Internal Use

Agenda
 What is an Operational Amplifier?
 Some Op-amp Parameters
The Operational Amplifier
Prepared by: Engr. Mary Ann Latina
 Op-amp basic circuits
 Basic Applications of Op-amps

1 2

Internal Use Internal Use

What is an Operational Amplifier ? Symbols and Terminals

An Operational Amplifier (Op-amp), is fundamentally a
voltage amplifying device designed to be used with
external components between its input and output
terminals. These feedback components determine the
resulting function or “operation” of the amplifier and by
virtue of the different feedback configurations whether
resistive, capacitive or both, the amplifier can perform
a variety of different operations, giving rise to its name
of “Operational Amplifier”.
3 4

3 4

Internal Use Internal Use

A simple op-amp arrangement The LM741 Op-amp

5 6

5 6

1
Internal Use Internal Use

The LM741 Op-amp

Op-amp Packages:

7 8

Internal Use Internal Use

The Ideal Op-amp The Ideal Op-amp

An ideal op-amp draws no currents at the input

V1
I1=0 - I1=I2=0, thus its impedance is infinite. Any source can
drive it and there is no loading on the driver stage. V1
I1=0 -

Zout= 0 Zout= 0
Vin Zin= ∞ AvVin Vout Vin Zin= ∞ AvVin Vout
The gain of an ideal op-amp is infinite,
hence the differential input Vd=V1−V2 is
V2 essentially zero for the finite output V2
I2=0 + voltage Vo. I2=0 +

The output voltage Vo is independent of the

Infinite bandwidth
current drawn from the output terminals.
- amplifies signals
Thus, its output impedance is zero and
from 0 to a hertz
hence output can drive an infinite number
without
of other circuits.
attenuation.

9 10

Internal Use Internal Use

The Practical Op-amp Maximum Output Voltage Swing (Vo(pp))

Inverting
input
- The output voltage of an
op-amp cannot be higher
Zin
Zout than the positive dc power
Vin AvVin Vout
supply voltage (+VDC), and
non-Inverting +
cannot be lower than the
input negative dc power supply
• Very high voltage gain (~105) voltage (-VDC). Vo(pp) also
• Very high input impedance (~2MW) varies with the load
• Very low output impedance (~75W) connected and increases
• Very high differential gain (~80dB)
directly with load
• Large CMRR (~80dB)
resistance.
• Wide bandwidth (0 – 1MHz)

11 12

2
Internal Use Internal Use

Maximum Output Voltage Swing (Vo(pp)) Maximum Output Voltage Swing (Vo(pp))
The output voltage of an
op-amp cannot be higher
than the positive dc power
supply voltage (+VDC), and
cannot be lower than the
negative dc power supply
voltage (-VDC). Vo(pp) also
varies with the load
connected and increases
directly with load
resistance.

13 14

Internal Use Internal Use

Open-Loop Voltage Gain, Aol

The open-loop voltage gain of an op-amp is the internal
voltage gain of the device and represents the ratio of
output voltage to input voltage when there are no external
components.

15 16

Internal Use Internal Use

Using Negative Feedback:

Open-loop Configuration
Negative feedback is the process whereby a portion of the output
voltage of an amplifier is returned to the input with a phase angle
– Since the inherent open-loop that opposes (or subtracts from) the input signal. This method helps
gain of a typical op-amp is very stabilize the gain and reduce distortion. It can also increase the input
high, an extremely small resistance.
difference in the two input
voltages drives the op-amp into
its saturated output states.
Example:
VinAol = (1mV)(100,000)
= 100V

17 18

3
Internal Use Internal Use

Concept of Virtual Ground:

• When finding the gain, assume there is infinite impedance at the input (i.e. between the
inverting and non-inverting inputs). Infinite input impedance implies zero current at the
input.
• If there is no current at the input impedance, there is no voltage drop between the
inverting and non-inverting inputs. Thus, the voltage at the inverting input is zero. The
zero at the inverting input is referred to as virtual ground.
Op-amp Basic Circuit
Connections

19 20

Internal Use Internal Use

The Inverting Amplifier: The Inverting Amplifier:

The inverting amplifier has If Example.
the output fed back to the
inverting input for gain I1
Given the op-amp
control. The gain for the configuration in the
0
inverting op-amp can be 0 figure, determine the
determined by the formula value of Rf required to
below. produce a closed-loop
V1 = V2 = 0
voltage gain of -100.
I1 = If Rf
Acl (I) = −
Ri
Closed-loop voltage gain is determined by
circuit components.

21 22

Internal Use Internal Use

The Inverting Amplifier: The Inverting Amplifier:

23 24

4
Internal Use Internal Use

The Non-Inverting Amplifier: The Non-Inverting Amplifier:

Vin
The closed loop gain for
Vin a non-inverting
Example
If amplifier can be
determined by the Determine the gain of
the amplifier in the
I1 formula below.
figure.
V1 = V2 = Vin

I1 + If = 0 Vin  R f + Ri (Vin − Vout ) = 0 Rf

Acl (NI) = 1 +
Vin Vin Vin ( Ri + R f ) = Ri  Vout Ri
V1 V1 − Vout
+ =0 Ri + R f Rf
Ri Rf Vout =  Vin = (1 + )  Vin
R Ri

25 26

Internal Use Internal Use

The Non-Inverting Amplifier:

The Voltage Follower:
The voltage-follower
amplifier configuration
Vin has all of the output
Vin signal fed back to the
Vin inverting input. The
voltage gain is 1. This
Vout=Vin
makes it useful as a
Av=1 buffer amp since it has
a high input impedance
and low output
impedance.

27 28

Internal Use Internal Use

The Voltage Follower:

Op-Amp Basic
Applications

29 30

5
Internal Use Internal Use

Summing Amplifier: Summing Amplifier:

I1
If I1
If
I2
I2

I3
0 I3
0
0
0
In
In

I1+I2+I3 + In = If
V1/R1+V2/R2+V3/R3+….+Vn/Rn = ̶ Vo/Rf

31 32

Internal Use Internal Use

Differential Amplifier: The Integrator:

IC
If
An op-amp integrator simulates
I2 = If mathematical integration which IR
I1
V’ (1)
is basically a summing process
(V2–V’)/R1=V’/Rf that determines the total area
0
0
I2 under the curve of a function.
V’ I1 = If
If
(V1–V’)/R1=(V’-VO)/Rf (2)
IR = IC
−1
RC 
Vi/R = – C (dVout/dt) vo (t ) = vi (t )dt

The integrator is most commonly used in analog computers and ADC

and signal-wave shaping circuits.

33 34

Internal Use Internal Use

Example:
The Differentiator: IR
Determine Vo:
A differentiator produces an IC
If
output that is proportional to 0
the rate of change of the 0 I1 I1 = If
input voltage.
V1 (0–V1)/36k=(V1-Vo)/750k
IC = IR Vo = 21.83V
C (dVin/dt) = -Vout/R  dV  V1
vo = − i  RC
 dt 
- The differentiator is most commonly used in waveshaping circuits to
detect high frequency components in an input signal and also as a
rate–of–change detector in FM modulators.

35 36

6
Internal Use Internal Use

Example:
Determine Vo:
I4 I1 = I2
(V1–V’)/48k=V’/6k
I3 (1)
V1= 9V’
V’
V’
I3 = If
(0–V’)/10k=(V’ – VO)/10k
- The End -
I1
Vo = 2V’ (2)
I2

Therefore, Vo = 0.22V

37 38