Chemistry WA3 Notes
CH4: Chemical Bonding (Ionic and Covalent Bonding)
Noble Gases
• Group 18 elements
• Inert (unreactive and stable)
Formation of positive ions (Cations)
• Formed by atoms with 1, 2 or 3 valence electrons
• Loses electrons to form positive ions
Formation of negative ions (Anions)
• Gain electrons to form anions
Ionic Bond
• Metal + Non-Metal
• Structure: Giant Ionic Lattice Structure
• Bonding: Strong electrostatic forces of attraction between oppositely charged ions
Covalent Bond
• Non-metal + Non-metal
• Structure: Simple molecular structure
• Bonding: Weak intermolecular forces of attraction between oppositely charged ions
CH5: Structure and Properties of Materials
Metals
• State @ room temp: Solid
• Ductile (drawn into different thickness of wires)
• Malleable (moulded into different shapes without breaking)
• Sonorous (deep and full) ringing sound when struck
Non-metals
• State @ room temp: Solid, Liquid, Gas
• Brittle (break into diff. size when hammered)
• Not ductile, not sonorous
Physical Properties of Ionic Compounds
• High melting/boiling point (large amount of energy overcomes the strong electrostatic forces
of attraction between oppositely charged ions)
• Soluble in water and insoluble in organic solvents (solvent that contains carbon)
• Conducts electricity when molten or in aqueous solution
• Hard but brittle
Why are alloys stronger than pure metals?
• The atoms have different sizes
• Regular layers of atoms are disrupted
• Layers of atoms cannot slide over each other easily when a force is applied
CH6: Chemical Formulae and Equations
The Seven Best Friends:
1. Sulfate,
2. Phosphate,
3. Hydroxide,
4. Zinc,
5. Silver,
6. Ammonium,
7. Carbonate,
8. Nitrate,
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CH8: Acids and Bases
Properties of Acids
• Produces hydrogen ions in aqueous solutions
• Has a sour taste
• Turns red litmus paper blue
Properties of Alkali
• Produces hydroxide ions
• Bitter
• Feels slippery and soapy
• Dissolves in water to form solutions that conduct electricity
• Turns red litmus paper blue
To test for hydrogen gas,
➔ Place a lighted splint at the mouth of the test tube with hydrogen gas
➔ It extinguishes with a ‘pop’ sound
To test for Carbon Dioxide,
➔ Bubble gas into limewater
➔ White precipitate is formed if Carbon dioxide is present
To test for Ammonia,
➔ Insert damp red litmus paper into gas
➔ Damp red litmus paper turns blue
Acid pH Value: <7 (More H+ than OH-; Solution is acidic)
Alkali pH Value: >7 (More OH- than H+; Solution is alkaline)
Neutral Solution: 7 (H+=OH-, Solution is neutral)
➢ pH value of a solution is related to concentration of hydrogen ions
➢ Acids with lower pH is more acidic, concentrated in H+
➢ Lower concentration of H+, Higher concentration of OH-
Measure pH by,
• Universal Indicator
• pH meter
• pH sensor attached to data logger
Colour of UI
• pH 1-2 (Strong acid) – Red
• pH 3-4 (Weak acid) – Orange
• pH 5-6 (Weak acid) – Yellow
• pH 7 (Pure water) – Green
• pH 8-10 (Weak Alkali) – Bluish Green
• pH 11-12 (Weak Alkali) – Blue
• pH 13-14 (Strong Alkali) - Violet
