS P\-hm-k-Øn\v {]Xn-Iq-eamb kml-N-
cy-߃ kw_-‘n® \nß-fpsS Is≠-Øe - p-Iƒ Fgp-XpI.
Xmsg-∏-d-bp∂ {]tZ-i-߃ GtXXv Imem-hÿm taJ-e-
bn-emWv?
$ Ba-tkm¨ \Zo-XSw $ A‰-°ma

94
sshhn-[y-ß-fpsS temIw
 Ãm≥tU¿Uv VI

hkv{X-[m-cW
- Ø- ns‚ {]tXy-IX - I- sf Imem-hÿ \n¿Æm-
b-Ia- mbn kzm[o-\n-°p-∂p. acp-`qan \nhm-kn-IfpsS hkv{X-
[m-c-WsØ Bkv]-Z-am°n {]kvXm-h\ km[q-I-cn-°p-I.
Hmtcm Imem-hÿm taJ-eb - n-sebpw P\-Po-hn-XØ
- n¬ {]-
Ir-Xn-bpsS kzm[o\w {]I-S-am-Wv. \n߃ ]Tn® Imem-h-
ÿm-ta-J-I-fn¬ GsX-¶nepw H∂ns\ ASn-ÿm-\-am°n
hy‡-am-°p-I.
kqN-\I
- ƒ
˛ `£Ww
˛ `h-\-\n¿amWw
˛ hkv{X-[m-cWw

\n߃ ]cn-N-b-s∏´ Imem-hÿm taJ-e-Isf hyXykvX

\nd-ßf - p-]t- bm-Kn®v temI-`q-]S- Ø
- n¬ tcJ-s∏-SpØn ¢m v
ap-dn-bn¬ {]Z¿in-∏n-°q.
Cu bqWn-‰n¬ {]Xn-]m-Zn-®n-´p≈ Imem-hÿm taJ-eI
- sf
IqSmsX temI-Ønse a‰v Imem-hÿm taJ-eI - ƒ GsXm-
s°-sb∂v At\z-jn-®d- n-™v Ahsb kw_-‘n-°p∂ IqSp-
X¬ hnh-c-߃ hmb\m kma-{Kn-I-fn¬ \nt∂m C‚¿s\-
‰n¬ \nt∂m tiJ-cn-°pI.
hnhn[ Imem-hÿm taJ-e-I-fnse kky-P-¥p-Pm-e-߃,
P\-Po-hnXw XpS-ßn-bh
- b
- n-te°v shfn®w hoip∂ kNn{X
]Xn∏v Xøm-dm°pI.

95
sshhn-[y-ß-fpsS temIw
 kmaq-ly-imkv{Xw

kzbw hne-bn-cpØmw
]q¿Æ-ambn `mKn-Ia- mbn sa®s∏tS
≠Xp≠v
kqcy-{]-Im-i-e-`y-X-°-\p-k-cn®v `qan-bn¬
hnhn[ Xm]o-b-ta-J-e-Iƒ cq]-s∏-Sp∂p
F∂v t_m[y-am-bn.

hnhn[ Xm]ob taJ-e-I-ƒ°p≈nse kam-

\-kz-`m-h-߃ D≈ {]Z-i-ßfmWv temI-
Im-em-hÿm taJ-e-Iƒ F∂v hni-Zo-I-cn-
°m≥ Ign-bpw.

hnhn[ Imem-hÿm taJ-e-I-fpsS khn-

ti-j-X-Iƒ hy‡-am°m≥ Ign-bpw.

hnhn[ Imem-hÿm taJ-e-I-fpsS X\Xv

khn-ti-j-X-Iƒ ImØp-kq-£n-t°-≠Xm-
sW∂ at\m-`mhw F∂n¬ cq]-s∏-´p.

96
sshhn-[y-ß-fpsS temIw