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 Available online at http://ijcpe.uobaghdad.edu.iq and www.iasj.net
Iraqi Journal of Chemical and Petroleum
Engineering
Vol.20 No.2 (June 2019) 1 – 9
EISSN: 2618-0707, PISSN: 1997-4884

Micro-Bubble Flotation for Removing Cadmium Ions from

Aqueous Solution: Artificial Neural Network Modeling and
Kinetic of Flotation

Abeer I. Alwareda, Nada Abdulrazzaqb and Baseem Al-Sabbaghc

a
Environmental Eng. Department, University of Baghdad
b
Chemical Eng. Department, University of Baghdad
c
Envcironmental Eng. Department, University of Baghdad

Abstract

In this work, microbubble dispersed air flotation technique was applied for cadmium ions removal from wastewater aqueous
solution. Experiments parameters such as pH (3, 4, 5, and 6), initial Cd(II) ions concentration (40, 80, and 120 mg/l) contact time( 2,
5, 10 , 15, and 20min), and surfactant (10, 20and 40mg/l) were studied in order to optimize the best conditions .The experimental
results indicate that microbubbles were quite effective in removing cadmium ions and the anionic surfactant SDS was found to be
more efficient than cationic CTAB in flotation process. 92.3% maximum removal efficiency achieved through 15min at pH 5, SDS
surfactant concentration 20mg/l, flow rate250 cm3/min and at 40mg/l Cd(II) ions initial concentration. The removal efficiency of
cadmium ion was predicted through 11 neurons hidden layer, with a correlation coefficient of 0.9997 between ANN outputs and the
experimental data and through sensitivity analysis, pH was found to be most significant parameter (25.13 %).The kinetic flotation
order for cadmium ions almost first order and the removal rate constant (k) increases with decreasing the initial metal concentration.
Keywords: cadmium ions, flotation, microbubbles, ANN model, kinetic flotation rate.

Received on 12/01/2019, Accepted on 09/02/2019, published on 30/06/1029

https://doi.org/10.31699/IJCPE.2019.2.1

1- Introduction The selection of a particular treatment depends on a

number of factors such as waste type, contaminant
The presence of heavy metals in water is a universal concentration, level of cleanup required and
environmental concern from landfills and industrial. ‎[1]. economics ‎[6]. Flotation is one of the most effective
Among various organic and inorganic pollutants, heavy separation techniques from the above processes
metal ions are very toxic and carcinogenic in nature. .Nowadays, many industrial applications use
Heavy metals enter into the food chain through the microbubbles of air and oxygen in water treatment
disposal of wastes into water bodies ‎[2] and possibly application due to its superior efficiency, compared with
cause severe health problems, when their concentration conventional methods ‎[7], ‎[8].
exceeds their permissible, also they are very difficult to Flotation processes utilize microbubbles are very
eliminate naturally from the environment as it was non- effectively for removing low-density particulate matter
biodegradable pollutants ‎[3]. from water ‎[9] , which act as carriers for fine particles,
Cadmium is a highly toxic element and its exposure which are lifted up from the bottom of the column.
may results which called “cadmium blues” results from Different flotation techniques processors available
respiratory damage after few weeks. Highly exposures depending on the microbubble generation process, like:
causes tracheo-bronchitis, pneumonitis, diarrhea, stomach dissolved-air flotation, dispersed-air flotation or electro-
pains and severe vomiting, bone fracture, reproductive flotation ‎[10], ‎[11].
failure and possibly infertility. Permissible limits of Cd Traditional flotation assisted with microbubbles (30–
(II) ions in drinking water is 0.005 mg/L and above this 100 μm) was used in the recovery of fine mineral particles
level may cause serious infection ‎[4]. (<13 μm), as well as separation to remove pollutants. The
Many methods are available to remove heavy metals microbubble has advantage of improving the separation
concentration from water, such as precipitation, flotation, efficiencies as compared with coarse bubbles, particularly
ion exchange, solvent extraction, adsorption, and those for the ultrafine (<5 μm) ore particles. By
cementation onto iron, membrane processing and decreasing the bubble size distribution (through the
electrolytic methods ‎[5]. injection of small bubbles), the bubble surface flux will be
increased and the fines capture.

Corresponding Authors: Name: Abeer I. Alwared , Email: [email protected], Name: Nada Abdulrazzaq, Email:
[email protected], Name: Baseem Al-Sabbagh, Email: [email protected]
IJCPE is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License.
 A. I. Alwared et al. / Iraqi Journal of Chemical and Petroleum Engineering 20,2 (2019) 1 - 9

Dissolved air flotation with microbubbles, treating SAMTONG) in which it was compressed from1 bar to up
water, wastewater and domestic sewage is known for a to 7 bar and then passed into the microbubble generator
number of years and is now gradually entering in the (MBG) which consists of a ceramic micro-porous diffuser
mining environmental area [12]. Though there are several (Point Four TM diffuser) (Riverforest Corporation, USA,
studies on the removal of heavy metal by dispersed air AS MK-III). The dissolution of gas into the solution was
flotation such as those applied by[13][14][15], more of achieved inside the MBG by applying a high pressure.
them used frother in order to reduce the size of the air The microbubbles (mean diameter= 100μm) were
bubbles in a flotation cell to present sufficient surface generated by the release of pressure, and then entered to
area for collection. the tank through a pre-calibrated rotameter (0-
Artificial Neural Network are powerful techniques used 2.5cm3/min). The desired concentration of cadmium ions
in modeling complex systems that seeks to simulate was prepared by dissolving the calculated amount of
human brain behavior by treatment of data on the basis of Cd(NO3)2.4H2O in distilled water. The main
trial and error. ANN has been identified as tool to physicochemical properties of the cadmium ions was
determine and optimize complicated nonlinear shown in Table 1 .Cd(II) ions feed gently from the top of
relationships between parameters [16]. the tank. Simultaneously, the tank was pressurized so as
Numerous studies have been conducted in which ANNs to prevent liquid to spew from the holes[24], then samples
were used in different wastewater processes such as were drawn through port at the center of the surface
flotation [17], advanced oxidation process[18] power (19cm high and 8 cm) of the tank at different periods ( 2,
generation by microbial fuel cell[19], adsorption[20] , and 5, 10, 15 and 20 minutes) . Firstly, 2ml of solution was
sorptive flotation [21]. The scope of this study was to drained from the port before withdrawing each sample in
investigate the effect of micro- bubbles in the removal order to reduce the entrainment of air bubbles. The
efficiency of Cd(II) ions from aqueous solution at concentration of the Cd(II) ions was determined by using
different parameters , ionic strength , flotation kinetic and flame atomic absorption spectrophotometer (AAS;
use the artificial neural network (ANN) to describe this SHIMADZU, Model: 7200, Japan).
behavior. The initial pH of the working solutions was adjusted by
the addition of 1 mol/l NaOH or HCl using a pH meter
2- Flotation Kinetics (WTW, inoLab 720, Germany) and all experiments were
carried out at room temperature. HCL was used to clean
The variation of floated concentration with time will be the tank between experiments and then washed twice with
studied by flotation kinetics, which are useful in the distilled water.
elucidation of the mechanism of the process, and serve as
predictive tools in the implementation of flotation Table 1. Main physicochemical properties of cadmium
technology [22] ion
The flotation rate is equal to the rate of change of Property Cadmium nitrate tetrahydrate
concentration of floatable material in the cell, is
Appearance White colorless crystals
Chemical formula Cd(NO3)2.4H2O
(1) Molecular weight (g/mole) 308.7
Atomic weight (g/mole) 112.7
Where, k is the flotation rate constant and the value of (n) Density (g/cm3) 2.45
denotes the order of the equation. Solubility in water g/100 ml at 20
º 136
C
By integration Eq. (1) with n= 1 (first order) gives: Hydrated ionic radius, Å 4.26
Electronegativity 0.95
C = Co (2) Company BDH England

Where Co= initial concentration, and C = the final

concentration of valuable material remaining at time t.
Taking the ln of Eq.(2):

ln = kt (3)

A high rate constant shows that certain species floats

quickly while a low rate constant indicates slow
flotation[23].

3- Experimental Work

The flotation experiments were carried out in a glass

tank with 33cm in length, 19cm in height and 8 cm in Fig. 1. Experimental flotation apparatus, with(A=
width as shown in Fig. 1 The tank was operated at batch operating tank ; B= microbubble diffuser ; C= Diffuser
mode for the liquid phase, and continuous flow with bed ; D=Air bubble supply ; E = Pipe ; F=Flow meter
respect to air which was provided by a compressor (type:

2
 A. I. Alwared et al. / Iraqi Journal of Chemical and Petroleum Engineering 20,2 (2019) 1 - 9

4- Results and Discussion 5

4.1. ANN Model Develop
4
ANN model was developed using Levenberg–
3

RMSE
Marquardt backpropagation (LMA) training algorithm for
correlating the removal efficiency of Cd(II) ions from
aqueous solution. 2
This algorithm was determent using Matlab program
version 78.2.0.701 (R2013b). Randomly divide the 1
subset of 100 experimental data into; 60 %, 20% and 20%
as training set, validation set, and testing set, respectively. 0
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 1011121314151617181920
Fig. 2 indicate the best topology for ANN for Cd(II) no. of nueron
ions removal and the variation of parameters was
calculated at (6:18:1) depending on the RMSE of the Fig. 3. RMSE at different hidden neurons no
prediction and training sets , which was the highest at
hidden neurons no. 2 then decreased significantly to reach
the minimum values 1.062 at 11 hidden neurons as can be
seen in Fig. 3, the dependence between RMSE and the
neuron number for the LMA algorithm.

Fig. 4 shows that the training was disabled after epoch

15 when the best validation performance was 0.77385 and
the best regression for training, validation and testing for
the Levenberg-Marquardt algorithm was set in Fig. 5,
with correlation coefficients of 0.99725, 0.99393, 0.95795
and 0.99357for training, validation, testing and all data.
The correlation coefficient between predicted and
experimental data approves that the ANN model can
efficiently simulate the removal efficiency with
correlation coefficient 0.9997as can be seen in Fig. 6.

Fig. 4. Mean square errors training, validation, and testing

for the Levenberg–Marquardt algorithm

Fig. 2. ANN best architecture model

Fig. 5. regression analysis for the Levenberg-Marquardt
algorithm

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 A. I. Alwared et al. / Iraqi Journal of Chemical and Petroleum Engineering 20,2 (2019) 1 - 9

100 4.3. Influence of pH

90 y = 0.9991x + 0.0707
R² = 0.9997 In order to investigate the influence of solution pH on
80
the separation efficiency of cadmium ions towards the
70
collector used in microbubble dispersed air flotation
pedicted data

60 system, different pH values (3,4,5and 6) were tested while

50 keeping other parameters constant (SDS concentration=
exp-pre
40 10mg/l, air flow rate 250 cm3/min and Cd(II) ion
30 Linear (exp-pre) concentration= 40 mg/l), Fig. 8 shows that the removal
20
efficiency increased suddenly at the first 2 minute, then it
began to increased slowly with time due to decreasing
10
SDS concentration with time. The maximum removal
0
efficiency achieved at pH5 was (79.2%), while it
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100
decreased for pH less than 5 because the competition
expeimental data
between Cd(II) ions and H ions for collector, This results
agree with the finding of[13][22] also a good agreement
Fig. 6. Relationship between predicted and experimental between the experimental and predicted data can be seen
values of the output from the figure. Table 2 presents the removal rate
constant (k) at various pH , for this table it can be noticed
4.2. Effect of Surfactant Type that the removal rate constant increased with measuring
pH value and it reached 4.248*10^-12 min at pH6
Fig. 7 presents a comparison between two types of
surfactants ;sodium dodecylsulfate surfactant (SDS) as
90 pH3
anion surfactant and Cetyltrimethyl ammonium bromides
(CTAB) as cation surfactant, at the same concentration 80
pH4
(10 mg/L), while all other parameters were kept constant 70
Removal efficiency , %

pH 6.8, air flow rate 2.5 ml/min and Cd(II) ion pH5
60
concentration= 40 mg/l) , It can be seen that the removal
50 pH6
of Cd(II) ions reached 85% and 60% by using SDS and
CTAB surfactant, respectively. That‟s meant the anionic 40 pre
surfactant (SDS) is more efficient than the cationic 30 pH3
pre
surfactant (CTAB) and will be used in the next 20 pH4
experiments. pre
10
The desired collector type depends upon pH value of a pH5
solution. Generally, an anionic collector is required for 0
pH (1-7) due to that metal ion is on cationic shapes. On 0 5 10 15 20 25
higher pH, cationic collectors could be required when Time , min
metal ion was existing as an anion [25][26].
Fig. 8. Removal efficiency of Cd (II) ions as a function of
pH

90 Table 2. Kinetic flotation at various pH

Effect of pH
80
pH=4 pH=5 pH=6
70
Removal efficiency , %

60 k×102 (min-1) 3.378 3.834 4.248

50
SDS
40 4.4. Influence of SDS Surfactant Concentration
CTAB
30
Different sodium dodecylsulfate surfactant (SDS)
20 concentrations (0, 10, 20 and 40mg/l) were used while
other parameters were kept constant (pH 5, flow rate
10
=250cm3/min, Cd(II) ion concentration = 40mg/l).
0 Fig. 9 shows that the removal of Cd (II) ion reached
0 5 10 15 20 25 (92.3%) at 15 min at SDS concentration of was 20 mg/l
Time, min and by increasing SDS concentration to 40 mg/l the
removal efficiency of Cd(II) ion was deceased to (60.2%)
Fig. 7. Influence of surfactant type on the removal of
due to competition between the metal-collector complex
Cd(II) ions
and free collector ions for bubble surface sites at
excessive collector amount as well as micelle formation ,

4
 A. I. Alwared et al. / Iraqi Journal of Chemical and Petroleum Engineering 20,2 (2019) 1 - 9

the potential toxicity of residuals amounts of collector in Table 3. Rate constant at various SDS concentrations
the effluent and cost [23], also this figure confirms that SDS concentration
the ANN model could be effectively predicting the
experimental results. SDS10 SDS20 SDS40
To theoretically examine, if the amount of SDS
represent the optimum value for highly removal k×102 (min-1) 1.883 4.505 1.155
efficiency, ANN model was used at different
concentrations of SDS was varied around the best value 4.5. Influence of Flow rate
(15, 18, 20, 22, 25, 28, 30 and 35 mg/L) as shown in Fig.
10. It can be seen from this figure that there is a good Different air flow rate (100, 200 and 250cm3/min) were
agreement between the experimental data and the tested to examine their effect on the removal efficiency of
predicted data, in addition through ANN model, the Cd(II) ion in the microbubble dispersed air flotation
optimum value of SDS concentration was 18 mg/l. column was investigated.
Table 3 shows that, the removal rate constants increased The other parameters were remained constants (pH=5,
with increasing SDS concentration. The result is in cadmium conc. = 40 mg/ l and SDS = 10 mg/l), Fig. 11
agreement with the finding of [26]. indicated that the removal efficiency was highly affected
by the gas flow rate, the large number of small bubbles
100 leads to increase the surface area available for metal-
90 collector adsorption.
SDS0
80 By increasing gas flowrate, the removal efficiency
increased. Increasing gas flow rate causes early bubble
Removal efficiency,%

70 SDS10
detachment, large fluid activities (stress) at the bottom
60 SDS20
section and bubble coalescence and (mostly) break up
50 [27] also, these results are in good agreement with the
SDS40
40 proposed ANN model.
preSDS0 To theoretically examine, if this value represents the
30
20 preSDS1 best flow rate for maximum removal efficiency, Fig. 12
10
0 presents the influence of different air flow rate around the
best value on the removal rate of Cd(II) ions (2, 2.2, 2.5 ,
0
2.7 and 3 cm3/min) it can be noticed from this figure that
0 5 10 15 20 25
2.7 cm3/min was the best predicted value.
Time, min
Table 4 presents the removal rate constants (k) at
different air flow rate, which shows that the( k) increased
by gas flow rate increased.
Fig. 9. Influence of SDS on the Cd(II) ions removal
efficiency
100 Q=100cm3/m
90 in
100
Q=200cm3/m
95 80 in
Removal efficiency, %

90 70 Q=250cm3/m
in
60
Removal efficiency, %

85 preQ=100
80 50
40 preQ=200
75
30 preQ=250
70
20
65
10
60
0
55
-1 1 3 5 7 9 11 13 15 17 19 21 23 25
50 Time, min
10 12 14 16 18 20 22 24 26 28 30 32 34 36
SDS concentration , mg/l
Fig. 11. Removal efficiency of Cd(II) ions at different air
Fig. 10. Removal efficiency predicted by ANN model at flow rate
different SDS concentration

5
 A. I. Alwared et al. / Iraqi Journal of Chemical and Petroleum Engineering 20,2 (2019) 1 - 9

100 100
95 90
80 conc.=40mg

Removal efficiency , %
Removal efficiency , %

90 /l
70
conc.=80mg
85 60 /l
80 50 conc.120mg
40 /l
75 pre40
30
70 20 pre80
65 10
0
60
0 5 10 15 20 25
1.5 1.7 1.9 2.1 2.3 2.5 2.7 2.9 3.1
Time , min
Flow rate

Fig. 12. Predicted removal efficiency at different air flow Fig. 13. Removal efficiency as a function of initial metal
rate ions concentration

Table 4. Flotation kinetic at different air flow rates 94

Air flow rate(cm3/min)
92

Removal efficiency , %
Q=100 Q=200 Q=250
90
2 -1
k×10 (min ) 2.375 4.456 9.156
88

86
4.6. Influence of Initial Concentration of Cd(II) Ions
84

Three different initial Cd(II) ions concentrations were 82

tested in this study (40 , 80 and 120 mg/l) while keeping
80
other parameters constant (pH=5, SDS = 10 mg/l and
20 25 30 35 40 45 50 55 60
flow rate = 250 cm3/min) and their results presented in
Initiai concentration , mg/l
Fig. 13, which indicating that the removal rate decreased
with increasing Cd(II) ions concentration from 40mg/l to
120mg/l , owing to the fact that the floatability of Cd(II) Fig. 14. Effect of Cd(II) ions concentration predicted
ions reduced at their higher concentrations, the removal around the best value on the removal efficiency
efficiency decreased from (92.3%) to (63%) for Cd(II)
ions by increasing the initial metal ions concentration Table 5. Kinetic flotation at different initial Cd(II) ions
from 40 to 120 mg/L respectively at 15min. concentration
This is in agreement with the finding of [28][22], they Co=40mg/l Co=80 mg/l Co=120 mg/l
concluded that by increasing metal ion concentration
k×102 (min-1) 9.256 3.998 2.994
,more collector are required at low pH for the same
percent removal. So, the removal efficiency decreased at
higher Cd(II) ions concentrations, also this figure 4.8. Influence Ionic Strength
confirms that the neural network model could be
effectively predicting the experimental results. Fig. 15 shows the influence of NaCl addition to the
To theoretically examine this value for maximum cadmium ions removal at different concentration (0, 10
removal efficiency, Fig. 14 present the influence of and 25 mg/l), while all other parameters were kept
different initial metal concentration around the optimum constant (pH5, initial cadmium ions concentration40mg/l,
value (30, 35, 40, 45, 50, and 55) on the removal rate of flow rate 250cm3/min and SDS concentration 10mg/l), the
Cd(II) ions using ANN model , the ANN model reveals results of this figure explain that the removal rate reduced
40 mg/l concentration was the best predicted value as it significantly with increasing NaCl concentration.
shows an agreement between predicted and results. The reduction of cadmium ion in the presence of NaCl
A concentration of (40 mg/l) was predicted to be the could be attributed to the competitive effect between
best value. Table 5 shows higher removal of Cd(II) ions Cd(II) ions and Na from the salt so the metal ions cannot
occurred at the lowest initial concentration. find enough SDS surfactant molecules to attach to [29],
this is in agreement with the finding of[27] Fig.15 also,
shows the agreement between the experimental data and
the predicted.

6
 A. I. Alwared et al. / Iraqi Journal of Chemical and Petroleum Engineering 20,2 (2019) 1 - 9

100
Where; Ij is the relative importance of the jth input
variable on the output variable, Ni and Nh are the
90
numbers of input and hidden neurons, respectively, the
80
superscripts i, h and o refer to input, hidden and output
Removal efficeincy

70 without NaCl layers, respectively, Ws are connection weights, and

60 subscripts k , m and n refer to input, hidden and output
10mg/l
50 neurons, respectively.
25mg/l NaCl
40 Fig. 17 presents that the most important parameter is pH
30 pre0 with relative importance of 25.13%.It Sensitivity analysis
20 pre10 varied depending on reactive material and the type of
10 contaminant [17].
pre25
0
0 10 20 30
Time , min

Fig. 15. Effect of salt concentration on the Cd(II) ions

4.9. Turbidity

An important aspect of water quality is turbidity, it is

estimated as the liquid cloudiness and caused by colloidal
matter and suspends like clay, silt, inorganic matter and
finely divided organic, plankton and other
microorganisms [30].
Fig. 16 shows that the efficiency of turbidity removal
was increased from 90.23% to 96.88% by increasing air
flow rate from 100 to 250cm3/min .So, it is concluded that
Fig. 17. Piechart for relative importance predicted using
flow rate has a significant influence in reducing turbidity
ANN model
due to increase the bubble rise velocity [31].
5- Conclusion
30
In this work, ANN model was used to examine the
25 performance of microbubble dispersed air floatation
method for the removing of Cd (II) ions from simulated
Tubidity , NTU

20
wastewater. The maximum correlation coefficient was
15 Q=1 more than 0.999 which confirmed exact and powerful
Q=2 results experimentally. Hidden neuron of LMA were
10 11neurons having RMSE 1.062. The sensitivity analysis
Q=2.5
showed that the reactions were influenced by the pH,
5
input concentration of Cd (II) ions, SDS surfactant
0 concentration, flow rate and ionic strength but pH
0 3 6 9 12 15 18 21 appeared the most influence parameters with relative
Time, min importance of 25.13 %. The maximum removal efficiency
achieved was 92.3% at pH=5, 20mg/l initial Cd(II)
Fig. 16. Removal of turbidity at different flow rate concentration, 10mg/l surfactant concentration and
250cm3/cm3 flowrate at 15min contact time . The kinetic
4.10. Analysis of Sensitivity flotation order for Cd (II) ions almost first order and the
removal rate constant (k) increases with decreasing the
Garson suggested an equation assess the relative initial metal concentration and increasing flow rate.
importance of the input variables depends upon the
connection weights partitioning, as can be seen in Eq. (4) References
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‫التعويم باستخدام الفقاعات المايكروية ال زالة ايونات الكادميوم من المحاليل المائية‪ :‬موديل‬
‫الشبكة العصبية االصطناعية والتعويم الحركي‬

‫الخالصة‬
‫تيدف ىذه الدراسة الى تطبيق تقنية دقائق اليواء المتناىية الصغر في طريقة تعويم اليواء إلزالة أيونات‬
‫الكادميوم من المحاليل المائية وذلك من خالل دراسة مجموعو من المتغيرات ‪:‬الرقم الييدروجيني (‪ 3‬و ‪ 4‬و ‪ 5‬و‬
‫‪ )6‬والتركيز األولي لأليونات الكادميوم (‪40‬و ‪ 80‬و ‪ 120‬ممغم ‪ /‬لتر) وقت االتصال (‪ 2‬و ‪ 5‬و ‪ 10‬و ‪ 15‬و‬
‫‪ 20‬دقيقة) ‪ ،‬تركيز المواد الخافضة لمشد السطحي (‪ 10‬و ‪ 20‬و ‪ 40‬ممغم ‪ /‬لتر) من أجل ايجاد أفضل‬
‫جدا في إزالة أيونات‬
‫الظروف وتشير النتائج التجريبية إلى أن دقائق اليواء المتناىية الصغر كانت فعالة ً‬
‫الكادميوم وأن مادة ‪ SDS‬أكثر فعالية من ‪ CTAB‬كمادة خافضة لمشد السطحي في عممية التعويم‪.‬وبكفاءة‬
‫عالية بمغت ‪ ٪92.3‬تحققت خالل ‪ 15‬دقيقة عند دالة حامضية ‪ ، 5‬وتركيز مادة‪ 20( SDS‬ممغم ‪ /‬لتر )و‬
‫معدل تدفق ‪ 250‬سم ‪ / 3‬دقيقة وبتركيز اولي (‪4‬ممغم‪/‬لتر)‪.‬‬
‫كما تضمنت الدراسة تطبيق برنامج ‪ ANN‬من اجل التنبؤ بازالة ايونات الكادميوم من المحاليل المائية خالل‬
‫‪ 11‬طبقة من الخاليا العصبية المخفية ‪ ،‬مع معامل ارتباط ‪ 0.9997‬بين مخرجات ‪ ANN‬والبيانات التجريبية‬
‫ومن خالل تحميل الحساسية تبين أن الرقم الييدروجيني (‪ )٪25.13‬ىو اكثر معامل يؤثر عمى العممية‬
‫كماتوصمت الدراسة الى ان كان موديل يمثل النتائج العممية ىو موديل التعويم الحركي من الدرجة الثانية ويزيد‬
‫ثابت معدل إزالة مع انخفاض تركيز المعادن األولي‪.‬‬

‫الكممات الدالة ‪ :‬أيونات الكادميوم ‪ ،‬التعويم ‪ ،‬دقائق اليواء المتناىية الدقة ‪ ،ANN ،‬معدل التعويم الحركي‪.‬‬

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