STEAM BOILERS
Course : B.Tech Mechanical
Subject : Elements of Mechanical Engineering
Unit-2
INTRODUCTION
STEAM GENERATOR OR BOILER
A steam generator or boiler is usually a
closed vessel made of steel. Its function is to transfer
the heat produced by the combustion of fuel to water
and ultimately to generate steam.
BOILER PROPERTIES:
(i) Safety. The boiler should be safe under
operating conditions.
(ii) Accessibility. The various parts of the boiler
should be accessible for repair and maintenance.
(iii) Capacity. Should be capable of supplying
steam according to the requirements.
(iv) Efficiency. Should be able to absorb a
maximum amount of heat produced due to burning
of fuel in the furnace.
(v) It should be simple in construction .
(vi) Its initial cost and maintenance cost should be
low.
(vii) The boiler should have no joints exposed to
flames.
(viii) Should be capable of quick starting and
loading.
Generate maximum steam.
Light in weight and not occupy large
space.
Proper safety regulations.
Cheaper in cost.
Easy cope up with fluctuating demands of
requirements.
Easily accessible for inspection and repair.
The source of heat for a boiler are :
WOOD
COAL
DIESEL
NATURAL GAS
NUCLEAR ENERGY
CLASSIFICATION
OF
STEAM BOILERS
Boilers
Circulation of Pressure of
Tube contain Method of firing
water steam
Water tube Fire tube Natural Forced
Internally Externally Low High
1
CLASSIFICATION OF
STEAM BOILERS
• Though there are many classifications of
steam boilers, yet the following are
important.
ACCORDING TO THE CONTENTS
IN THE TUBE:
a) fire tube or smoke tube boiler
b) water tube boiler.
FIRE – TUBE BOILERS
2
WATER TUBE BOILERS
3
ACCORGING TO POSITION OF FURNACE:
a) Internally fired boilers
b) Externally fired boilers
ACCORDING TO AXIS OF FURNACE:
a) Vertical boilers
b) Horizontal boilers
ACCORDING TO NUMBER OF TUBES:
a) Single tube boilers
b) Multi tube boilers
ACCORDING TO METHOD OF CIRCULATION
OF WATER:
a) Natural circulation boilers
b) Forced circulation boilers
ACCORDING TO THE USE
a) Stationary boilers
b) Mobile boilers
FACTORS AFFACTING TO
SELECTION OF BOILER
Following factors should be considered
Quality of steam required
Steam Generation rate
Accessibility of repair and inspection
Area
Cost
Erection facility
Fuel and Water available
COMPONENTS OF A BOILER
Boiler shell
Combustion chamber
Furnace
Grate
Heating surface
Mounting
Accessories
Pressure Gauge
Water level indicator
Safety valve
Fusible plug
Blow of cock
Steam stop valve
Feed check valve
Air preheater : It utilize the heat of exhaust gases.
Economizer: Heat is used to raise the temperature
of feed water supplied to the boiler.
Steam super heater: Used to super heat the
steam.
Feed pump: Raise the pressure of water and force
it into the boiler.
Injector: Used to feed water in boilers.
Types of Boiler
FIRE TUBE BOILERS
Simple vertical boiler
Cochran boiler
Locomotive boiler
Lancashire boiler
Water tube boiler
* La-Mont boiler
* Babcock and Wilcox boiler.
3-High pressure boiler
•La-Mont boiler
•Loeffler boiler
•Benson boiler
SIMPLE VERTICLE
BOILER
4
COCHRAN BOILER
5
WORKING OF COCHRAN
BOILER
Considered to be one of the most efficient
type multi tubular boilers.
Consists of external cylindrical shell and
fire box. The shell and fire box both are
hemispherical.
The fire box and combustion chamber is
connected through a short pipe.
The flue gases from the combustion
chamber flow to the smoke box through a
number of smoke tubes.
WORKING OF COCHRAN BOILER
The gases from the smoke box pass to the
atmosphere through a chimney
The external diameter of pipe is 62.5mm and
are 165in number.
Manhole is provided for cleaning.
LANCASHIRE BOILER
6
LANCASHIRE BOILER
The boiler consists of a long cylindrical external shell
(1) built of steel plates in sections riveted together.
It has two large internal flue tubes (2).
A fire grate (3) is also called furnace is provided at
one end of the flue tubes on which solid fuel is
burnt.
At the end of the fire grate there is a brick arch (5)
to deflect the flue gases upwards.
The hot flue gases leaving internal flue tubes
passes through the bottom tube(6).
LANCASHIRE BOILER
These flue gases move to the front of the boiler
where they divide and flow into side tube (7).
The flue gases then enter the main flue (9) which
leads them to chimney.
The damper (8) is fitted at one side flues to control
the draught and thus regulate the rate of generation
of steam.
A spring loaded safety valve (10) and stop valve (11)
are mounted.
LOCOMOTIVE BOILER
• Locomotive boiler is a horizontal fire tube type
mobile boiler. The main requirement of this
boiler is that it should produce steam at a very
high rate. Therefore, this boiler requires a
large amount of heating surface and large
grate area to burn coal at a rapid rate. In order
to provide the large heating surface area, a
large number of fire tubes are setup and heat
transfer rate is increased by creating strong
draught by means of steam jet
LOCOMOTIVE BOILER
7
ADVANTAGES
• Large rate of steam generation per square metre
of heating surface. To some extent this is due to
the vibration caused by the motion.
• It is free from brickwork, special foundation and
chimney. This reduces the cost of installation.
• It is very compact.
The pressure of the steam is limited to about 20
bar.
BABCOCK AND WILCOX
BOILER
8
1. This is an example of water tube
boiler and is used in stationary and
marine engine.
2. The efficiency of this boiler is much
greater than that of the fire tube
boiler.
3. This boiler is used when pressure is
above 10bar and steam generating
capacity is required higher then
7000kg/hr.
BOILER MOUNTINGS
SAFETY MOUTINGS
Safety valves (2 Nos)
Fusible plug
Control mountings
Water level indicator
Pressure Gauge
Blow of cock
Steam stop valve
Feed check valve
Inspection Mountings
Man hole
Mud hole
BOILER ACCESORIES
• Air preheater : It utilize the heat of exhaust gases.
• Economizer: Heat is used to raise the temperature
of feed water supplied to the boiler.
• Steam super heater: Used to super heat the
steam.
• Feed pump: Raise the pressure of water and force
it into the boiler.
• Injector: Used to feed water in boilers.
BOILER ACCESORIES
• Air preheater
9
BOILER ACCESORIES
• Economizer
10
BOILER ACCESORIES
• Steam super heater
11
BOILER PERFORMENCE
1. Evaporative capacity
2. Equivalent evaporation
3. Factor of evaporation
4. Boiler efficiency
1. Evaporate capacity
• Ability to evaporate water.
• Generally it is expressed in terms of
A. Kg of steam/hour
B. Kg of steam /hour/area of heating surface
C. Kg of steam/kg of fuel is fired
2. Equivalent evaporation
• It can be defined as the amount of water
evaporated from water at 100 deg C to dry
and saturated steam at 100 deg C.
• Simply it means that the capacity of boiler to
generate same evaporation.
3. Factor of evaporation
• Ratio of heat received by 1kg water under
working condition to that received by 1kg of
water evaporated from and at 100deg C.
• Fc=h-hf/2257
4. Boiler efficiency
• Ratio of heat utilized to the heat supplied.
• Efficiency= ma ( h – hf )/c
• Where ma=mass of water actual evaporated
to the system
• C= calorific value to the fuel
• hf=enthalpy of water at given feed temp.
• h=enthalpy of fuel.
Reference-Sources
1. http://image.slidesharecdn.com/boilersbykhalid-140602111304-
phpapp01/95/boilers-7-638.jpg?cb=1401729558C:\Users\user\Desktop\Toc
H\ATD\boiler\firetube.gif
2. http://t2.gstatic.com/images?q=tbn:ANd9GcR5WX2MCI21rKBJnBdClUQqP1ghBEcJ
XekJdpqGkipMFFA07IIp
3. http://t0.gstatic.com/images?q=tbn:ANd9GcRZrR9BOVSHGQ95gSzTFKySkqIv6OBxt
1WRVXFXJ7iqxaFaoqpA
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NeFjhx244Yo/Urh6_5Dg5JI/AAAAAAAAJvE/zYbMYoRHhSY/s1600/simple+vertical+b
oiler.png
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g
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8. http://i.ytimg.com/vi/7Y8gwjLdtww/hqdefault.jpg
Reference-Sources
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http://en.citizendium.org/images/thumb/2/2e/Tubular_air_preheater.png/350px-
Tubular_air_preheater.png
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• Content References
• – Elements of Mechanical Engineering by H.G. Katariya, J.P Hadiya, S.M.Bhatt ,
Books India Publication.
• -Elements of Mechanical Engineering by V.K.Manglik, PHI
• -Elements of Mechanical Engineering by R.K Rajput.
• -Elements of Mechanical Engineering by P.S.Desai & S.B.Soni
EXIT
