Chapter 8

8.1 Triangular element

From Section 8.2

3x 3y 2 x2 4 xy 2 y2
N1 = 1–
b b b2 bh h2

x 2 x2 y 2 y2
N2 = , N3 =
b b2 h h2

4xy 4y 4 xy 4 y2
N4 = , N5 =
bh h bh h2

4x 4 x2 4 xy
N6 =
b b2 bh
(a)
At x= 0 evaluate N ’s
y= 0
N1 = 1, N2 = 0 = N3 = N4 = N5 = N6

(b)
b
At x=
2
y= 0
b 2
3( b2 ) 3(0) 2 2 4 (0) (0) 2(0)2 3 1
N1 = 1 2 2
1 0
b b b bh h 2 2
b b 2
4 2
4 2
and N2 = N3 = N4 = N5 = 0, N6 = 2
=1
b b

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 8.2

Strains
u1
v1
x 0 0 0 0 0 0
1 1 2 3 4 5 6
u2
y = 0 0 0 0 0 0 (1)
2A 1 2 3 4 5 6
v2
xy 1 1 2 2 3 3 4 4 5 5 6 6

v6

Evaluate ’s and ’s at centroid

4hx 4h b3 h h
1= – 3h + + 4y = – 3h + 4
b b 3 3

4hx 4h b3 1
2= –h+ =–h+ h
b b 3
h 4h
3= 0, 4= 4y = 4
3 3
4h
5= – 4y =
3

8hx 8h b3 h
6= 4h – – 4y = 4h – 4 =0
b b 3

4by b 4b ( h3 ) b
1= – 3b + 4x + = – 3b + 4 + =
h 3 h 3

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 4by 4b ( h3 ) b
2= 0, 3= –b+ =–b+ =
h h 3
h
4b 8 by b 8b 3
4= 4x = , 5= 4b – 4x – 4b 4 =0
3 h 3 h
4b
6= (2)
3
Performing the multiplications in (1)
(After substituting ’s and ’s from (2))

h h 4h 4h 1
x= u1 u2 u4 u5
3 3 3 3 bh

b b 4b 4b 1
y= v1 v3 v4 v6
3 3 3 3 bh

b h h b 4b 4h 4h 4b 1
xy = u1 v1 v2 u3 u4 v4 v5 u6
3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 bh

h 1
x = [– u1 + u2 + 4u4 – 4u5]
3 bh

b 1
y = [– v1 + v3 + 4v4 – 4v6]
3 bh

b h 1 1
xy = u1 u3 4u4 4u6 v1 v2 4v4 4v5
3 3 bh bh

Stresses
{ } = [D] { }

x 1 v 0 x
E
y = v 1 0 y
1 v2 1 v
xy 0 0 2 xy

E h b 1
x= 2
u1 u2 4u4 4u5 v v1 v3 4v4 4v6
1 v 3 3 bh

E h b 1
y= 2
v u1 u2 4u4 4u5 v1 v3 4v4 4v6
1 v 3 3 bh

E b h 1
xy = u1 u3 4u4 4u6 v1 v2 4v4 4v5
2(1 v) 3 3 bh

8.3

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 The equation is {fs} = [ N s ]T {T } ds (1)
s

px p
{T } = …. is the surface traction (2)
py 0

N1 0 N2 0 N3 0 N4 0 N5 0 N6 0
[N ] = (3)
0 N1 0 N2 0 N3 0 N4 0 N5 0 N6

Substituting (2) and (3) in Equation (1), we have

t h
fs N1 0 p
0 0 dy dz
0 N1 0
N2 0
0 N2
N3 0
0 N3

N6 0 at x 0
0 N6 y y

h
fs t N1 p dy
0
0
N2 p
0
(4)
N3 p
0

N 6 p at x 0
0 y y

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 From Section 8.2 for this particular element we have

3x 3y 2 y2
N1 = 1 – + 2x2 + 4xy + 2
b h h

x 2x2 y 2 y2
N2 = , N3 =
b b2 h h2

4xy 4y 4 xy 4 y2
N4 = , N5 = (5)
bh h bh h2

4x 4 x2 4 xy
N6 = 2
b b bh

Substitute (5) into (4) and evaluating N’s at x = 0, y = y, we have

h 2 y2
fs t 1 3y
h
p dy
0 h2

0
0
0
y 2 y2
h
p
h2

0
0
0
4y 4 y2
h
p
h2

0
0
0
h
3y2 2 y3 pth
fs1x = pt y 2
2h 3h 0
6

– y2 2 y3 pth
fs3x = 2
pt =
2h 3h 6
h
4 y2 4 y3 2 pth
fs5x = pt
2h 3h 2 0
3

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 Nodal equivalent forces
8.4

{fs} = [Ns]T {T }ds (1)

s

p0 y
px
{T } = h (2)
py 0

N1 0 N2 0 N3 0 N4 0 N5 0 N6 0
[N ] = (3)
0 N1 0 N2 0 N3 0 N4 0 N5 0 N6
Substituting (2) and (3) in (1)
t h p0 y
fs N1 0
0 0 h dy dz
0 N1 0
N2 0
0 N2
N3 0
0 N3

N6 0 at x 0
0 N6 y y

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 h p0 y
fs t N1 h
dy
0
0
p0 y
N2 h
0
p0 y
N3 h
0
(4)
p0 y
N4 h
0
p0 y
N5 h
0
p0 y at x 0
N6 h
0 y y

(Shape functions are same as in Problem 8.3). Upon substituting shape functions into (4)
evaluating the N’s at x = 0, y = y, we have

h 3y 2 y2 p0 y
fs t 1 h h
dy
0 h2

0
0
0
y 2 y2 p0 y
h h2 h

0
0
0
4y 4 y2 p0 y
h h2 h

0
0
0
h
p0 t y 2 3 y3 2 y4
fs1x = =0
h 2 3h 4h 2 0
h
p0 t y3 2 y4 p0 th
fs3x = 2
h 3h 4h 0
6
h
p0 t 4 y 3 4 y 4 p0 th
fs5x = – 2
h 3h 4h 0
3

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 Nodal equivalent forces
8.5 (a)

{ } = [B] {d}

1 0 2 0 3 0 4 0 5 0 6 0
1
[B] = 0 1 0 2 0 3 0 4 0 5 0 6
2A
1 1 2 2 3 3 4 4 5 5 6 6

Element is oriented as in Section 8.2

’s and ’s as in Section 8.2, Eq. (8.2.8)
4hx
1= – 3h + + 4y = 6x + 4y – 18
6
4hx
2= –h+ = 6x – 6, 3= 0
6
4= 4y, 5= – 4y
8hx
6= 4h – – 4y = – 12x – 4y + 24
b
4by 8
1= – 3b + 4x + = 4x + y – 12
h 3
2= 0
4by 8
3= –b+ = y–4
h 3
4= 4x
8by 16
5= 4b – 4x – = – 4x – y + 16
h 3
6= – 4x
2A x= 2 u2 + 4 u4 + 6 u6

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 = 0.001 (6x – 6) + 0.0002 (4y) + 0.0005 (– 12x – 4y + 24)
2A x= – 0.0012y + 0.006
x= –5 10– 5 y + 2.5 10– 4
2A y = 3 v3 + 4 v4 + 5 v5 + 6 v6

8 16
= 0.0002 y 4 + 0.0001 (4x) + 0.0001 4x y 16 + 0.001 (– 4x)
3 3
2A y= – 0.004x + 0.0008
y= – 1.67 10–4x + 3.33 10–5
8
2A xy = 0.002 (6x – 6) + 0.0005 y 4 + 0.0002 (4x) + 0.0001(4y)
3
+ 0.0001 (– 4y) + 0.0005 (– 4x) + 0.001 (– 12x – 4y + 24)
2A xy = – 0.0012x – 0.00267y + 0.01
xy = –5 10–5 x – 1.11 10–4 y + 4.167 10–4
Evaluate stresses at centroid
{ } = [D] { }
0.00015
{ } = 1.89 10 –4
4
,2
3 0.000128

4
1 v 0 1.5 10
E 4
{ }= 2
v 1 0 1.89 10
1 v 1 v 4
0 0 2
1.28 10

3288
{ }= 4848 psi
1536
(b)

Using expressions for ’s and ’s from part (a) with h = 4 in. and b = 6 in. now
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 8 8
1= x + 4y – 12, 2= x – 4, 3= 0
3 3

16
4 = 4y, 5= – 4y, 6= x – 4y + 16
3

1= 4x + 6y – 18, 2= 0, 3= 6y – 6

4= 4x, 5= – 4x – 12y + 24, 6= – 4x

8 16
2A x = 0.001 x 4 + 0.0002 (4y) + 0.0005 x 4 y 16
3 3

2A x= – 0.0012y + 0.004

x= –5 10– 5 y + 1.67 10–4

2A y= 0.0002 (6y – 6) + 0.0001 (4x)

+ 0.0001 (– 4x – 12y + 24) + (0.001) (– 4x)

2A y = – 0.004 x + 0.0012

y = – 1.67 10– 4 x + 5 10– 5

8
2A xy = 0.002 x 4 + 0.0005 (6y – 6)
3

+ 0.0002 (4x) + 0.0001 (4y) + 0.0001 (– 4y)

16
+ 0.0005 (– 4x) + 0.001 x 4 y 16
3

2A xy = – 0.0012x – 0.001y + 0.005

xy = –5 10– 5 x – 4.167 10– 5 y – 2.083 10– 4

4
{ } = [D] { } at centroid 2,
3

0.0001
{ } = 0.000284
(2, 43 )
0.0000527

1 v 0 0.0001
E
{ }= v 1 0 0.000284
1 v2
0 0
1 v 0.0000527
2

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 928
{ }= 8288 psi
632

8.6

Using Equation (8.1.14) in (8.1.13)

x 0 1 0 2x y 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
y = 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 x 2 y [X ]–1 {d } (1)
xy
0 0 1 0 x 2 y 0 1 0 2x y 0

where by Equation (8.1.7) {a} = [X]–1 {d } and

1 0 0 0 0 0 – 1 u1
1 6 0 36 0 0 u2
1 6 6 36 36 36 O6 6 u3
1 6 3 36 18 9 u4
1 3 3 9 9 9 u5
1 3 0 9 0 0 u6
{a} = (2)
1 0 0 0 0 0 v1
1 6 0 36 0 0 v2
1 6 6 36 36 36 v3
O6 6 1 6 3 36 18 9 v4
1 3 3 9 9 9 v5
1 3 0 9 0 0 v6

Using computer, we invert [X ] in Equation (2) and reorder {d } to normal form [u1 v1 u2 v2 …]T
= {d }T

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 [X ]–1 {d } =

1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
0.5 0 0.167 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0.667 0
0 0 0.167 0 0.167 0 0 0 0.667 0 0.667 0
0.056 0 0.056 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0.111 0
0 0 0.111 0 0 0 0.111 0 0.111 0 0.111 0
0 0 0.056 0 0.056 0 0.111 0 0 0 0 0
0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
0 0.5 0 0.167 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0.667
0 0 0 0.167 0 0.167 0 0 0 0.667 0 0.667
0 0.056 0 0.056 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0.111
0 0 0 0.111 0 0 0 0.111 0 0.111 0 0.111
0 0 0 0.056 0 0.056 0 0.111 0 0 0 0

u1
v1
u2
v2 (3)

u6
v6

at centroid (x = 4, y = 2)

x 0 1 0 8 2 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
y = 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 4 4 [X ]–1 {d } (4)
xy
0 0 1 0 4 4 0 1 0 8 2 0

Multiplying matrices in Equation (4) yields

x 0.052 u1 0.059 u2 0.222 u4 0.222 u5 0.001 u6

y = 0.053 v2 0.391 v3 0.223 v5 0.223 v6
xy
( 0.052 v1 0.059 v2 0.222 v4 0.222 v5 0 v6
0.053 u2 0.391 u3 0.223 u5 0.223 u6 )
Then

x x v y
E
y = y v x
1 v2
1 –v
xy xy
2

8.7

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 u1 = u(0, 0) = a1 (1)

u2 = u(60, 0) = a1 + 60 a2 + 3600 a4 (2)

u3 = u(60, 60) = a1 + 60 a2 + 60 a3 + 3600 a4 + 3600 a5 + 3600 a6 (3)

u4 = u(60, 30) = a1 + 60 a2 + 30 a3 + 3600 a4 + 1800 a5 + 800 a6 (4)

u5 = u(30, 30) = a1 + 30 a2 + 30 a3 + 900 a4 + 900 a5 + 900 a6 (5)

u6 = u(30, 0) = a1 + 30 a2 + 900 a4 (6)

By (1) a1 = u1
u2 2u6 u1
By (2) – 2 (6) a4 =
1800
4u6 u2 3u1
By – (2) + 4 (6) a2 =
60
u2 u3 2u4
By 2(4) – (3) a6 =
1800
u2 u4 u5 u6
(4) – (5) a5 =
900
u2 u3 4u5 4u6
(4) a3 =
60
Can verify by substituting all a’s into Equation (3)
4u6 u2 3u1 u2 u3 4u5 4u6
u = u1 + x+ y
60 60

u2 2u6 u1 u2 u4 u5 u6
+ x2 + xy
1800 900
u2 u3 2u4
+ y2
1800
Shape functions are

3x x2
N1 = 1 – (From all u1 coefficient)
60 1800
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 x y x2 xy y2
N2 = (From all u2 coefficients)
60 60 1800 900 1800
y y2
N3 = (From all u3 coefficients)
60 1800
xy 2 y2
N4 = (From all u4 coefficients)
900 1800
4y xy
N5 = (From all u5 coefficients)
60 900
4x 4y 2 x2 xy
N6 = (From all u6 coefficients)
60 60 1800 900
1
2A = 2 (60) (60) = 3600
2
N1 3 2x
1= 2A = 3600 = – 180 + 4x
x 60 1800
1 2x y
2= 3600 = – 60 + 4x – 4y
60 1800 900
y
3= 0, 4 = 3600 = 4y
900
y
5= 3600 = – 4y
900
4 4x y
6= 3600 = 240 – 8x + 4y
60 1800 900
N1 4 x
1= 2A = 0, 5 = 3600 = 240 – 4x
y 60 900
1 x 2y
2= 3600 = 60 – 4x + 4y
60 900 1800
1 2y
3= 3600 = – 60 + 4y
60 1800
x 4y
4= 3600 = 4x – 8y
900 1800
4 x
6= 3600 = – 240 + 4x
60 900

396
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