Potable Water Resource

A resource is a source or supply from which benefit is

produced. Typically resources are materials, energy,
services, staff, knowledge, or other assets that are
transformed to produce benefit and in the process may be
consumed or made unavailable. Benefits of resource
utilization may include increased wealth or wants, proper
What is functioning of a system, or enhanced well being.
Resources ? Resources have three main characteristics:
 Utility,
 Limited availability,
 Potential for depletion or consumption.
 ❖Resources can be broadly classified on bases upon their
availability they are
 Renewable and
 Non renewable resources
Types ❖On the basis of origin they can be classified as
 Natural Resources
 Human Resources
  Water resources are sources of water that are useful or
What is potentially useful to humans. It is important because it is
Water needed for life to exist. The majority of human uses
Resource require fresh water.
 Fresh water is a renewable resource, yet the world’s
supply of groundwater is steadily decreasing.
 Flowing
artesian well
Precipitation
Evaporation and transpiration
Well requiring a pump

Water Cycle – Confined

Evaporation
Recharge Area
continuously
collected, purified, Runoff
recycled and
distributed Aquifer Stream
Infiltration Water table
Lake
Infiltration
Unconfined aquifer

Confined aquifer
Less permeable material
such as clay Confirming permeable rock layer
  Potable water, also known as drinking water, comes from
What is surface and ground sources and is treated to levels that
that meet state and federal standards for consumption.
Potable Water Water from natural sources is treated for
Resource microorganisms, bacteria, toxic chemicals, viruses and
fecal matter.
  Potable water, also called drinking or tap water, is used
What is for sanitary purposes such as drinking fountains,
Potable Water showers, toilets, hand-wash basins, cooking, etc. If the
water supply to the facility is from a public system such
Resource as city water,
 About 2/3 of world surface is covered with water. Out of
the total available water 75%is used for agriculture,20%
for industrial usage.
➢Ground water: 9.86% of fresh water is ground water and
it is35-50% greater than surface water.
Water ➢Aquifer: The layer of soil which is permeable has the
ability to store water is called an aquifer. It is generally
Resources made up of gravel, sand etc.
➢Unconfined aquifer: it is covered by permeable layer.
The recharge of this layer is by rainfall or snowmelt
➢Confined aquifer: sandwiched between impermeable
layers. The recharge is through unconfined aquifer
layers.
 1. Standing water bodies:
a) Lakes
b) Reservoirs
c) Estuaries - An estuary is a partially enclosed,
coastal water body where freshwater from rivers
Surface Water and streams mixes with salt water from the
ocean.
2. Flowing Water Bodies:
a) Streams
b) Rivers
3. Under ground water
 1. Create a list of Water resources of the Philippines
Activity 1 2. Submit it via PDF or Text entry
 Food and water are two basic human needs. However, global
coverage figures from 2002 indicate that, of every 10 people:
1. Roughly 5 have a connection to a piped water supply at home (in
World water their dwelling, plot or yard);
supply and 2. 3 make use of some other sort of improved water supply, such as
a protected well or public standpipe;
Distribution 3. 2 are unserved;
4. In addition, 4 out of every 10 people live without improved
sanitation
 At Earth Summit 2002 governments approved a Plan of Action to:
1. Halve by 2015 the proportion of people unable to reach or afford
safe drinking water. The Global Water Supply and Sanitation
World water Assessment 2000 Report (GWSSAR) defines "Reasonable access"
to water as at least 20 liters per person per day from a source
supply and within one kilometer of the user’s home.
Distribution 2. Halve the proportion of people without access to basic
sanitation. The GWSSR defines "Basic sanitation" as private or
shared but not public disposal systems that separate waste from
human contact
  In 2025, water shortages will be more prevalent among
poorer countries where resources are limited and
population growth is rapid, such as the Middle East,
World water Africa, and parts of Asia. By 2025, large urban and pre-
supply and urban areas will require new infrastructure to provide
safe water and adequate sanitation. This suggests
Distribution growing conflicts with agricultural water users, who
currently consume the majority of the water used by
humans.
 Generally speaking the more developed countries of North America,
Europe and Russia will not see a serious threat to water supply by the
year 2025, not only because of their relative wealth, but more
importantly their populations will be better aligned with available
water resources.
World water North Africa, the Middle East, South Africa and northern China will
supply and face very severe water shortages due to physical scarcity and a
condition of overpopulation relative to their carrying capacity with
Distribution respect to water supply.
Most of South America, Sub-Saharan Africa, Southern China and India
will face water supply shortages by 2025; for these latter regions the
causes of scarcity will be economic constraints to developing safe
drinking water, as well as excessive population growth.
Water supply
system
Water supply
System
 Water scarcity is the lack of fresh water resources to
meet water demand. It affects every continent and was
Water scarcity listed in 2015 by the World Economic Forum as the
largest global risk in terms of potential impact over the
next decade.
 Water scarcity can result from two mechanisms:
 Physical (absolute) water scarcity
 Economic water scarcity

Water scarcity Physical water scarcity results from inadequate natural

water resources to supply a region's demand. Around one
fifth of the world's population currently live in regions
affected by Physical water scarcity, where there is
inadequate water resources to meet a country's or
regional demand, including the water needed to fulfill the
demand of ecosystems to function effectively.
 Economic water scarcity is caused by a lack of investment
in infrastructure or technology to draw water from rivers,
aquifers or other water sources, or insufficient human
capacity to satisfy the demand for water.

Water scarcity One quarter of the world's population is affected by

economic water scarcity. Economic water scarcity includes
a lack of infrastructure, causing the people without
reliable access to water to have to travel long distances to
fetch water, that is often contaminated from rivers for
domestic and agricultural uses.
  Two-thirds of the global population (4.0 billion people)
live under conditions of severe water scarcity at least 1
month of the year.
Water scarcity  Half a billion people in the world face severe water
scarcity all year round
 Half of the world’s largest cities experience water
scarcity.
  Water in agriculture: water plays the most important role in
agriculture. Agriculture is impossible without irrigation throughout
the crop season. Irrigation ensures proper plant growth.
 Water for Municipal use: Lifestyle of the inhabitants and their
economic conditions affect the water use within the home in
different parts of the country. Municipal; demand includes water for
domestic purposes. Commercial uses, street washing, lawn and
Importance of garden irrigation, fire protection.
water  Balancing the ecosystem: Water is not only important for human
beings but also plays an important role to balance the entire
ecosystem by various ways; by its presence in the atmosphere it
absorbs the sun’s heat. The rain water scours the hills and carries
the sediments into rivers, valley etc. percolating water into rock
crusts takes part in the formation of mineral deposits. In polar
regions, water in the form of the caps influences climatic and
geographical changes.
  Water for industries: water is used in huge quantities in the
industries like steel industry, chemicals, fertilizers, textiles,
cement, electricity, petrochemicals & paper. Mining, food etc.

 Water for power: Thermal power plants also requires large

volume of water for the purpose of cooling and disposal of fly
Importance of ash. Water is used in thermal power generation.
water
 Water for fish, wildlife and recreation: Fish, wildlife and
recreation facilities play an important role in nation’s life and
adequate water supplies for their continued development &
important. Swimming, boating, fishing is the important
outdoor recreational activities which are impossible without
water.
 1. Not depleting aquifers 6. Outside party mediation of
2. Preserving ecological water disputes between
health of aquatic nations
systems 7. Marketing of water rights
3. Preserving water 8. Raising water prices
Solutions quality 9. Wasting less water
10. Decreasing government
Sustainable 4. Integrated watershed subsides for supplying
management water
Water Use 5. Agreements among 11. Increasing government
regions and countries subsides for reducing water
sharing surface water waste
resources 12. Slowing population growth
 Groundwater Pollution:
[Link] products
[Link] storage tanks
Water Pollution [Link]
[Link] tanks
[Link] impoundments
  Industrial causes of water pollution: Industries cause
huge water pollution with their activities. These come
mainly from: [Link] 2. Asbestos 3. Lead and Mercury
4. Nitrates & Phosphates
Causes of water
 Oil Pollution by Oil Industries: Routine shipping, run-offs
pollution and dumping of oils on the ocean surfaces happen
everyday. Oil spills make up about 12% of the oil that
enters the ocean. Because oil does not dissolve, it stays
on the water surface and suffocates fish.
  Atmospheric: Atmospheric deposition is the pollution of
water bodies caused by air pollution. Each time the air is
polluted with sulphur dioxide and nitrogen oxide, they
mix with water particles in the air and form a toxic
substance.
Causes of  Ocean and marine dumping: Again, think of the rubbish
water pollution we all make each day. Paper waste, food waste, plastic,
rubber, metallic and aluminium waste. In some
countries, they are deposited into the sea. All these
waste types take time to decompose. When these end
up in the sea, they harm sea animals and cause a lot of
water animal deaths
  Other causes of surface water pollution: Apart from the
industrial causes of water pollution, as we saw in the
previous page, here are some more:
Causes of  Sewage and waste water: Everyday, we cook, do laundry,
water pollution flush the Toilet, wash our cars, shower and do many
things that use water.
  Rapid Urbanization: The trends towards urbanization is acceleration.
Urbanization requires significant investment in water infrastructure in
order to deliver water to individuals and to process the concentrations
of wastewater- both from individuals and from business. These polluted
and contaminated waters must be treated or they pose unacceptable
public health risks.
 Climate change: Climate change could have significant impacts on water
resources around the world because of the close connections between
the climate and hydrological cycle. Rising temperatures will increase
Threats evaporation and lead to increases in precipitation, though there will be
regional variations in rainfall. Both droughts and floods may become
more frequent in different regions at different times, and dramatic
changes in snowfall and snow melt are expected in mountainous areas.
 Pollution: Many pollutants threaten water supplies, but the most wide
spread, especially in developing countries, is the discharge of raw
sewage into natural waters; this method of sewage disposal is the most
common method in underdeveloped countries, but also is prevalent in
quasi developed countries such as China. India. Nepal and Iran.
  Water conservation refers to reducing the usage of
water and recycling of waste water for different
Water purposes such as cleaning, manufacturing and
agricultural irrigation.
conservation
 It is a practice in which people, companies and
governments attempt to reduce their water usage.
  When washing dishes by hand, don’t let the water run
while rinsing. Fill one sink with wash water and the other
with rinse water.
 Run your clothes washer and dishwasher only when they
Simple ways to are full. You can save up to 1,000 gallons a month.
conserve water  Water your lawn and garden in the morning or evening
when temperatures are cooler to minimize evaporation.
 Wash your fruits and vegetables in a pan of water
instead of running water from the tap.
  Adjust sprinklers so only your lawn is watered and not
the house, sidewalk, or street.
 Some refrigerators, air conditioners and ice-makers are
cooled with wasted flows of water. Consider upgrading
with air-cooled appliances for significant water savings.
Simple ways to
conserve water  Plant in the fall when conditions are cooler ad rainfall is
more plentiful.
 Use the garbage disposal sparingly. Compost vegetable
food waste instead and save gallons every time.
  Water management is the control and movement of
water resources to minimize damage to life and property
and to maximize efficient beneficial use. Good water
management systems make the most efficient use of
Water resource limited water supplies for agriculture.
management  Drainage management involves water budgeting and
analysis of surface and sub-surface drainage system.
Sometimes water management involves changing
practices, such as groundwater withdrawal rates, or
allocation of water to different purposes.
 Physical problems
➢Poorly developed water supply and wastewater treatment facilities.
➢Incomplete water monitoring systems.

Water
Water Pricing problems
Resources
➢Lower water prices excessive water use in agriculture
Management
Problem Organizational problems
➢Integrated water resources management has not been fully
implemented in most of Asia and the pacific.
 1. Create a list of Existing Policies for Water Resource Management
Activity 2 in Philippines and its purpose
 A paramount issue is water-its availability, quality and management.
Extensive hydrological information is necessary to develop water
resources and protect them.
Importance of Water resource management is a very important issue from several
angles such as Development of water bodies for future •Protection of
Water available water bodies from pollution and over exploitation and
Resource Prevent water bodies from contamination . .
Role of hydrology for water resources management
Management • Estimation of water resources availability
• Estimation and reduction of hydrological risks
• Development of hydrological scenarios
• Ensure proper information to decision maker