ENGLISH 10

Explain types of research

titles.

Discuss three moves in

CARS Model in writing
introduction of research
paper.

Construct a research title

for a MAPEH-related
research topic.

Write an Introduction of a
research report using
CARS Model.
• The title is, without a doubt, the most read element of
the paper, and it usually gets read first.

• The title expresses the main topic or ideas of your

research. A good title contains as few words as
possible while still effectively describing the contents
and/or aim of your research paper.
Descriptive Declarative or
Informative

Interrogative Humorous or
Colloquial
1. Descriptive Title – states the subject, topic, design, purpose or
methods of the project.

Examples:
• ‘Effects of natural forest and tree plantations on leaf-litter
frog assemblages in Southern Brazil.’ (Cicheleiro et al. 2021).
• ‘An efficient incremental learning mechanism for tracking
concept drift in spam filtering.’ (Jyh-Jian et al. 2017).
2. Declarative or Informative Title –states the main result of
the study in the title itself, reducing the reader's curiosity.

Examples:
• ‘Novel flight style and light wings boost flight
performance of tiny beetles.’ (Farisenkov et al 2022).
• ‘Cause of hypereosinophilia shows itself after 6 years:
Loa loa.’ (Hicks et al. 2022).
3. Interrogative Title – titles written as questions. The use of
questions in titles may awaken the reader's curiosity by
making them wonder what the answer is.

Examples:
• ‘Does adding video and subtitles to an audio lesson
facilitate its comprehension?’ (Zheng et al. 2022).
• ‘Microbial defenses against mobile genetic elements and
viruses: Who defends whom from what?’ (Eduardo et al.
2022).
4. Humorous or Colloquial Title - titles that attempt to capture
readers' interest through humor, common phrases, informal
terms, or metaphors. However, keep in mind that colloquialisms
may be incomprehensible to readers from other languages or
cultures.

Examples:
• ‘miR miR on the wall, who's the most malignant
medulloblastoma miR of them all?’ (Wang et al 2018).
• ‘One ring to multiplex them all’ (Torres-Company 2017).
• ‘Sauropod farts warmed the planet.’ (Marshall 2012).
Step 1: Answer some key questions about your research
paper.

Research Question One-sentence Answer

“My paper studies how program volume

“What is my paper about?” affects outcomes for liver transplant
patients on waiting lists.”
“What methods/techniques did I use to
“It’s a case study.”
perform my study?
“I studied 60 cases of liver transplant
“What or who was the subject of my
patients on a waiting list throughout the
study?”
US aged 20-50 years.”
Step 2: Identify research study keywords

One-sentence Answer Keywords

-program volume
“My paper studies how program volume
-liver transplant patients
affects outcomes for liver transplant
-waiting lists
patients on waiting lists.”
-outcomes

“This is a case study.” “case study.”

“I studied 60 cases of liver transplant

-US/age 20-50
patients on a waiting list throughout the US
-60 cases
aged 20-50 years.”
Step 3: Research title writing: use these keywords

“We employed a case study of 60 liver transplant patients

around the US aged 20-50 years to assess how waiting list
volume affects the outcomes of liver transplantation in
patients.”
Step 4: Create a working research paper title

“We employed a case study of 60 liver transplant patients

around the US aged 20-50 years to assess how the waiting
list volume affects the outcome of liver transplantation in
patients.”
Step 4: Create a working research paper title

“A case study of 60 liver transplant patients around the US

aged 20-50 years assessing the impact of waiting list
volume on outcome of transplantation.” (Word Count: 23)
Step 5: Remove any nonessential words and phrases from
your title.

“A case study of 60 liver transplant patients around the US

aged 20-50 years assessing the impact of waiting list
volume on outcomes of transplantation
Step 5: Remove any nonessential words and phrases from
your title

“A case study of 60 liver transplant patients assessing the

impact of waiting list volume on outcomes of transplantation.
✓The title needs to be simple and direct.
✓It should be interesting and informative.
✓It should be specific, accurate, and functional (with essential
scientific “keywords” for indexing).
✓It should be concise, precise, and should include the main
theme of the paper.
✓It should not be misleading or misrepresentative.
✓It should not be too long or too short (or cryptic).
✓It should avoid whimsical or amusing words.
✓It should avoid nonstandard abbreviations and unnecessary
acronyms (or technical jargon).
• The introduction is an essential part of any research
paper, in particular in the IMRD format.
• The introduction is the section where the topic of the
paper is presented as well as different background
information to help the readers understand the entire
scope and context of the study.
In the IMRD (Introduction, Methodology, Results, and
Discussion) format, the review of related literature, where
different sources and studies are discussed in relation to the
current study, is embedded.

The review of related literature tackles the findings from

different sources of information related to the topic of the
paper and uses these sources to justify the significance of
the research being done.
It helps the researcher understand
the topic better.

It justifies the making of the

present research.

It establishes the application of

theories to the research.

It establishes the methodology

needed in the study.

It helps support or validate

findings of the current research.
A model developed by John Swales. The CARS model presents three
“moves” or general patterns in writing the introduction

Move 1: Establishing a Territory

In this move, the researcher provides context and
background information on the topic. This is usually
arranged from general to more specific information.
1. Claiming centrality
This means indicating clearly the area of research that you
would be exploring. For instance, a researcher wants to
explore areas in the field of psychology, such as trauma.
Statements like, “There have been a growing interest in…”
would help claim centrality.
2. Making topic generalizations.
This means stating current knowledge or practices in that
area of research. For instance, you can mention the most
common treatments given to trauma patients.
3. Reviewing previous items of research.
To review previous items of research, you can point out studies
that provide current knowledge or practices in that research area.

You can use statements like “A number of studies show that…” and
then follow it up with in-text citations of the specific research. You
can also cite specific studies with statements like “Mendoza (2018)
found that…”

It is here where the review of related literature takes place.

Move 2: Establishing a Niche.
In the second move, the researcher makes an argument that there is a
“niche” in the research. He or she does this by refuting or challenging
previous research findings, by indicating a gap or unexplored territory in
the current research, or by raising unanswered questions on previously
mentioned research.

For instance, you can establish a niche by saying: “While Mendoza’s (2018)
study provided findings from people in the middle-income bracket, it does
not shed light on whether these findings are also true for those in the low-
income bracket.”
Move 3. Occupying the Niche
Once the niche has been identified, you can take the necessary steps to
occupy it or address it with your current research. The first two steps (1a
and 1b) are obligatory.
1a. Outlining the purpose.
In this step, the researcher states what he or she aims to achieve
through his or her research. He or she can state something like “This
present research aims to answer…”
1b. Announcing present research.
In this step, the researcher describes what the current research is all
about. An example statement to announce this can be “The research
will specifically look at…”
2. Announcing principal findings. (optional)
In this step, the researcher presents the main conclusive
findings of the research.

3. Indicating the structure of the research article. (optional)

In this step, the researcher outlines how the research is
organized.
February 22, 2024
Lesson: Writing the Introduction of a Research Report Using the
IMRD Format

ACTIVITY
Read the introduction of the research article “The Effects of
University Education on the Political Attitudes of Young Adults”
by Eric Mintz. Then, list down on a sheet of paper the parts of the
introduction based on what you read in the article.

Article Link: https://tinyurl.com/94c4s7uv

February 22, 2024
Lesson: Writing the Introduction of a Research Report Using the
IMRD Format

SEATWORK
Read the introduction found in the study “Teacher’s Perceptions
of How They Influence Student Academic Performance in VCE
Physical Education.” Then, do the following tasks:
a. Identify the moves and steps of the CARS model in the study.
b. Count the number of studies cited in the introduction. Notice
the number of authors and the year the studies were made.
February 22, 2024
Lesson: Writing the Introduction of a Research Report Using the
IMRD Format

ASSIGNMENT:
As a group, select three topics related to MAPEH and write a
draft of your title, introduction and review of related literature
using the CARS model.
Follow this format:
• 1.5 spacing
• Times New Roman, size 11
• One-inch margin on all sides
• Printed on short bond paper