Net Zero Energy
1. Why is net zero important?
2. Embodied carbon vs operational carbon
3. What is net zero?
4. Certifications
5. Codes
Break
1. Design process: Passive strategies, Active
strategies, Renewables, cost strategies, district
scale strategies
2. Operating process: Owner-driven decisions,
post-occupancy cx
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Net Zero Energy – Why?
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Embodied vs. Operational Carbon
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Embodied vs. Operational Carbon
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Embodied vs. Operational Carbon
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Net Zero Energy – Definitions
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Net Zero Energy – Definitions
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Net Zero Energy – ILFI Certification
100% of the building’s energy
needs on a net annual basis
must be supplied by on-site
renewable energy (with some
exceptions).
No combustion is allowed.
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Net Zero Energy
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Net Zero Energy – Other Certifications
LEED ZERO CARBON LEED ZERO ENERGY ILFI ZERO CARBON
Offset carbon created by building Offset energy consumed by Offset 100% of operational carbon
operations, transportation, potable building over 12 months. Source through on-site or off-site
water usage, waste removal. energy must be offset, not site renewables as well as 100% of
Embodied carbon is optional. energy. Onsite or offset embodied energy through offsets.
Onsite or offset renewables can be renewables can be used, but
used, as can carbon offsets. carbon offsets are not recognized.
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Code Impacts
Clean Energy DC Omnibus Act of 2018
By 2032, phase in a 100% renewable energy portfolio and cut greenhouse emissions in half.
By 2045, city’s public transportation and fleet vehicles will be switched over to electric.
By 2050, the district will be carbon neutral.
Existing buildings 10,000sf or larger must participate in building performance benchmarking
program (the previous threshold was 50,000sf or larger).
Data will be used to establish a Building Energy Performance Standard (BEPS) for each building type
(similar to Energy Star score).
Buildings 10,000sf or larger will need to be equal to or better than the BEPS for that building type.
Building that do not meet this will be required to make improvements, such as improving the
building’s energy performance by 20%, or they will be fined.
Green financing options are also being implemented in DC (such as the $40 million DC Green Bank)
to provide loans and financing for these improvements.
DC Energy Code Appendix Z
An optional code-compliance path for net zero energy buildings. This also provides a framework for
phasing this in as a requirement for certain buildings in the future.
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Code Impacts - Alexandria
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Break Time!
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Design Process
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Design Process
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Design Process
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Passive Strategies
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Passive Strategies – Façade Study without Shade Structure
Cumulative Direct Solar Radiation Falling on Building Skin
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Passive Strategies – Façade Study with Shade Structure
Cumulative Direct Solar Radiation Falling on Building Skin
West Façade Reference Image South Façade Reference Image
West Façade Annual Radiation on the Building Skin South Façade Annual Radiation on the Building Skin
~ 65% Reduction in Solar Radiation Striking the West Glass ~ 90 % Reduction in Solar Radiation Striking the South Glass
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Passive Strategies – Parametric Analysis
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Passive Strategies
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Active Strategies – HVAC System Analysis
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District Scale Systems
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Renewable Power
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EUI Benchmarking
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EUI Benchmarking
Benchmarking Net Zero Projects in Region
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EUI Benchmarking
Comparison of Building EUI vs. Roof Area Required
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Renewable Power
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Renewable Power
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Maximizing Photovoltaics
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Maximizing Photovoltaics
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Renewable Power
Offsite Renewables Exception
• Tenant improvement projects where there is no ownership interest by the project
owner or developer in the core building HVAC systems, and/or the building
envelope or grounds
• Projects which even after the highest level of efficiency is attained are unable to
offset their energy use onsite due to project density/height or inherently very
high baseline EUI’s (such as a hospital or data center)
• Projects that are not able to provide onsite renewables due to substantial
limitations of the local grid to absorb the generated energy, or jurisdiction-related
limitations (such as military restrictions on wind turbine placement)
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Renewable Power
Offsite Renewables Exception
• The offsite renewables must be located in the same regional grid as the
project.
• Sensitive siting criteria consistent with ILFI’s Limits to Growth imperative is
required for the offsite renewable energy generation facilities.
• Legal assignment is required for ownership of the offsite renewables’ energy
output using a standard agreement such as a Power Purchase Agreement
(PPA), with a minimum required term length of 15 years. Tenant Improvement
projects may align the PPA term length with the length of their building lease.
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Cost Strategies
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Net Zero Energy
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Net Zero Energy
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Net Zero Energy
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Net Zero Energy
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Net Zero Energy
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PV Financing
Financing Options – Power Purchase Agreements (PPA)
Benefits
o No or low upfront costs
o Predictable and possibly reduced energy costs
o Limited risk to building owner
Considerations
o PV system owner/developer owns right to sell SRECs
o Long term owners who are not tax exempt may want to purchase PV
themselves and get tax and payback benefits
o Some additional building costs may be required, such as structural upgrades
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PV Financing
Financing Options – Outright Ownership
Benefits
o Owner receives any tax rebates
o Once payback is achieved, “free” power
Considerations
o Requires more initial investment
o Owner responsible for maintenance
o Payback varies widely based on tax rebates, but
currently is about 10 years
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PV Financing
Financing Options – Selling SRECs (Solar Renewable Energy Credits)
1 SREC = 1 Mwh of generated electricity
Washington DC
o $370/SREC
Virginia
o $0/SREC
o No mandatory renewable portfolio standard
Maryland
o $8/SREC
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Owner-Driven Decisions
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Owner-Driven Decisions
Selecting the Right Computer Plug Loads
Plug Load Study With Thin-Clients and
50% Design Intent With Thin- Clients and
Finding virtualized
(assumed) Remote -computers
(data driven) computers
540 W@ desk 330 W@ desk 110 W@ desk 110 W@ desk
75 W remote 25 W remote
Workfloor cfm/sf 0.41 cfm/sf 0.36 cfm/sf 0.33 cfm/sf 0.33 cfm/sf
Plant Sizing tons 1,950 tons 1,772 tons 1,651 tons 1,562 tons
Energy Use
90 kBtu/sf 85 kBtu/sf 74 kBtu/sf 61 kBtu/sf
Intensity
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Owner-Driven Decisions
0% 5% 10% 15% 20% 25% 30% 35% 40%
Monitor
Laptop
Desk light
TVs
Projectors
Refrigerators
Laser Printers
Ink Jet Printers
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Owner-Driven Decisions
More efficient equipment = $120,000 savings in PV array
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Owner-Driven Decisions
Work Hour Total Energy
6am–6pm M-F
2,940 hrs/yr
Off Hour Total Energy
6pm–6am M-F
All Day Saturday, Sunday
3 wks Vacation
5,820 hrs/yr
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Owner-Driven Decisions
Operating Schedule
Occupant Education/Engagement
Temperature Set Points
On-Site Net Zero “Champion”
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Commissioning a Net Zero Energy Building
Cx Timeline - Typical
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Commissioning a Net Zero Energy Building
Cx Timeline – Net Zero
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Commissioning a Net Zero Energy Building
Cx Timeline – Net Zero (minimal check-ins)
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Commissioning a Net Zero Energy Building
Cx Timeline – Net Zero (minimal check-ins)
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Commissioning a Net Zero Energy Building
Cx Timeline – Net Zero (monthly check-ins)
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Commissioning a Net Zero Energy Building
Cx Timeline – Net Zero Annually
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Commissioning a Net Zero Energy Building
Analyze the Results
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Commissioning a Net Zero Energy Building
Annual Total Production and Consumption
PV production is equal to predictions.
Consumption is 13% below prediction.
Net site production is 20% above NZE AKA Net Positive.
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Commissioning a Net Zero Energy Building
Make Recommendations and Action Items
Energy:
• Solar Under performing Clean PV Panels
• Better programming Event Modes, Nighttime sweeps
• Lighting isn’t dimming enough
• Lighting daylighting controls were switched off
Comfort:
• Start the morning warm up earlier (people come in earlier and are cold)
• Educate the staff – see something, say something. You don’t have to suck
it up and be cold when its hot outside
• Add more controllability for multiply conference rooms on a single FCU
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Net Zero Energy – Occupant Happiness
7 100%
Very 94% 94%
Satisfied 89%
87% 88%
89%
90%
85%
83%
6
80%
75%
73% 73% 73% 72% 73%
70%
66% 66%
5
58% 58% 60%
4 50%
Neutral
40%
3
30%
20%
2
10%
1 0%
General General Office Layout Office Thermal Air Quality Lighting Acoustic Cleanliness +
Very Satisfaction - Satisfaction - Furnishings Comfort Quality Maintenance
Dissatisfied Building Workplace
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Achieving Net Zero Energy
How do we get there?
• Reduce demand
• Maximize on-site production
• Expand to off-site production
• Identify financing strategies
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