Chapter 6

6.1 For sketch of Ni see Figure 6.8. Others follow similarly

By Equation (6.2.18)
1
Ni + Nj + Nm = [( i + j + m) + ( i + j + m) x [ i+ j + m)y] (1)
2A
By Equation (6.2.10)
i + j + m = xj ym – yj xm + yi xm – xi ym + xi yj – yi xj
= 2A (by Equation (6.2.9)) (2)
i + j + m = yj – ym + ym – yi + yi – yj = 0 (3)
i + j + m = xm – xj + xi – xm + xj – xi = 0 (4)
By using (2)–(4) in (1), we obtain
Ni + Nj + Nm = 1 identically
6.2 By Equation (6.2.47)
1
p= {d}T [B]T [D] [B] dV{d} – {d}T { f }
2 v

i 0 j 0 m 0
1
[B] = 0 i 0 j 0 m
2A
i i j j m m

ui
vi
1 v 0
E uj
[D] = v 1 0 , {d} =
1 – v2 1 v
vj
0 0 2 um
vm

i 0 i
0 i i
1 1 j 0 j
p = [ui vi uj vj um vm]
2 v 2A 0 j j

m 0 m
0 m m

315
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whole or in part.
 ui
vi
1 v 0 i 0 i 0 m 0
E 1 uj
v 1 0 0 i 0 j 0 m dV
1 v2 1 v
2A vj
0 0 i i j j m m
2 um
vm
– [ui vi uj vj um vm] { f }

1 v 0 i
1 1 E 1
= 2 i 0 i v 1 0 0 dV ui – f1x
ui 2 2A 1 v2 2 A v
1 v
0 0 2
i
C

1 v 0 0
= 2C 0 i i v 1 0 i dV vi – f1y
vi v
1 v
0 0 2
i

1 v 0 i
= 2C j 0 j v 1 0 0 dV uj – f2x
ui v
1 v
0 0 2
j

1 v 0 0
= 2C 0 j j v 1 0 i dV vj – f2y
vj v
1 v
0 0 2
i

1 v 0 m
= 2C m 0 m v 1 0 0 dV um – f3x
um v
1 v
0 0 2
m

1 v 0 0
= 2C 0 m m v 1 0 m dV vm – f3y
vm v
1 v
0 0 2
m

i 0 i
0 i i
1 v 0 i 0 i 0 m 0
i 0 j
= 2C v 1 0 0 i 0 j 0 m
d v 0 j j 1 v
0 0 i i j m m m
m 0 m
2

0 m m

316
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whole or in part.
 ui f1x
vi f1 y
uj f2 x
dV –
vj f2 y
um f3 x
vm f3 y

From Equation (3.10.27) or Equation (6.2.48)

= 0
d

= B T [D] [B] dV{d} – { f } = 0

d v

6.3
(a)

E 10 106 psi
v 0.25
t 1 in.

[k] = t A [B]T [D] [B]

xi = 0, yi = –1, xj = 2, yj = 0, xm = 0, ym = 1
1 1
A= b h = (2)(2) = 2 in.2
2 2

i = yj – ym = 0 – 1 = – 1
j = ym – yi = 1 – (–1) = 2
m = yi – yj = – 1 – 0 = – 1
i = xm – xj = 0 – 2 = – 2
j = xi – xm = 0 – 0 = 0
m = xj – xi = 2 – 0 = 2

i 0 j 0 m 0
1
[B] = 0 i 0 j 0 m
2A
i i j j m m

317
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whole or in part.
 1 v 0
E
Since it is plane stress [D] = v 1 0
(1 v 2 ) 1 v
0 0 2

1 0 2
0 2 1
1 0.25 0
T 10 106 2 0 0
So [B] [D] = 0.25 1 0
4 0.9375 0 0 2
0 0 0.375
1 0 2
0 2 1

1 0.25 0.75
0.5 2 0.375
2 0.5 0 10 106
=
0 0 0.75 4 0.9375
–1 0.25 0.75
0.5 2 0.375
[k] = t A[B]T [D] [B]
1 0.25 0.75
0.5 2 0.375
10 106 2 0.5 0
[k] = (1 in.)(2)
4 0.9375 0 0 0.75
1 0.25 0.75
0.5 2 0.375
1 0 2 0 1 0
1
0 2 0 0 0 2
4
2 1 0 2 2 1
i 1 j 2 m 3
2.5 1.25 2 1.5 0.5 0.25
1.25 4.375 1 0.75 0.25 3.625
[k] = 1.333 106 2 1 4 0 2 1
1.5 0.75 0 1.5 1.5 0.75
0.5 0.25 2 1.5 2.5 1.25
0.25 3.625 1 0.75 1.25 4.375
(b) xi = 1.2, yi = 0, xj = 2.4, yj = 0, xm = 1.2, ym = 1

318
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whole or in part.
 i = yj – ym = 0 – 1 = – 1
j = ym – yj = 1 – 0 = 1
m = yi – yj = 0 – 0 = 0
i = xm – xj = 1.2 – 2.4 = – 1.2
j = xi – xm = 1.2 – 1.2 = 0
m = xj – xi = 2.4 – 1.2 = 1.2
1
A= (1.2) (1) = 0.6 in.2
2

1 0 1.2
0 1.2 1
6
1 0.25 0
T 10 10 1 0 0
So [B] [D] = 0.25 1 0
(1.2) 0.9375 0 0 1
0 0 0.375
0 0 1.2
0 1.2 0

1 0.25 0.45
0.3 1.2 0.375
6 1 0.25 0
8.33 10
=
0.9375 0 0 0.375
0 0 0.45
0.3 1.2 0

[k] = t A[B]T [D] [B]

1 0.25 0.45
0.3 1.2 0.375
2 6 1 0.25 0
(1in.) (6in. )8.33 10
[k] =
2(0.6) (0.9375) 0 0 0.375
0 0 0.45
0.3 1.2 0

319
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 1 0 1 0 0 0
0 1.2 0 0 0 1.2
1.2 1 0 1 1.2 0

i 1 j 2 m 3
1.54 0.75 1 0.45 0.54 0.3
0.75 1.815 0.3 0.375 0.45 1.44
[k] = 4.44 106 1 0.3 1 0 0 0.3
0.45 0.375 0 0.375 0.45 0
0.54 0.45 0 0.45 0.54 0
0.3 1.44 0.3 0 0 1.44

(c) E = 10 106 = 0.25 t=1

Triangle coordinate definition

0 x 0 This defines an array variable

i= x coordinate is the top
0 y 1 y coordinate is the bottom

2 1
j= Area of triangle = 2
base height
0

0 1
m= A= (jx – ix) (my – iy)
1 2
A= 1
Develop stiffness matrix
i = jy – my i = –1 i = mx – jx i = –2
j = my – iy j =1 j = ix – mx j =0
m = iy – jy m =0 m = jx – ix m =2

i 0 i 0
1 1
[Bi] = 0 i [Bj] = 0 i
2A 2A
i i i j

m 0
1
[Bm] = 0 m
2A
m m

Gradient matrix
[B] = augment (Bi, Bj, Bm)

320
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whole or in part.
 0.5 0 0.5 0 0 0
[B] = 0 1 0 0 0 1
1 0.5 0 0.5 1 0

Plane stress
Constitutive matrix

1 v 0
E
[D] = v 1 0
1 v2 1 v
0 0 2

1.067 107 2.67 106 0

6 7
[D] = 2.67 10 1.067 10 0
0 0 0.4 107

[k] = t A [B]T D] B] Constant-strain triangular element stiffness matrix

2 107 1 107 8 106 6 106 1.2 107 4 106

1 107 3.5 107 4 106 3 106 6 106 3.2 107
1 8 106 4 106 8 106 0 0 4 106
[k] =
3 6 106 3 106 0 3 106 6 106 0
7 6 6 7
1.2 10 6 10 0 6 10 1.2 10 0
4 106 3.2 107 4 106 0 0 3.2 107

6.4 In general we know that

u1
v1
1 v 0 i 0 j 0 m 0
E 1 u2
{ }= 2
v 1 0 0 i 0 j 0 m
(1 v ) 2A v2
1 v
0 0 2 i i j j m m u3
v3

(a) For the first element we have

321
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whole or in part.
 x 1 0.25 0 1 0 2 0 1 0
10 106 1
y = 0.25 1 0 0 2 0 0 0 2
(1 0.252 ) 2(2)
xy
0 0 0.375 2 1 0 2 2 1
0
0.0025
6400 psi
0.0012
1600 psi
0
5000 psi
0.0
0.0025
The principal stresses are given by the equations
1 1
2 2 2 2
x y x y 2 x y x y 2
xy
1,2 = xy
2 2 2 2
and the plane that are acting upon is

1 xy
p = tan–1
2 x y
2

1
2
6400 1600 6400 1600 2 2
1= 5000
2 2
= 9546 psi
1
2
6400 1600 6400 1600 2 2
2= –5000
2 2
= – 1545 psi
1 5000
p = tan–1 6400 – 1600
= – 32.2°
2
2

(b) For the second element we have

x x 1 0.25 0 1 0 1 0 0 0
10 106 1
y y = 0.25 1 0 0 1.2 0 0 0 1.2
(1 0.25)2 2(0.6)
xy xy
0 0 0.375 1.2 1 0 1 1.2 0

0
0.0025
0.0012
0
0.0
0.0025

322
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whole or in part.
 x 10667 psi
y 2667 psi
xy 8333 psi
1
2
10667 2667 10667 2667 2 2
1 = 8333
2 2

1= 15910 psi
1
2
10667 2667 10667 2667 2 2
2= 8333
2 2

2 = – 2577 psi
1 8333
p= tan–1 10667 2667
2
2

p = –32.2°
(c) For third element we have
0.5 0 0.5 0 0 0
1
[B] = 0 1 0 0 0 1
in.
1 0.5 0 0.5 1 0

1.067 107 2.67 106 0

6 7 lb
[D] = 2.67 10 1.067 10 0
in.2
0 0 0.4 107

u1 = 0.0 in. v1 = 0.0025 in.

u2 = 0.0012 in. v2 = 0.0 in.
u3 = 0.0 in. v3 = 0.0025 in.
u1
v1
u2
{d} = Displacement matrix
v2
u3
v3
Stress evaluation

y = [D] B] d}
xy

323
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whole or in part.
 x
6.4 103
lb
y = 1.6 103
3
in.2
xy 5 10

Principal stresses
2
x y x – y 2
1= xy
2 2
2
x y x – y 2
2 = xy
2 2
lb
max = 0.955 104 = 1
in.2
lb
min = – 1.546 103 2 =
in.
Principal angle
2 xy
atan
x y
p =
2
p = – 32.179 deg.

6.5 Von Mises stress for biaxial stress state

(a) 1 = 9546 2 = – 1546
2 2
e = 1 2 1 2 e = 1.041 104 psi

(b) 1 = 15910 2 = –2577

2 2
e = 1 2 1 2 e = 1.734 104 psi

2 2
(c) e = 1 2 1 2

lb
e = 1.041 104
in.2
6.6

324
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whole or in part.
 i = yj – ym = 30 – 120 = – 90 i = xm – xi = 50 – 80 = – 30
j = ym – yi = 120 – 30 = 90 i = xi – xm = 20 – 50 = –30
m = yi – yj = 30 – 30 = 0 m = xj – xi = 80 – 20 = 60
2A = xi(yj – ym) + xj(ym – yi) + xm(yi – yj)
= 20(– 90) + 80(90) + 50(0) = 5400 mm2
90 0 90 0 0 0
1
[B] = 0 30 0 30 0 60
5400
30 90 30 90 60 0

1 0.25 0 1 0.25 0
105 109
[D] = 0.25 1 0 = 1.12 1011 0.25 1 0
1 (0.25)2
0 0 0.375 0 0 0.375

[k] = t A [B]T [D] [B]

90 0 30
0 30 90
–3
1 0.25 0
5.4 10 1 90 0 30
[k] = (0.01) 3
(1.12 1011) 0.25 1 0 [B]
2 5.4 10 0 30 90
0 0 0.375
0 0 60
0 60 0

90 22.5 11.25
7.5 30 33.75
90 0 90 0 0 0
90 22.5 11.25 1
[k] = 0.56 109 3
0 30 0 30 0 60
7.5 30 33.75 5.4 10
30 90 30 90 60 0
0 0 22.5
15 60 0

8437.5 1687.5 7762.5 337.5 675 1350

1687.5 3937.5 337.5 2137.5 2025 1800
7762.5 337.5 8437.5 1687.5 675 1350
[k] = 1.037 105
337.5 2137.5 1687.5 3937.5 2025 1800
675 2025 675 2025 1350 0
1350 1800 1350 1800 0 3600

(b) Similarly

i = –5 i =0

j = 2.5 j = –5

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whole or in part.
 m = 2.5 m =5

25.0 0 12.5 6.25 12.5 6.25

9.375 9.375 4.6875 9.375 4.6875
15.625 7.8125 3.125 1.5625
[k] = 2.24 107
27.343 1.5625 3.125
15.625 7.8125
Symmetry 27.343

Now solve P6-6c for stiffness matrix

t = 0.01

tA
A = A=5 10–5
2

[k] = t A [B]T [D] [B]

1.225 109 3.5 108 1.015 109 7 107 2.1 108 2.8 108
3.5 108 7 108 7 107 1.4 108 4.2 108 5.6 108
1.015 109 7 107 1.225 109 – 3.5 108 –2.1 108 2.8 108
[k] =
7 107 1.4 108 –3.5 108 7 108 4.2 108 –5.6 108
2.1 108 4.2 108 –2.1 108 4.2 108 4.2 108 0
8 8 8 8
2.8 10 5.6 10 2.8 10 –5.6 10 0 1.12 109
6.7 (a) By Equation (6.2.36)
{ } = [D] [B] {d}
Using results of Problem 6.5 (a)

x 1 0.25 0 90 0 90 0 0 0
1.12 1011
y = 3
0.25 1 0 0 30 0 30 0 60
5400 10
xy
0 0 0.375 30 90 30 90 60 0

0.002
0.001
m 0.0005
10–3
mm 0
0.003
0.001
2.645 GPa
= 0.078 GPa
0.1165 GPa

326
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whole or in part.
 2
2.645 ( 0.078) 2.645 0.078
1,2 = 0.11652
2 2
= – 1.86 1.29
1 = – 0.07 GPa 2 = – 2.65 GPa
2(0.1165)
tan 2 p1 = = – 0.091
2.645 0.078

p = – 2.59°
(b) From Problem 6.5 (b) ’s and ’s given

x x 1 0.25 0 5 0 2.5 0 2.5 0

1.12 1011
y y = 6
0.25 1 0 0 0 0 5 0 5
25 10
xy xy
0 0 0.375 0 5 5 2.5 5 2.5

0.002
0.001
0
m 0.0005
10–3 21.0GPa
mm 0
16.8GPa
0.003
0.001

2
0 21.0 21
1,2 = 16.82
2 2

= 10.5 19.8

1 = 30.3 GPa 2 = – 9.3 GPa

2(16.8)
tan 2 p =
0 21.0
p = – 29°
(c)

Plane stress also find von Mises stress

327
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whole or in part.
 i = – 10 mm i = – 5 mm
j = 10 mm j = – 5 mm
m = 0 m = 10 mm
–5 2
A = 2.5 10 m
{ } = [D] [B] {d}

1 v 0
E
[D] = v 1 0
1 v2 1 v
0 0 2

1 0.25 0
(105 109 N )
m2
[D] = 2
0.25 1 0
1 (0.25) 1 0.25
0 0 2

1 0.25 0
N
[D] = 112 109 0.25 1 0
m2
0 0 0.375

u1
v1
u2
{d} =
v2
u3
v3

Determine the stresses in the element with nodal displacements listed

u1 = 0.002 v1 = 0.001 u2 = 0.0005 v2 = 0 u3 = 0.003 v3 = 0.001
Here are the coordinates for the element
x1 = 0 y1 = 0 x2 = 0.01 y2 = 0 x3 = 0.005 y3 = 0.01
E = 105 109 v = 0.25
u1
v2
1 v 0
u2 E
{d} = [D] = v 1 0 [D] = [ D ]
v2 1 – v2
1– v
u3 0 0
2
v3

328
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whole or in part.
 1.12 1011 2.8 1010 0
10 11
Equation (6.1.8) [D] = 2.8 10 1.12 10 0
0 0 4.2 1010
Equation (6.2.10)
1 = y2 – y3 1 = – 0.01 1 = x3 – x2 1 =–5 10–3
2 = y3 – y1 2 = 0.01 2 = x1 – x3 2 =–5 10–3
3 = y1 – y2 3 =0 3 = x2 – x1 3 = 0.01
TA = x1 (y2 – y3) + x2 (y3 – y1) + x3 (y1 – y2)
TA = 1 10–4 twice the area, Equation (6.2.9)
Equation (6.2.32) combined

1 0 2 0 3 0
1
[B] = 0 1 0 2 0 3
TA
1 1 2 2 2 3

–100 0 100 0 0 0
[B] = 0 – 50 0 – 50 0 100
– 50 –100 – 50 100 100 0

In-plane stresses
{ = [D] [B] {d}

–1.54 1010 x 0 x 1.54 1010

{ = 1.4 109 y 1 y 4.2 109
3.15 109 xy 2 xy 3.15 109

Note: use the left bracket after the sigma then the 0, or 1 or 2 for the values in the sigma
matrix
Principal stresses
1
2
x y ( x – y) 2
2
1 = xy
2 2
1
2
N ( x – y) 2
2
1 = 1.971 109 2 sqrt = xy
m 2

x y
ave =
2

1 xy
2 = ave – sqrt p = a tan 2
2 x – y

329
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whole or in part.
 N
2 = – 1.597 1010 p = – 0.179
m2
p = – 10.278° Principal angle
6.8 Von Mises stress
(a) 1 = – 0.07 2 = – 2.65

2 2
e = 1 2 1 2 e = 2.615 GPa

(b) 1 = 30.3 2 = – 9.3

2 2
e = 1 2 1 2 e = 35.87 GPa

(c) 1 = 1.97 GPa 2 = – 15.95 GPa

P6.8c von Mises stress, Equation (6.5.37a)

1
1 2 2 2 2
vm = ( 1 – 2) 2 1
2
N
vm = 1.705 1010
m2
6.9
(a)

Plane strain
i = yj – ym = 1–5 = – 4 i = xm – xj = 2 – 4 = – 2
j = ym – yi = 5 – 1 = 4 j = xi – xm = 2 – 2 = 0
m = yi – yj = 1 – 1 = 0 m = xj – xi = 4 – 2 = 2

x 0.75 0.25 0
10 106
y = 0.25 0.75 0
(1 0.25) 1 2(0.25)
xy
0 0 0.25

330
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whole or in part.
 0.001
0.005
4 0 4 0 0 0
1 0.001
0 2 0 0 0 2
8 0.0025
2 4 0 4 2 0
0
0
5000
= 15000 psi
6000

2
5000 ( 15000) 5000 ( 15000)
1,2 = ( 6000)2
2 2

= –10000 ± 7813

1 = – 2187 psi 2 = –17810 psi

2( 6000)
tan 2 p =
5000 ( 15000)

p = – 25.1°
(b)

i = 2–4=–2 i =4–4=0
j = 4–2=2 j =2–4=–2
m = 2–2=0 m =4–2=2

x 0.75 0.25 0 2 0 2 0 0 0
1
y = 16 106 0.25 0.75 0 0 0 0 2 0 2
4
xy
0 0 0.25 0 2 2 2 2 0

331
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whole or in part.
 0.001
0.005
5,000
0.001
= 15,000 psi
0.0025
7000
0
0

2
5000 15000 5000 ( 15000)
1,2 = ( 7000)2
2 2

1 = – 1398 psi 2 = –18600 psi

2( 7000)
tan 2 p =
5000 ( 15000)

p = – 27.2°
(c) Given displacements (in.)
u1 = 0.001 v1 = 0.005
u2 = 0.001 v2 = 0.0025
u3 = 0 v3 = 0
u1
v1
u2
{d} =
v2
u3
v3
Material definition
E = 10 106 psi v = 25
Geometry description
i = 0–2 (yj – ym)
j = 2–0 (ym – yi)
m = 0–0 (yi – yj)
i = 0–2 (xm – xj)
j = 0–0 (xi – xm)
m = 2–0 (xj – xi)
1
A= 2 2 A=2
2

332
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whole or in part.
 i 0 j 0 m 0
1
[B] = 0 i 0 j 0 m
2A
i i j j m m

Plane strain constitutive matrix

1 v v 0
E
[D] = v 1 v 0
1 v 1 2v 1 2v
0 0 2

Stress matrix
{ = [D] B] {d}

1 104
=
3 104
0.7 104

x 1 104 (psi)
y 3 104 (psi)

xy
0.7 104 (psi)

2
x y x y 2
1= xy
2 2

1 = – 0.7793 104 psi

2
x y x y 2
2 = xy
2 2

2 = – 3.221 104 psi

1 2 xy
p = atan
2 x y

333
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whole or in part.
 p = – 0.305 (rad)
3 = 0
1 2 2 2
vm = 1 2 2 3 3 1
2
vm = 2.91 104 (psi)
(d)

1 = –4 1 =0
2 = 2 2 =–2
3 = 2 3 =2

x 0.75 0.25 0 4 0 2 0 2 0
1
y = 16 106 0.25 0.75 0 0 0 0 2 0 2
8
xy
0 0 0.25 0 4 2 2 2 2

0.001
0.005
5.5
0.001
= 8.5 ksi
0.0025
8.5
0
0
2
5.5 8.5 5.5 8.5 2
1,2 = 8.5
2 2
1 = 1.63 ksi 2 = – 15.6 ksi
2 ( 8.5)
tan 2 p =
5.5 8.5
p = – 40.0°
(e)
1 1 1
1
A = 2 3 2.25
2
3 1 3.25
334
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whole or in part.
 = 0.375 in.2

i = 1 – 3.25 = – 2.25 i = 2.25 – 3 = – 0.75

j = 3.25 – 3 = 0.25 j = 2 – 2.25 = – 0.25

m = 3–1=2 m =3–2=1

{ } = [D] [B] {d}

0.75
x 0.25 0 0.75 0.25 0
= 1.6 0107 0.25 0.75
0.25y 0.75 0
0xy 0 0.25 0 0 0.25

0.001
0.005
2.25 0 0.25 0 2 0
1 0.001
0 0.75 0 0.25 0 1
0.75 0.0025
0.75 2.25 0.25 0.25 1 2
0
0

x 55.3
y = 80.67 ksi
xy
62

2
55.3 ( 80.67) 55.3 80.67 2
1,2 = 62
2 2

1 = – 4.73 ksi 2 = – 131.3 ksi

1 1 2( 62)
p = tan = – 39.2°
2 55.3 80.67
(f) Material properties
E = 10 106 psi Modulus of elasticity.
v = 0.25 Poisson ratio
Nodal coordinates (coordinates defined CCW around element)
x1 = 0 in.
y1 = 0 in.
x2 = 2 in.
y2 = 0 in.
x3 = 1 in.
y3 = 2 in.

335
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whole or in part.
 Nodal displacements
u1 = 0.001 in.
v1 = 0.005 in.
u2 = 0.001 in.
v2 = 0.0025 in.
u3 = 0 in.
v3 = 0 in.
Set-up displacement vector
{d} = (u1 v1 u2 v2 u3 v3)T
{d}T = (0.001 0.005 0.0001 0.0025 0 0) in.

Area of triangular element ( 12 base height)

1
A= (x2 – x1) (y3 – y1)
2
A = 2 in.2
Calculate gradient matrix, B, as given in text Equation (6.2.32)
Elements of B given by text Equation (6.2.10).
1 = y2 – y3 2 = y3 – y1 3 = y1 – y2
1 = x3 – x2 2 = x1 – x3 3 = x2 – x1

1 0 2 0 3 0
1
[B] = 0 1 0 2 0 3
2A
1 1 2 2 3 3

0.5 0 0.5 0 0 0
1
[B] = 0 0.25 0 –0.25 0 0.5
in.
0.25 0.5 0.25 0.5 0.5 0

Calculate constitutive matrix for plane strain

1 v v 0
E
[D] = v 1 v 0
1 v 1 2v 1 2v
0 0 2

1.2 107 0.4 107 0

[D] = 0.4 107 1.2 107 0 psi
7
0 0 0.4 10

336
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whole or in part.
 x

y = [D] B] {d}
xy

x 7500
y = 22500 psi
xy
7000

Principal stresses

2
x y x y 2
1 = xy
2 2

1 = – 0.474 104 psi

2
x y x y 2
2 = xy
2 2

2 = – 25.30 103 psi

Angular location of principal stress plane

2 xy
atan
x y
p=
2

p = – 21.513°

6.10
(a)
i= – 15 i = – 10
j = 15 j =0
m = 0 m = 10
2A = 150 mm2 = 150 10–6 m2

x 0.7 0.3 0
105 106
y = 0.3 0.7 0
1 0.3 1 2(0.3)
xy
0 0 0.2

337
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whole or in part.
 5.0
2.0
15 0 15 0 0 0
1 0
0 10 0 0 0 10 10–3
150 0
10 15 0 15 10 0
5.0
0

x 78.75
y = 49.2 MPa
xy
8.07

2
78.75 ( 49.2) 78.75 49.2
1,2 = ( 8.07)2
2 2
= – 63.98 ± 16.83
1 = – 47.15 MPa
2 = – 80.81 MPa
2( 8.07)
2 p = tan–1 = 28.64°
78.75 ( 49.2)

p = 14.32°
(b)

x 141.3 60.6 0
1
y = 109 141.3 0 6
225 10
xy
40.35

0.005
0.002
15 0 15 0 0 0
0
0 0 0 15 0 15 10–3
0
0 15 15 15 15 0
0.005
0

338
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whole or in part.
 x 47.1
y = 20.25 MPa
xy
8.07

2
47.1 20.5 47.1 20.25
1,2 = (8.07)2
2 2
= – 33.66 ± 15.69
1 = – 17.97 MPa 2 = – 49.35 MPa
2(8.07)
tan 2 p =
47.1 20.25

p = – 15.5°
(c)

x 0.7 0.3 0
150 1
y = 0.3 0.7 0
1.3 0.4 200
xy
0 0 0.2

5
2
10 0 10 0 0 0
0
0 10 0 10 0 20 10–3
0
10 10 10 10 20 0
5
0

x
41.4
y = 29.25 MPa
xy 6.06
2
41.4 29.25 41.4 29.25
1,2 = 6.062
2 2
1 = – 26.85 MPa 2 = – 43.95 MPa
1 2 6.06
p = tan–1
2 41.4 29.25

339
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whole or in part.
 p = – 22.5°
(d)

E = 105 109 v=3 t=1

y1 = 0.015 y2 = 0.005 y3 = 0.015
x1 = 0.005 x2 = 0.015 x3 = 0.025
1 = y2 – y3 2 = y3 – y1 3 = y1 – y2
1= x3 – x2 2 = x1 – x3 3 = x2 – x1
1
A= [x1 (y2 – y3) + x2 (y3 – y1) + x3 (y1 – y2)]
2

1 0 2 0 3 0 1– v v 0
1 E
[B] = 0 1 0 2 0 3 [D] = v 1 v 0
2A (1 v ) (1 – 2v )
1 1 2 2 3 3 1 – 2v
0 0
2
[k] = t A [B]T [D] [B]
u1 = 0.000005 u2 = 0 u3 = 0.000005
v1 = 0.000002 v2 = 0 v3 = 0

u1
v1
u2
{d} =
v2
u3
v3

{ } = [D] [B] {d}

x 0.7 0.3 0
105 1
y = 0.3 0.7 0
1.3 0.4 200
xy
0 0 0.2

340
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whole or in part.
 5
2
0 0 10 0 10 0
0
0 10 0 10 0 10 10–3
0
10 0 10 10 10 10
5
0

x 1.575
y = 1.05 MPa
xy
5.25

2 2
x y x – y 2 x y x – y 2
1 = xy 2 = – xy
2 2 2 2

2
1.575 1.05 1.575 1.05
1,2 = ( 5.25)2
2 2

1 = –5.145 MPa 2 = – 5.67 MPa

1 2( 5.25)
p = tan–1
2 1.575 1.05

p = 38°

6.11
(a)

Equation (6.3.7)
N1 P0 y
N1 0 L
0 N1 0
P0 y N 2 P0 y
t L N2 0 L
{fs} = L dz dy t L dy
0 0 0 N2 0 0 0
N3 0 N3 P0 y
L
0 N3 evaluated at x a
0
y y
341
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whole or in part.
 By Equations (6.3.12) – (6.3.17)

L a x Lx ay ay
N1 = , N2 = , N3 =
2A 2A 2A

0 f s1x 0
0 f s1 y 0
t P0 1
6
aL2 fs2x 1
P Lt
6 0
{fs} = , =
2 aL2
0 fs2 y 0
1
1
aL2 f s3 x P Lt
3 0
3
0 f s3 y 0

(b)

By Equation (6.3.11)
N1 Px
0
L N 2 Px
{fs} = t dy
0 0
N3 Px
x a
0 y y

Lx ay ay
Now N1 = 0, N2 = , N3 =
2A 2A
0
0
Lx ay y 2
L 2A
P0 L
{fs} = t dy
0 0
ay y 2
2A L
P0 x a
0 y y

Simplifying and integrating

342
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whole or in part.
 0
0
0
L
0
Lay 3 ay 4
P0 tL
P0 t 3 L2 4 L2 0 12
{fs} = =
2 12 aL 0 0
L P0 tL
ay 4
4
4 L2 0
0
0
or
P0 tL
f2x =
12
P0 tL
f3x =
4
6.12
(a)
Py(x) = ax2 + bx + c
Given
2
L L
a b + p1 = p2
2 2
aL2 + bL + p1 = p3
c = p1

( p1p3 – 2 p2 )
2
L2
(– 3 p1 – p3 4 p2 )
Find (a, b, c)
L
p1

( p1 p3 – 2 p2 ) (1)
a(p1, p2, p3) = 2
L2
(2)
(– 3 p1 – p3 4 p2 )
b(p1, p2, p3) =
L
(3)
c(p1, p2, p3) = p1

343
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whole or in part.
 Forces in y direction at nodes 1 and 3 are
N1 = Ni
L x 1 1
f s1y = 1– a ( p1 , p2 , p3 ) x2 b( p1 , p2 , p3 ) x c ( p1 , p2 , p3 ) dx Lp1 Lp2
0 L 6 3
L
= N1 Py ( x ) dx
x 0

N3 = Nm
L x 1 1
f s3 y = a( p1, p2 , p3 ) x2 b( p1 , p2 , p3 ) x c ( p1 , p2 , p3 ) dx Lp3 Lp2
0 L 6 3
L
= N m Py ( x ) dx
0

(Special case)
If p1 = 0 p3 = p0

p(x) = ax2 + bx + c
Want
2
x
p(x) = p0 = ax2 + bx + c
L

p0 2
a = = (p0 – 2p2) using (1)
L2 L2
344
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whole or in part.
 2 p0 p 4p
2
– 20 = 22
L L L
p0 4 p2
=
2
L L2

p0
p2 =
4
Then
1 1 1 p p L pL
f s1 y = L p10 + Lp2 = L 0 = 0 Like 6.11 b with f sx =
6 3 3 4 12 12

p0
p 4
0

1 || 1 || 3 p L
f s3 y = Lp3 + Lp2 = Lp0 = 0 f3x in 6.11b
6 3 12 4
(These answers match P6.11 for special case)
(b)

T
{ fs} = Ns [Ts ] ds
s

[Ts ] = Surface tractions

Ts x 0
= = N
Tsy P0 sin L

[Ns] = Shape function matrix evaluated along edge 1-2

Ni 0 Nj 0 Nm 0
=
0 Ni 0 Nj 0 Nm

Let i= 1
j= 2
m= 3
1
Ni = N1 = ( i + ix + i y)
2A
345
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whole or in part.
 1
N1(y = 0) = ( i + i x)
2A

i = xj ym – yj xm
= 0(ym) – 0(xm) = 0

i = yj – ym
= 0 – ym = – ym
1 ym x
N1(y = 0) = (0 – ym x) =
2A 2A

1
N j = N2 = ( j + jx + j y)
2A

1
N2( y = 0) = ( i + i x)
2A
j= yj xm – xj ym
= 0(xm) – Lym = – Lym
j= ym – yi
= ym – 0 = ym
1 y
N2 (y = 0) = [– Lym + ym x] = m [x – L]
2A 2A
1
Nm = N3 = [ m + mx + my]
2A
1
N3(y = 0) = [ m + mx]
2A
m = xi yj – yi xj = L(0) – 0(0) = 0
m = yi – yj = 0
Nm(y = 0) = 0 As expected

N1 0
0 N1
x L z t N2 0 0
{ fs} = x dz dx
0 0 0 N2 P0 sin L
N3 0
0 N3

346
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whole or in part.
 0 0
x ym x x
N1P0 sin L 2A
P0 sin L
x L 0 x L 0
= t x dx = t dx (A)
0 N 2 P0 sin L
0 ym
x L P0 sin x
2A L
0 0
x
N 3 P0 sin L 0

2nd term in (A) (ym = y3)

udv uv – vdu
t y3 P0 x L x
fs1y = x sin dx u x du dx
2A 0 L x
x
dv sin dx v – cos L
L L

t y3 P0 xL x x L L x
= cos cos dx
2A L 0 L

L
t y3 P0 xL x L2 x
= cos 2
sin
2A L L 0

t y3 P0 L2
= ( 1) 0 0 0
2A

t y3 P0 L2 t P0 L
fs1y = =
2A

1
A= Ly3
2
4th term in (A)
L y3 x y3 x
fs2y = t P0 x sin P0 L sin dx
0 2A L 2A L

t y3 L x t y3 L x
= P0 x sin dx P0 L sin dx
2A 0 L 2A 0 L
DONE IN 2nd TERM

L
t y3P0 L2 t y3P0 L L x
= cos
2A 2A L 0

t y3 P0 L2 t y3 P0 L L
= [–1 + 1]
2A 2A

347
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whole or in part.
 t y3 P0 L2 t y3 L2 P0 t L P0
fs2y = = =
2A 1
2 L y3
2

f s1x 0
f s1 y t P0 L

fs2x 0
fs = =
fs2 y t P0 L

f s3 x 0
f s3 y 0

6.13

Refer to Section 6.5 for [K]

Since u1 = v1 = 0, u2 = v2 = 0
0 48 0 28 14 u3
25,000 75000 5 87 12 80 v3
=
0 0.91 48 26 u4
25,000 Symmetry 87 v4

Solving
u3 = 2.50 10–3 in. v3 = – 1.376 10–2 in.
u4 = – 3.04 10–3 in. v4 = – 1.466 10–2 in.
Using element (1)
By Equation (6.2.36), { } = [D] [B] {d}

348
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whole or in part.
 1 0.3 0 0 0 10 0 10 0
30 106
{ }= 0.3 1 0 0 20 0 0 0 20
(0.91)(200)
0 0 0.35 20 0 0 10 20 10
0
0
3
2.5 10
2
1.376 10
0
0

x 4123
y = 1237 psi
xy
7938

2
4123 1237 4123 1237
1,2 = ( 7938)2
2 2
1 = 10748 psi 2 = – 5388 psi
1 2 7938
p = tan–1
2 4123 1237
p = – 40°
Using element (2)
1 0.3 0 10 0 10 0 0 0
30 106
{ }= 0.3 1 0 0 0 0 20 0 20
0.91(200)
0 0 0.35 0 10 20 10 20 0
0
0
3
3.04 10
2
1.466 10
3
2.50 10
2
1.376 10

x 4123
y = 1469 psi
xy
2062

2
4123 1469 4123 1469
1,2 = ( 2062)2
2 2
1 = 2147 psi 2 = – 4800 psi

349
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whole or in part.
 1 2 2062
p = tan–1
2 4123 1469

p = 18.15°

6.14
(a)

INPUT TABLE 1. BASIC PARAMETERS

NUMBER OF NODAL POINTS. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5

NUMBER OF ELEMENTS. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4
NUMBER OF DIFFERENT MATERIALS. . . . . . . 1
NUMBER OF SURFACE LOAD CARDS. . . . . . . . . 0
1 = PLANE STRAIN, 2 = PLANE STRESS . . . . . . 2
BODY FORCES (1 = IN – Y DIREC., 0 = NONE) 0
INPUT TABLE 2. MATERIAL PROPERTIES

MATERIAL MODULUS OF POISSON’S MATERIAL MATERIAL

NUMBER ELASTICITY RATIO DENSITY THICKNESS

1 0.105E+12 0.3000E+00 0.0000E+00 0.5000E–02

INPUT TABLE 3. NODAL POINT DATA
NODAL
POINT TYPE X Y
1 3 0.0000E+00 0.0000E+00
2 0 0.5000E+00 0.0000E+00
3 3 0.5000E+00 0.2500E+00
4 3 0.0000E+00 0.2500E+00
5 0 0.2500E+00 0.1250E+00

X-DISP. Y-DISP.
OR LOAD OR LOAD
350
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whole or in part.
 0.0000E+00 0.0000E+00
0.2000E+05 – 0.3464E+05
0.0000E+00 0.0000E+00
0.0000E+00 0.0000E+00
0.0000E+00 0.0000E+00

INPUT TABLE 4. ELEMENT DATA

GLOBAL INDICES OF ELEMENT NODES
ELEMENT 1 2 3 4 MATERIAL
1 1 5 4 4 1
2 1 2 5 5 1
3 5 2 3 3 1
4 4 5 3 3 1

OUTPUT TABLE 1. NODAL DISPLACEMENTS, m

NODE U = X-DISP. V = Y-DISP.

1 0.00000000E+00 0.00000000E+00
2 0.5624948E–04 – 0.6597062E–04
3 0.00000000E+00 0.00000000E+00
4 0.00000000E+00 0.00000000E+00
5 0.229959E–04 – 0.206952E–04

OUTPUT TABLE 2. STRESSES AT ELEMENT CENTROIDS

ELEMENT X Y SIGMA (X) SIGMA (Y) TAU (X, Y)

1 0.083 0.125 0.0613E+07 3.1840E+06 3.3431E+06
2 0.250 0.042 1.6384E+07 1.5239E+07 – 6.9854E+06
3 0.417 0.125 1.1502E+07 3.1158E+07 –1.1072E+07
4 0.250 0.208 5.7310E+06 1.9103E+07 –7.4294E+06
SIGMA (1) SIGMA (2) ANGLE
1.1896E+07 1.9012E+06 2.0993E+01
2.2820E+07 8.8026E+06 – 4.2657E+01
3.6135E+07 6.5251E+06 – 6.5798E+01
2.2412E+07 2.4221E+06 – 6.5993E+01
(c)

351
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whole or in part.
 INPUT TABLE 1. BASIC PARAMETERS

NUMBER OF NODAL POINTS. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5

NUMBER OF ELEMENTS. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4
NUMBER OF DIFFERENT MATERIALS. . . . . . . 1
NUMBER OF SURFACE LOAD CARDS. . . . . . . . . 0
1 = PLANE STRAIN, 2 = PLANE STRESS . . . . . . 2
BODY FORCES (1 = IN – Y DIREC., 0 = NONE) 0

INPUT TABLE 2. MATERAL PROPERTIES

MATERIAL MODULUS OF POISSON’S MATERIAL MATERIAL

NUMBER ELASTICITY RATIO, DENISTY THICKNESS
1 0.105E+12 0.3000E+00 0.0000E+00 0.5000E–02

INPUT TABLE 3. NODAL POINT DATA

POINT TYPE X Y
1 0 0.0000E+00 0.0000E+00
2 0 0.4000E+00 0.0000E+00
3 3 0.4000E+00 0.4000E+00
4 3 0.0000E+00 0.4000E+00
5 0 0.2000E+00 0.2000E+00

OR LOAD OR LOAD
0.0000E+00 0.0000E+00
0.0000E+00 0.0000E+00
0.0000E+00 0.0000E+00
0.0000E+00 0.0000E+00
0.0000E+00 –0.3000E+05

INPUT TABLE 4. ELEMENT DATA

352
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whole or in part.
 GLOBAL INDICES OF ELEMENT NODES
ELEMENT 1 2 3 4 MATERIAL
1 1 2 5 5 1
2 2 3 5 5 .1
3 3 4 5 5 1
4 4 1 5 5 –.1
OUTPUT TABLE 1. NODAL DISPLACEMENTS (m)

NODE U = X–DISP. V = Y–DISP.

1 – 0.3303082E–05 – 0.25009076E–04
2 0.33030884E–05 – 0.2500907E–04
3 0.00000000E+00 0.00000000E+00
4 0.00000000E+00 0.00000000E+00
5 0.27411561E–12 – 0.32558982E–04
N
OUTPUT TABLE 2. STRESSES AT ELEMENT CENTROIDS
m2

ELEMENT X Y SIGMA(X) SIGMA(Y) TAU(X, Y)

1 0.20 0.07 5.9891E+05 –3.7840E+06 4.0454E–01
2 0.33 0.20 3.1171E+06 7.5000E+06 3.7160E+06
3 0.20 0.33 5.6352E+06 1.8784E+07 –1.1070E–01
4 0.07 0.20 3.1171E+06 7.5000E+06 –3.7160E+06

SIGMA(1) SIGMA(2) ANGLE

5.9891E+05 –3.7840E+06 5.2883E–06
9.6226E+06 9.9449E+05 6.0265E+01
1.8784E+07 5.6352E+06 –9.0000E+01
9.6226E+06 9.9449E+05 –6.0265E+01

353
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whole or in part.
6.15

354
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whole or in part.
 355
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whole or in part.
 6.16
(a)

kN
F = (0.5 m ) (0.25 m ) (0.005 m ) 154.2 = 0.0964 kN
m3
1000 N
– 12 (0.25)(0.25)(0.005) 154.2 kN3 1kN
(2)
m
f1 = f2 = f3 = f4 = = – 16.06 N
3

f5 = (2) f1 = 32.12 N

f5y = –32.12 N
(c)

Equation (6.3.6)

356
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whole or in part.
 f B(1)
1x
0 0
f B(1)
1y 154.2 10.28
f B(1)2x 0 (0.4 m)(0.2 m)(0.005m) 0
= = 10–3 kN
f B(1)2y 154.2 (2) (3) 10.28
0 0
f B(1)5x
154.2 10.28
f B(1)5y

All body force matrices for each element identical to above

Adding the 4 element body force matrices
f B1x
0
f B1 y
20.56
fB2x 0
fB2 y 20.56
f B3x 0
{FB} = = N
f B3 y 20.56
fB4x 0
fB4 y 20.56
f B5 x 0
f B5 y 41.12

6.17 The triangular element is called a constant strain triangle (CST) because the strain is
constant throughout the element.
6.18 The stresses are also constant as the strains are constant.
6.19 a. No, bending in the plane takes place
b. Yes, a plane strain problem
c. Yes, a plane stress problem
d. Yes, loads in-plane of the rod, a plane stress problem
e. Yes, a plane strain problem
f. Yes, a plane stress problem
g. No, loads out of the plane of the wrench
h. Yes, as loads in the plane
i. No, bending in the plane takes place
6.20 We must connect the beam element to two or more nodes of a plane stress element. The
beam must be along the edge of the plane stress element.
6.21

357
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whole or in part.
 nb = n0 (m + 1)
(a) nb = 2(3 + 1) = 8
(b) nb = 2(5 + 1) = 12
for model (a) model(b)
nb 8 nb 12
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
0 0
0 0 0 0
0 0
0 0 0 0 0
0 0
Symmetry 0 0

Symmetry

6.22

By (6.2.10)

b 2b h bh 2A
i = xjym – yjxm = (0) =
2 3 3 3 3

h b 2h bh 2A
j = (0) – =
3 2 3 3 3

b h h b bh 2A
m = =
2 3 3 2 3 3

358
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whole or in part.
 T Xb 1 2A 1 1
{fB} = N dV Ni = = and Nj = Nm =
v Yb 2A 3 3 3

or

Ni 0 Xb
{ fb i } = dV
v 0 Ni Yb

1 Xb
3
= 1
tdA
v 0 3
Yb

Xb V
{ fb i } =
Yb 3

Similarly

Xb V
{ fb j } = {fbm} = (6.3.6)
Yb 3

6.25

b x h y b x h y
N1 = , N2 =
4bh 4bh
b x h y b x h y
N3 = , N4 = (1)
4bh 4bh
at center (x = 0, y = 0)
1 1 1 1
N1 = , N2 = , N3 = , N4 =
4 4 4 4
N1 + N2 + N3 + N4 = 1
b h
at point x ,y
2 2
b h
b 2
h 2 1
N1 = =
4bh 16
3 9 3
N2 = , N3 = , N4 =
16 16 16
N1 + N2 + N3 + N4 = 1
359
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whole or in part.
 In general add the functions in Equation (1) and you get for all x and y on the element
N1 + N2 + N3 + N4 = 1
6.26

{ } = [D] [B] {d}

(h y ) 0 h y 0 h y 0 h y 0
1
[B] = 0 b x 0 b x 0 b x 0 b x
4bh
b x h y b x h y b x h y b x h y

At center (x = 0, y = 0)
1 0 1 0 1 0 1 0
1
[B] = 0 2 0 2 0 2 0 2
8
2 1 2 1 2 1 2 1

0
0
0.005
1 0 1 0 1 0 1 0
1 0.0025
{ }= 0 2 0 2 0 2 0 2
8 0.0025
2 1 2 1 2 1 2 1
0.0025
0
0

x 0.0009375
in.
{ }= y = 0.00125
in.
xy
0.000625

{ } = [D] { }
1 0.3 0 0.0009375
30 106
= 0.3 1 0 0.00125
1 0.32
0 0 0.35 0.000625

360
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whole or in part.
 x 18.54
y = 31.94 ksi
xy
7.21

361
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whole or in part.
 362
© 2017 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in
whole or in part.