Translation, Interpreting and Culture 2:

Rehumanising Translation and Interpreting Studies

Book of Abstracts

EDITED BY ANITA HUŤKOVÁ & EVA REICHWALDEROVÁ

Banská Bystrica 2021

 Faculty of Arts

Matej Bel University in Banská Bystrica

Translation, Interpreting and Culture 2:

Rehumanising Translation and Interpreting Studies

Book of Abstracts

EDITED BY ANITA HUŤKOVÁ & EVA REICHWALDEROVÁ

Conference:

Translation, Interpreting and Culture 2: Rehumanising Translation and

Interpreting Studies

Banská Bystrica, Slovakia, 22–24 September 2021

Organized by

 Faculty of Arts, Matej Bel University, Banská Bystrica, Slovakia

 Faculty of Arts, Constantine the Philosopher University, Nitra, Slovakia
 Faculty of Arts, University of Prešov, Prešov, Slovakia
 Faculty of Arts, Comenius University, Bratislava, Slovakia
 Institute of World Literature, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Bratislava, Slovakia

Banská Bystrica 2021

Title:

Translation, Interpreting and Culture 2: Rehumanising Translation and Interpreting Studies

Book of Abstracts

Editors:

doc. PhDr. Anita Huťková, PhD. (Matej Bel University)

Mgr. Eva Reichwalderová, PhD. (Matej Bel University)

Publisher: Belianum. Matej Bel University in Banská Bystrica, Faculty of Arts

Copyediting: Mgr. Michael Dove

Peer-reviewed publication of abstracts.

Scientific committee:
Susan Bassnett (University of Warwick, University Carmen Valero Garcés (University of Alcalá)
of Glasgow) Zuzana Jettmarová (Charles University)
Lawrence Venuti (Temple University) Ivana Čeňková (Charles University)
Jan Pedersen (Institute for Interpreting and Jitka Zehnalová (University of Olomouc)
Translation Studies) Edita Gromová (Constantine the Philosopher
Andrew Chesterman (University of Helsinki) University)
Daniel Gile (École Supérieure d'Interprètes et de Daniela Müglová (Constantine the Philosopher
Traducteurs) University)
Christopher Rundle (University of Bologna, Zuzana Bohušová (Matej Bel University)
University of Manchester) Katarína Bednárová (Comenius University, Slovak
Jorge Díaz-Cintas (University College London) Academy of Sciences)
Elena Di Giovanni (University of Macerata) Mária Kusá (Slovak Academy of Sciences)
Luc Van Doorslaer (University of Tartu, University Ján Gavura (University of Prešov)
of Louvain) Markéta Štefková (Comenius University)
Franz Pöchhacker (University of Vienna)
ISBN: 978-80-557-1891-0

EAN: 9788055718910

© 2021 Faculty of Arts MBU, Banská Bystrica, editors (Foreword) & authors of the individual abstracts

The conference is supported by:

State Scientific Library in Banská Bystrica

VEGA 2/0166/19 Preklad ako súčasť dejín kultúrneho priestoru III. (Translation as a Part of the History
of Cultural Space III)

KEGA 026UMB-4/2019 Exaktná učebnica tlmočenia (An Exact Coursebook of Interpreting)

VEGA 1/0655/21 Zvieratá na scéne. Animálnosť v teoreticko-kritickom, lingvistickom, literárnom,

audiobizuálnom a scénicko-performatívnom kontexte (Animals on Stage: Animality in Theoretical-
Critical, Linguistic, Literary, Audiovisual and Stage-Performative Context)

VEGA 1/0431/19 Model ruskej literatúry na slovenskom knižnom trhu (The Model of Russian Literature
in the Slovak Book Market)

5
Contents

About the conference ................................................................................................................. 9

Keynote speakers...................................................................................................................... 11

Susan Bassnett – The Translational Imagination ................................................................. 12

Lawrence Venuti – On a Universal Tendency to Debase Retranslations; or, The

Instrumentalism of a Translation Fixation ........................................................................... 13

Jan Pedersen – Rehumanising Subtitling: Why Humans Make Better Subtitles Than
Machines .............................................................................................................................. 15

Nadja Grbić – “The Rigid, the Fuzzy, and the Flexible”: Perceptions of the Interpreter (Not
Only) in the Digital Age ....................................................................................................... 17

Sessions .................................................................................................................................... 19

Maria Bakti – Shifts of Grammatical Cohesion in Consecutively Interpreted Target

Language Texts: Results of a Longitudinal Study ............................................................... 20

Zuzana Balounová – Regional Varieties of Spanish in the Context of Czech/Spanish

Community Interpreting ....................................................................................................... 22

Klaudia Bednárová Gibová – “You’ve Got Me Feeling Emotions”: Emotional Competence

in Translation Trainees and Its Impact on Translation Quality: A New Affective
Perspective ........................................................................................................................... 23

Anne Beinchet – Humanizing Translation Training Programmes: Implementing

Community Translation in a Canadian University ............................................................... 24

Magdaléna Bilá & Ingrida Vaňková – “If I Only Were Human!” Said a CAT Tool: The
Role of Translanguaging, Hermeneutic Understanding and Conceptualization in Machine
Translation of Selected Linguistic Landscapes Discourse ................................................... 25

Leonid Chernovaty – Technohumanism and Translator/Interpreter Training ..................... 27

Maho Fukuno – Humanising Translation Practice: A Proposal for a Virtue-Based, Pluralist

Approach to Translator Ethics.............................................................................................. 29

Nora Gattiglia – Disruptive Emotions in the Interpreting Classroom: The Empowerment of

Interpreting Students Through Dialogic Self-Narration....................................................... 31

6
Husam Haj Omar – Ideology in the translation of political discourse during the Syrian
Conflict ................................................................................................................................. 33

Soňa Hodáková – Motivational Intensity and Orientation as a Predictor of Quality of

Student Interpreting Performance ........................................................................................ 34

Danielle Hunt – “The Work Is You”: A Phenomenological Study on the Professional

Identity Development of American Sign Language-English Interpreters ............................ 35

Diana Jacková & Zuzana Bohušová – Community Interpreting and Cultural Mediation
Among Students: Significance of Erasmus Buddy for Students on Mobility ...................... 37

Oleksandr Kalnychenko & Natalia Kalnychenko – Teaching Translation: First University

Courses in Translation Theory of the Early 1930s ............................................................... 39

Anita Kłos & Mariola Wilczak – Emotion, Collaboration and Agency in Translation
History: Julia Dickstein-Wieleżyńska and Raffaele Pettazzoni ........................................... 40

Lada Kolomiyets – Lost in Relayed Translation: A Comparative Study of Indirect Literary

Translations Under and After Communism in Ukraine ....................................................... 41

Marie Krappmann – What Can Paratexts Teach Us About Translating Yiddish Literature
Into Czech? ........................................................................................................................... 42

Martin Kubuš – On the Adaptation of the Book of Judith by an Anglo-Saxon Poet ........... 44

Ludmila Lambeinová – Who translated? Translator, Revisers or Editor? ........................... 45

Matej Laš – The Literary Magazine Elán: A Case Study in Slovak Microhistory of
Translation ............................................................................................................................ 46

Miroslava Melicherčíková – Consecutive and/or Simultaneous Interpreting: An Empirical

Study..................................................................................................................................... 47

Stanislav Rovenský – The Size of Corpus and Its Influence on Quality of Translation ...... 48

Michaela Rudolfová – Politeness and Cultural Changes in Translation Across Centuries:

Robinson Crusoe and His Relationships .............................................................................. 49

Arben Shala – Police Language Assistants, the Little Hinges That Swing Big Doors (or
Not)....................................................................................................................................... 50

Rafael Y. Schögler – The Strength of Weak Ties: Exploring the Entanglements of

Translators of Scholarly Books ............................................................................................ 51

7
Karolina Siwek – Who Was a Literary Translator in the Nineteenth-Century Poland? The
Re-Constructing of the Literary Translator History ............................................................. 52

Jaroslav Stahl – Impact of Interpreter Absence in Business and Cross Border Cooperation
Project Interpreting ............................................................................................................... 53

Igor Tyšš – Using Literary and Cultural Periodicals as Sources in Socialist Translation
(Micro)Histories ................................................................................................................... 54

Ine Van linthout – Agency in Translation During the Nazi Regime .................................... 56

Mary Wardle – Translating the Body: Embodiment and Dance Notation ........................... 57

Josefína Zubáková & Martina Pálušová – Focus on the Translator: Using Mixed Methods
in Theatre Translation Research ........................................................................................... 58

Büşra Yaman – Preliminary Thoughts on Pseudonymity in Translated Children’s

Literature: The Case of Turkey ............................................................................................ 59

8
About the conference

Just before the turn of the 21st century, Mikhail Epstein called for a return of the human to the
humanities, proposing a Bakhtinian turn from the paradigms of the 20th century, which ascribed
“the source of our activity to some non-human, impersonal structures speaking through us”
(1999; 113), to a rehumanisation which would help us reappropriate the “alienated sources of
our activity and understand them as an indispensable otherness inherent in the nature of human
self-awareness” (113). The vision of such humanity-centred research would incorporate the
knowledge gained from such systems of thought as psychoanalysis, semiotics and
(post)structuralism, while also attempting to transgress the structural determination of action.
The kind of rehumanisation translation and interpreting studies now seeks is not a return to a
self-endorsing anthropocentrism, but an approach which would make the human agency in
translation and interpreting visible as an active force with the potential to shape the social and
natural world.

The challenges of globalisation cannot be reduced to debates about the future of translation and
interpreting, but this unprecedented movement of people and ideas requires an urgent response
from our community, given our particular ability to connect cultures and carry over thoughts
and ideas.

The conference aims to bring together scholars from various fields of translation and
interpreting studies to share their perspectives on the human factor in their studies. We believe
that the human factor in translation technology, literary translation, audiovisual translation,
technical translation, conference interpreting, community interpreting and in the education of
future translators and interpreters is fundamental. That is why we are asking scholars from
around the world to share their experiences. We will pay particular attention to the sociological
factors of these professions and the role of “theory” in improving translators’ visibility and
social standing. When we say translators, we are referring to “people with flesh-and-blood
bodies. If you prick them, they bleed” (Pym, 2014, p. 161). We want to talk about translators
and interpreters not as if they were “linguistic machines”, but as they are: human beings. We
are also interested in the effects of non-translation, such as the lack of (especially) community
interpreters and the problems it poses for the integration of people seeking refuge. We would
like to hear well-structured, data-based presentations, but also sound case and qualitative
studies. Together, we will take a closer look at how the human factor (institutional or personal)
affects translation and interpreting.

9
Perspectives from which to address the conference topic may include, but are not limited
to:

 community interpreting
 sociology of translation and interpreting
 returning names to anonymous translators
 (de)humanising media and audiovisual translation
 consumers and consumerism in media and translation contexts
 the human factor in machine translation and post-editing
 effects of non-translation in (trans)cultural and ecological relations
 literary translators between determinism and agency
 translation of literature as a litmus test of cultural priorities
 teaching translators and interpreters: between education and training
 agency in translation history

Organising committee:
 Martin Djovčoš (Matej Bel University)
 Emília Perez (Constantine the Philosopher University)
 Ivana Hostová (Institute of Slovak Literature, Slovak Academy of Sciences)
 Pavol Šveda (Comenius University)
 Marianna Bachledová (Matej Bel University)
 Matej Laš (Matej Bel University)
 Barbora Vinczeová (Matej Bel University)
 Ľubica Pliešovská (Matej Bel University)
 Miroslava Melicherčíková (Matej Bel University)
 Eva Reichwalderová (Matej Bel University)
 Anita Huťková (Matej Bel University)
 Anita Račáková (Matej Bel University)
 Marián Kabát (Comenius University)
 Igor Tyšš (Institute of World Literature, Slovak Academy of Sciences)
 Mária Koscelníková (Constantine the Philosopher University)

10
Keynote speakers

11
Susan Bassnett – The Translational Imagination
Translation theorist and scholar of comparative literature at the University of Warwick and
the University of Glasgow, UK

Susan Bassnett was educated in Denmark, Portugal and Italy, acquiring

various languages in childhood. She established postgraduate programmes
in Comparative Literature and then in Translation Studies at the University
of Warwick, where she also served twice as Pro-Vice-Chancellor. She
continues to lecture and run workshops around the world and her current
research is on translation and memory. Among other books, she authored
Translation Studies (1980), currently in its fourth edition (2014) and
Comparative Literature (1993), both staples in the respective fields, and co-authored The
Translator as Writer (2006) with Peter Bush. In 2015 she published a monograph entitled
TRANSLATION in the Routledge New Critical Idiom series, and in 2018 she edited the
Routledge Translation and World Literature collection. She has served as a judge in the Women
Writers in Translation Prize since 2017, as she is not only a translation scholar and translator,
but also an accomplished poet.

Keynote speech:

The Translational Imagination

A number of disciplines have adopted the terminology of imagination, as they challenge the
idea of predetermined methodologies, and this paper will look at what is here termed the
‘translational imagination’. Through the work of a range of poets whose creative output
includes translations into in English, the paper will look at changing expectations, both readerly
and writerly, concerning the translation of poetry across time and cultures.

12
Lawrence Venuti – On a Universal Tendency to Debase Retranslations; or, The
Instrumentalism of a Translation Fixation

Professor of English at Temple University, Philadelphia, USA

Lawrence Venuti, professor of English at Temple University, is a

translation theorist and historian as well as a translator from Italian,
French, and Catalan. He is the author of The Translator’s
Invisibility: A History of Translation (1995; 2nd ed., 2008), The
Scandals of Translation: Towards an Ethics of Difference (1998),
Translation Changes Everything: Theory and Practice (2013),
Contra Instrumentalism: A Translation Polemic (2019), and most
recently Theses on Translation: An Organon for the Current
Moment (2019). He is also the editor of Rethinking Translation: Discourse, Subjectivity,
Ideology (1992), The Translation Studies Reader (2000; 3rd ed., 2012), and Teaching
Translation: Programs, Courses, Pedagogies (2017). His translations include Antonia Pozzi’s
Breath: Poems and Letters (2002), the anthology Italy: A Traveler’s Literary Companion
(2003), Massimo Carlotto’s crime novel The Goodbye Kiss (2006), and J. Rodolfo Wilcock’s
collection of real and imaginary biographies The Temple of Iconoclasts (2014). In 2008 he won
the Robert Fagles Translation Prize for his version of Ernest Farrés’s Edward Hopper: Poems.
In 2017 he won the Global Humanities Translation Prize at Northwestern University for his
version of J. V. Foix’s Daybook 1918: Early Fragments. His work has been supported by such
agencies as the Guggenheim Foundation, the National Endowment for the Arts, the National
Endowment for the Humanities, and the Institut Ramon Llull.

Keynote speech:

On a Universal Tendency to Debase Retranslations; or, The Instrumentalism of a

Translation Fixation

Some readers prefer an earlier translation in which they encounter a source text, particularly a
canonized work, over later versions of the same text. The decisive encounter is so compelling
as to establish a deep, enduring attachment that entails denigration or outright rejection of later
versions. Insofar as the features by which the attachment is manifested suggest obsessiveness,

13
I will call it a fixation. The responses of readers who become fixated on an earlier translation
share features that transcend their memberships in specific linguistic communities and cultural
institutions: they prize it for its readability which they construe as an indication of its greater
equivalence to the source text. Here they reveal their assumption of an instrumental model –
i.e., an understanding of translation as the reproduction or transfer of an invariant contained in
or caused by the source text, an invariant form, meaning, or effect. The reader’s fixation can be
illuminated by considering the network of intersubjective relations in which the preferred
translation is first encountered. A process of identity formation is disclosed. Earlier cases
recorded or represented in literary texts enable a more incisive account of the various conditions
that shape the reader’s experience: for example, John Keats’s poem “On First Looking into
Chapman’s Homer” (1816) and Vladimir Nabokov’s novel Pnin (1957). The instrumentalism
that underpins the reader’s fixation deserves consideration because it would in effect deny or
stop cultural change, innovative interpretation, the very practice of translation.

14
Jan Pedersen – Rehumanising Subtitling: Why Humans Make Better Subtitles
Than Machines

Associate Professor in Translation Studies, Director and Chairman of the Board of

The Institute for Interpreting and Translation Studies (Sweden)

Jan Pedersen was educated at the universities of

Stockholm, Copenhagen and Uppsala. He received his
Ph.D. from Stockholm University in 2007 and was made
an Associate Professor in Translation Studies there in
2015. His dissertation, entitled Scandinavian Subtitles, is
a comparative study of TV subtitling norms in the
Scandinavian countries. He is the former president of ESIST, a member of EST and TraNor,
and co-editor of Benjamins Translation Library and Journal of Audiovisual Translation, which
he also co-founded. He is a frequent presenter at international conferences, and his publications
include the 2011 monograph Subtitling Norms for Television, as well as many articles on
subtitling, translation and linguistics. He also worked as a television subtitler for many years.
Jan works at Stockholm University, where he holds the post of Director of the Institute for
Interpreting and Translation Studies, where he also researches and teaches audiovisual
translation.

Keynote speech:

Rehumanising Subtitling: Why Humans Make Better Subtitles Than Machines

Subtitling is in many ways a special form of translation. For example, the very concepts of
source text and target text are different from literary, as well as most kinds of non-literary,
translation in that they are polysemiotic (or multimodal). Subtitles are not target texts in
themselves; they become a part of the fabric of the film and do not make sense on their own.
This makes the subtitle instrumental in creating the target text. Subtitles are also transient, like
the speech they represent, which means that the subtitler must choose among the many and
varied meanings that the source text offers and decide what to add to the source text to create a
target text that can give the viewer a meaningful experience. The process of subtitling is
consequently a hermeneutic activity encompassing much more than language.

15
The nature of subtitles and the process of subtitling make machines poor subtitlers, despite
recent attempts to automate (part of) the subtitling process. Subtitles are more than written (and
translated) transcripts of dialogues, and the complexities of the polysemiotic/multimodal source
text make the process of subtitling unsuitable for machine translation. The algorithm-based
transfer of words offered by machine translation cannot replace the creative, hermeneutic output
of the subtitler, who instead becomes a post-editor, whose creativity is limited by the solutions
offered by the machine, particularly as working conditions decline. Furthermore, the increased
reading speeds that facilitate machine translation make for a more strenuous viewing
experience. The resulting decrease in quality makes a good argument for rehumanising
subtitling.

16
Nadja Grbić – “The Rigid, the Fuzzy, and the Flexible”: Perceptions of the
Interpreter (Not Only) in the Digital Age

Associate Professor of Translation Studies, University of Graz

Nadja Grbić studied linguistics and Slavic studies. Her Ph.D.

dissertation focused on sociolinguistics. During her studies, she
was involved in a research project on multilingualism in early
childhood. In 1989, she joined the Department of Translation
Studies at the University of Graz as a research assistant, and she
was appointed to the post of Senior Researcher in 1994. To date,
she has conducted twelve national and international research and
development projects, including work on sign language
interpreting and sign language lexicography, with a volume of
funding amounting to 1.6 million euros. She also developed and
implemented the first full-time study program for sign language interpreters at a translation
studies department at a time when such programs were generally situated in linguistics, social
work or health science departments.

In 2017, she was appointed Associate Professor of Translation Studies, having completed her
postdoctoral thesis (habilitation) on the history of signed language interpreting in Austria and
the construction of the profession, proposing a new professionalization model and typology of
interpreting events, including professional as well as non-professional practices. In her research,
she has focused on issues pertaining to translation and gender; the construction of Southeast
European literature via translation in Romanticism and post-war Yugoslavia; the concept of
interpreting quality; strategies of boundary work with regard to signed language interpreting,
community interpreting, and professional vs. non-professional interpreting; and the history of
interpreting and translation studies, including scientometrics, which led her to her recent interest
in the constructive nature of the translation/interpreting concept in various disciplines. Until
2012, she was reviews editor of the journal Translation Studies, edited by Kate Sturge and
Michaela Wolf and published by Routledge. She is also associate editor of the Routledge
Encyclopedia of Interpreting Studies. Nadja Grbić has also translated literature from Bosnian,
Croatian and Serbian into German. She is currently deputy head of the Department of
Translation Studies at the University of Graz.

17
Keynote speech:

“The Rigid, the Fuzzy, and the Flexible”1: Perceptions of the Interpreter (Not Only) in
the Digital Age

In recent times, homo faber has been particularly challenged by globalization and rapid
advances in digitalization and artificial intelligence. The consequences of the technology-
induced “translation revolution” (Cronin 2013) are far-reaching, and the COVID-19 pandemic
has taken us even further down this road. Although translation and interpreting have become
the “key infrastructure for global communication” (Bielsa 2005:139), social conditions
surrounding these tasks are often obscured and the human aspect is readily neglected (ibid.).

However, technological change also opens up new opportunities for our discipline to work
proactively towards bringing the human factor of interpreting to the fore. In my presentation, I
will use “human” as a prism and begin by looking at the history of interpreting studies to show
how we have fostered the “abstract anonymity” (Pym 1998) of the interpreter. I will
demonstrate how individual interpreters have been reduced to a set of typical characteristics of
the profession through a rigid concept of “profession”, depicting ideal practitioners deprived of
individuality and emotionality. In response, I will try to explore alternative epistemological and
methodological ways which might help us to better understand the experiences lived by
interpreters as active subjects in different spatio-temporal contexts. These include an unbiased
view of the heterogeneity and hybridity of interpreting activities, an openness to take less
researched “human” concepts into consideration, such as empathy, understanding, or trust, as
integral parts of the interpreter’s agency, as well as focusing more on relations between agents
and negotiation processes in the multiverse of interpreting phenomena.

References
Bielsa, Esperança (2005) Globalisation and Translation: A Theoretical Approach. Language
and Intercultural Communication 5:2, 131–144.
Cronin, Michael (2013) Translation in the Digital Age. London & New York: Routledge.
Pym, Anthony (1998) Method in Translation History. Manchester: St. Jerome.
Zerubavel, Eviatar (1995) The Rigid, the Fuzzy, and the Flexible: Notes on the Mental
Sculpting of Academic Identity. Social Research 62:4, 1093–1106.

1
Zerubavel (1995)
18
Sessions

19
Maria Bakti – Shifts of Grammatical Cohesion in Consecutively Interpreted
Target Language Texts: Results of a Longitudinal Study
University of Szeged, [email protected]

Cohesion is the basic aspect of text organisation; it is achieved through the use of cohesive ties
established by grammatical and lexical means (Halliday and Hasan 1976). Grammatical
cohesive ties involve reference, substitution and ellipsis, and conjunction (Halliday and
Matthiensen 2004:538).

Shifts of cohesion and coherence in translation can be seen as universals of the translation
process (Blum-Kulka 1986/2000, Klaudy 2001); shifts in the use of cohesive ties can also be
observed in interpreted target-language texts (Shlesinger 1995, Gumul 2006, 2012).

The aim of the research to be presented is to investigate shifts of grammatical cohesion in

Hungarian target-language texts consecutively interpreted from English, recorded in the
framework of a longitudinal study. Seven M.A. students of interpreting participated in the
study; recordings were made of their consecutively interpreted target-language texts at the end
of the second, third and fourth semester of their training. The resulting target-language texts
were analysed using the complex translational discourse model of Károly (2014, 2017).

It is expected that the grammatical cohesion pattern of the target language texts will change as
students progress in their training, because with the development of interpreting competence
there is a shift in message processing towards a top-down approach; that is, understanding text
as discourse rather than as words or sentences (Englund Dimitrova and Tiselius 2016).

References
Beaugrande, R. de and Dressler, W. U. 1981. Introduction to Text Linguistics. London:
Longman.
Blum-Kulka, S. 1986/2000. Shifts of Cohesion and Coherence in Translation. In: Venuti, L.
(ed.) The Translation Studies Reader. London and New York: Routledge.
Englund Dimitrova, B. and Tiselius, E. 2016. Cognitive aspects of community interpreting.
Toward a process model. In: R. Munoz Martín (ed) Reembedding Transaltion Process
Research. Amsterdam: Benjamins. 195-214.
Gumul, E. 2006. Explicitation in Simultaneous Interpreting. A strategy or by-product of
language mediation? Across Languages and Cultures 7(2), 171-190.

20
Gumul, E. 2012. Variability of Cohesive Patterns. Personal Reference Markers in
Simultaneous and Consecutive Interpreting. Linguistica Silesiana 33., 147-172.
Halliday, M. and Hasan, R. 1976. Cohesion in English. London: Longman.
Halliday, M. and Matthiessen C. 2014. An Introduction to Functional Grammar. London:
Arnold.
Károly K. 2014. Szövegkoherencia a fordításban. Budapest: ELTE Eötvös
Kiadó.
Károly K. 2017. Aspects of Cohesion and Coherence in Translation. The case
of Hungarian-English news translation. Amsterdam: John Benjamins.
Klaudy K. 2001. Explicitation. In: Baker, Mona (ed.) Routledge Encyclopedia of
Translation Studies. London and New York: Routledge. 80- 85.
Shlesinger, M. 1995. Shifts in Cohesion in Simultaneous Interpreting. The Translator. 1 (2),
193-214.

21
Zuzana Balounová – Regional Varieties of Spanish in the Context of
Czech/Spanish Community Interpreting

Charles University, [email protected]

The paper presented at the conference will address the topic of Czech/Spanish community
interpreting. Since there is a growing Hispanic community in the Czech Republic and many of
the services offered by Czech integration centres are being used more often by non-EU nationals
than by EU citizens, it is desirable for Czech/Spanish community interpreters to be familiar
with different varieties of Spanish (i.e. Cuban, Venezuelan, etc.). Being familiar with different
regional varieties of Spanish may help the interpreter avoid serious problems and, generally,
feel more confident.

The paper will present data collected through a survey among Czech/Spanish community
interpreters (the survey focuses particularly on those who work in Czech integration centres).
The data was collected through questionnaires and semi-structured interviews. Using more than
one method of data collection (one quantitative and one qualitative) should compensate for the
possible limitations resulting from adopting only one method.

Apart from questions closely linked to different varieties of Spanish, the survey will address
the COVID-19 pandemic (whether the demand for Czech/Spanish interpreting has increased,
whether there has been an increase in phone or video remote interpreting, etc.). Also, the survey
will focus on possible improvements to Czech/Spanish community interpreting services so that
access to these services is ensured to all members of the Hispanic community in the Czech
Republic.

Another aim of the paper presented at the conference is to improve the way students of
Czech/Spanish interpreting are prepared for the practice of community interpreting. This, too,
will be discussed as part of the presentation.

22
Klaudia Bednárová Gibová – “You’ve Got Me Feeling Emotions”: Emotional
Competence in Translation Trainees and Its Impact on Translation Quality: A
New Affective Perspective
University of Presov, [email protected]

The study of translators’ emotions and their work through affective lenses remains relatively
uncharted in contemporary translation-process research. Only recently has some light begun to
be shed on emotional competencies as factors involved in translators’ decision-making. This
study aims to examine the relationship between emotional competence in literary translation
trainees and the quality of their translatum.

Unlike a handful of studies opting for a holistic approach to assessing emotional competence,
the present paper zeroes in on individual competencies such as emotion recognition, emotion
understanding, emotion management and emotion regulation, and explores their possible
impact on translation quality. In an effort to test the ability of literary translation trainees to
apply emotional knowledge to their translational behaviour, the new Geneva Emotional
Competence Test (GECo, Schlegel & Mortillaro 2018) is employed to gauge individual
differences in this area. The pilot study has a mixed-method design consisting of both
qualitative and quantitative analysis. The qualitative data results from the performance of 16
M.A. translation trainees assessed in compliance with the selected criteria on literary translation
quality (i.e. creativity, equivalence, interpretation, translational aesthetics, stylistic mastery).
To this end, an emotionally laden text extract (about 280 words) taken from Cynthia Ozick’s
short story “The Shawl”, depicting the woes of motherhood during the Holocaust, is used. The
quantitative data results from the translators’ mean scores from the GECo subtests obtained via
Qualtrics, and are interpreted in conjunction with the results of the qualitative analysis. The
data will be subject to correlational statistical analyses to determine potential relationships and
to (dis-)confirm the effect of interrelated variables.

Integrating insights from individual difference psychology, translation process and personality
research, the paper aspires to be a timely contribution to the study of translators’ affectivity and
their translation quality. It is hoped that results will add to recent evidence that emotions are
involved in the perception of material in source texts, impact the translation process, and
ultimately affect the production of target texts.

23
Anne Beinchet – Humanizing Translation Training Programmes: Implementing
Community Translation in a Canadian University
Université de Moncton, [email protected]

For over 10 years as an undergraduate translation programme educator in Canada, I have

focused largely on the technical content of my translation courses, teaching strategies,
demonstrating tools and sharing best practices. I have quite often tried to raise students’ social
awareness by choosing texts related to societal issues, but never pushed that aspect of my
teaching. However, recently, as I have witnessed the rise of intolerance, hatred and violence all
over the globe, I have felt the urge and the responsibility to guide my undergraduate translation
students in taking decisions that could contribute to shaping a better world today and for the
next generations.

I consider my role as an educator to include not only introducing the technical aspects of
translation and editing, but also leading students to understand their social position and their
responsibilities as citizens working in the language industry. To support this stance, I borrow
concepts from critical pedagogy (Freire 1973; Giroux 2000; hooks 1994; Macrine 2020) and
indigenizing pedagogy (Battiste 2013; LaFever 2016; Marcom and Freeman 2018; Siemens
2016), and I share some thoughts on how to build humanized, engaged courses. I take a course
on community translation as an example. A community translation course seems relevant here,
as it is a space to reflect on the sense of wholeness, tolerance, responsibility and civic
engagement, and to talk about oppressor and oppressed in a society where minorities still fight
for their rights, whether it is a matter of territorial rights or language rights, just to name a few.

24
Magdaléna Bilá & Ingrida Vaňková – “If I Only Were Human!” Said a CAT
Tool: The Role of Translanguaging, Hermeneutic Understanding and
Conceptualization in Machine Translation of Selected Linguistic Landscapes
Discourse
University of Presov, [email protected]; [email protected]

The present study investigates the linguistic landscape of Slovak tourist notices as shortened
versions of The National Parks Rules and Regulations from the perspective of translation and
translator studies. More specifically, a translator’s hermeneutic-conceptualization-
configuration method (HCCM) (Kačmárová, Bilá, Vaňková 2018) deployed in post-editing of
machine-translated text is investigated. We argue that, in order to achieve target-orientedness
regarding target-culture conventions, an HCCM micro-analysis may be of assistance, and thus
pragmatic adaptations may be justified by culture-bound conceptualization differences.

Drawing on the concept of translanguaging as a fundamental method of verbalizing meaning

within LL by means of conceptualization fluctuation between various language codes, we
assume that mere machine translation, without the support of a human, conscious, knowledge-
and-experience-based act of linguaculturally underpinned pre-understanding, conceptualizing
and configuring, is insufficient and may result in improper translation. A translation process, as
Pym (2011) claims, whether from scratch or an MT translation, comprises three phases
(problem recognition, generation of alternatives and final solution selection). MT can
considerably accelerate the second stage; however, it may prevent the translator from
perceiving the translated text holistically (ibid.). What is needed in LL translation is a new
perspective combining both conscious cognitive and axiological culture-specific evaluative
operations in a translator’s mind explored through translanguaging (i.e. the deployment of
particular features, structures and even modalities from source language and target language,
operating as a unitary linguistic repertoire (Ben-Rafael, Shohamy and Barni, 2010)). Therefore,
we argue that an HCCM (comprising cognitive framing, hermeneutic pre-understanding,
saliencing and code configuring) may assist a translator, firstly, in identifying the issues in raw
MT output that need to be attended to and corrected and, secondly, in reducing the number of
undesirable preferential changes (de Almeida and O’Brien, 2010).

25
References
Ben-Rafael, E., E. Shohamy & M. Barni 2010. Introduction: An approach to an ‘ordered
disorder’. In E. Shohamy, E. Ben-Rafael & M. Barni (eds.) 2010. Linguistic Landscape in
the City. Clevedon: Multilingual Matters.
de Almeida, Giselle & O’Brien, Sharon 2010. Analysing post-editing performance: correlations
with years of translation experience. In Proceedings of the 14th annual conference of the
European association for machine translation. St. Raphaël: France, May 27-28.
Kačmárová, Alena, Bilá, Magdaléna & Vaňková, Ingrida 2018: The conceptualizing of
conceptualization (of linguistics metalanguage). Prešov : Prešovská univerzita v Prešove,
978-80-555-2095-7, available at:
http://www.pulib.sk/web/kniznica/elpub/dokument/Kacmarova6
Pym, Anthony 2011: What technology does to translating. In Translation & Interpreting 3(1),
1-9.

26
Leonid Chernovaty – Technohumanism and Translator/Interpreter Training
V. N. Karazin Kharkiv National University, [email protected]

Technohumanism is defined (Epstein 2016: 119–120) as the interdependence and common

development of humans and technology in the civilization of the 21st century, while the
corresponding disciplinary field – technohumanities – embraces the entirety of everything
created by man, even in the areas where man is no longer a biological organism or an operating
actor. Within the realm of technohumanities, the development of interface between humans and
various types of technologies, specifically, between neural and electronic networks, is
considered to be the frontier of modern civilisation (Epstein 2016: 125). As such,
technohumanities can study the interaction between the bio and techno in translation as well,
specifically, between the translator and information technologies (IT), such as machine
translation (MT), translation memory (TM), computer-aided translation (CAT), project
management systems and the like.

Since the advent of IT technologies, there have been numerous suggestions of using them as
much as possible in students’ translation work, not only in special courses on translation
technologies (Pym 2013: 497), reducing the translator’s role to post-post-editing in the chain of
“MT – area expert (with limited source-language competence) – translator (language expert)”
(Pym 2013: 491). This may dramatically change not only translation technologies, but also the
social use and function of translation, turning the translator into an attachment to the machine,
incapable of performing their role without a computer. Thus, the issue of current importance
seems to be an acceptable solution to the contradiction between the modern tendencies towards
education increasingly based on technologies and the development of the future translator as a
creative personality, not as a mere attachment to technological systems. Accordingly, in training
and teaching future translators and interpreters, it seems worthwhile to go beyond the skills of
interaction with relevant computer programmes, also developing the functions where humans
prevail over machines. Those, among others, include skills in all types of interpreting, literary
translation, abilities to recognize the source text implicatures, based on the respective bicultural
knowledge, contextual factors and inference mechanisms, which are currently beyond the reach
of machines. Neither are machines capable of language creativity, making them unable to coin
new language items (such as neologisms, phraseologisms) etc. Consequently, research in
technohumanities, specifically that related to the interaction between the humanitarian and

27
scientific-technological conscience, seems to be a promising area in translator/interpreter
training and teaching.

References
Epstein (2016). Эпштейн М.Н. От знания – к творчеству. Как гуманитарные науки могут
изменять мир. М.; СПб.: Центр гуманитарных инициатив, 2016. 480 p.
Pym, A. (2013). Translation Skill-Sets in a Machine-Translation Age. Meta, 58 (3), 487–503.
https://doi.org/10.7202/1025047ar

28
Maho Fukuno – Humanising Translation Practice: A Proposal for a Virtue-
Based, Pluralist Approach to Translator Ethics
The Australian National University, [email protected]

Professional ethics are critically important for the training and profession of translation and
interpreting and for the identity and practice of translators and interpreters. However, many
studies show that the current conceptualisation and application of professional codes of ethics
create the illusion of translator invisibility and reveal the translator’s dilemma of being caught
between their own values and emotions and the expectations of society and other agents. These
critiques expose two major problems with professional ethics: multiple interpretations of ethical
concepts and, thus, inconsistency between social expectations and a translator’s practice
informed by their own interpretation of those concepts.

To tackle these problems, this paper explores a philosophical approach to professional translator
ethics. I argue that a virtue-based, ethical pluralist approach (e.g., MacIntyre 2007 (1981),
Taylor 2002) provides translators with a humanising solution to the invisibility illusion and the
dilemmas that cannot be addressed by the dominant rule- or principle-based approaches. In
applying this approach in a case study of a translator’s dilemma involving the similar, but
distinct, virtues of ‘empathy’ in Anglo culture and ‘omoiyari’ in Japanese culture, I find two
things. Firstly, the virtue-based approach embraces, rather than constrains, a diverse character
quality of the translator who strives to live well in specific situations, and secondly, the ethical
pluralist approach gives the translator a perspective from which to actively negotiate between
and learn from different socio-cultural values and expectations and to cultivate the virtues of a
translator and of a person. Thus, the virtue-based, ethical pluralist approach can turn a
translator’s dilemma into an opportunity to exert virtuous agency as a translator and as a human.
The paper concludes by suggesting that this approach leads to humanising translation practice
in two senses: illuminating humanity in the translator’s professional identity and practice and
offering an environment of moral self-cultivation for individual translators to flourish as
virtuous humans.

References
MacIntyre, A. C. (2007 (1981)). After virtue: A study in moral theory (3rd ed.). University of
Notre Dame Press.

29
Taylor, C. (2002). Democracy, inclusive and exclusive. In R. Madsen, W. M. Sullivan, A.
Swidler, & S. M. Tipton (Eds.), Meaning and modernity: Religion, polity, and self (pp.
181–194). University of California Press.

30
Nora Gattiglia – Disruptive Emotions in the Interpreting Classroom: The
Empowerment of Interpreting Students Through Dialogic Self-Narration
Università di Genova, [email protected]

The interpreting student’s predicament is well-known. The merging of self and action in an
interpreting performance confounds the traditional epistemological distinction of subject and
object of knowledge, making students feel publicly assessed for what they know, do and are.
Often, this feeling of exposure triggers reactions such as awkwardness, anxiety and shame:
powerful emotions that hamper the learning process and make for an uncomfortable classroom
experience. Yet, emotions are a key factor in both life and learning, offering valuable insight
into the conversational context as well as one’s own conduct. In order to meet the emotional
challenges of interpreting, such educator’s actions as giving legitimacy to emotions, addressing
poor self-efficacy (Bandura 1986), and promoting self-reflexivity become relevant educational
goals.

The presentation describes an educational approach drawing on Dynamic Phenomenology

(Galimberti 1979; Stanghellini 2017) and the Pedagogy of the Oppressed (Freire 1970, 1996)
as theoretical frameworks, and will focus on the use of dialogic self-reflexive student journals
to empower students. The aim of the presentation is to observe the educator’s feedback to
students’ self-narrations of powerlessness and unease and to show how – and why – interpreter
educators can address such feelings effectively. The narrative inquiry of the online journals
used in the courses Telephone Interpreting and Community Interpreting at the University of
Genoa (French–Italian, 2016–present day) will highlight the students’ reflective path. At the
same time, an integrated discourse analysis approach will be described, guiding the educator in
their journal reading by making use of psychological constructs from Dynamic Phenomenology
as well as textual criteria inspired by Hallidayan Systemic-Functional Grammar. While,
according to the hermeneutics of human sciences, the research process remains open-ended, the
evolving self-narrations will witness to the effectiveness of dialogic self-reflexive journals in
improving self-efficacy, thus ensuring better interpreting performances and safer student
experiences in the interpreting classroom.

31
References
Bandura, A. (1986) Social Foundations of Thought and Action: A Social Cognitive Theory.
Englewood Cliffs, NJ, Prentice Hall.
Bruno A., Dell’Aversana G. (2016). “Reflective Practice for Psychology Students: The Use of
Reflective Journal Feedback in Higher Education”. Psychology Learning & Teaching, 0(0),
1-13.
Cirillo L., Niemants N. (eds.) (2017). Teaching Dialogue Interpreting. Research-based
Proposals for Higher Education, Amsterdam/Philadelphia, John Benjamins.
Freire, P. (1996 [2004]). Pedagogia da autonomia. Tr. it. Pedagogia dell’autonomia. Saperi
necessari per la pratica educativa. Torino, Edizioni Gruppo Abele.
Freire, P. (1970 [2018]).). Pedagogia del Oprimido. Tr. it. Pedagogia degli oppressi. Torino,
Edizioni Gruppo Abele.
Galimberti, U. (1979[2006]). Psichiatria e fenomenologia. Milano: Feltrinelli.
Gattiglia, N. (2019). Costruire autoefficacia: il dialogo formativo on-line nella didattica
dell’interpretazione telefonica in ambito medico. Università degli Studi di Genova.
Unpublished doctoral thesis.
Ricoeur, P. (1990). Soi-même comme un autre, Seuil, Paris.
Rogers, C. (1942). Counseling and Psychotherapy. Tr. it. Psicoterapia di consultazione. Nuove
idee nella pratica clinica e sociale. Roma, Astrolabio, 1970.
Stanghellini, G. (2017). Noi siamo un dialogo. Antropologia, psicopatologia, cura. Roma:
Raffaello Cortina.

32
Husam Haj Omar – Ideology in the translation of political discourse during the
Syrian Conflict
University of Oxford, [email protected]

This study studies the role of ideology in translation and analyses the Arabic translations
conducted by the press for political texts during the Syrian conflict. The source texts include
news reports, articles, and interviews published by international English-speaking media
organisations, and translated into Arabic by media outlets local to the conflict, and ideologically
affiliated with the conflicting parties in Syria. The data corpus is meant to fairly represent the
translated political discourse circulating on the conflict, thus covering the work of media outlets
affiliated with two main parties involved in the conflict. Accordingly, the translations analysed
are produced by sources falling into two main categories: media outlets ideologically affiliated
with the Syrian regime, represented by Al-Manar TV, and press offices of armed revolutionary
(Islamist) factions, represented by Jaish al-Islam’s Press Office. This study shows that the
translations conducted by these local media outlets are ideologically steered and biased to the
conflicting parties. It digs to discover the ideological influence of both translator and patronage,
and the ideological motives behind the resulting manipulation and modification of the original
message intended by the author. It demonstrates that translation is in fact a rewriting of the
source text, recognising the translator as author who modifies and changes the source text
according to their ideology. It shows that the translator is also foremost a reader who brings
their own judgments, imposing them upon the text, perhaps reshaping the entire political
discourse.

33
Soňa Hodáková – Motivational Intensity and Orientation as a Predictor of
Quality of Student Interpreting Performance
Constantine the Philosopher University, [email protected]

The presented study is a continuation of the author's research and it follows her earlier findings
(Hodáková 2019) in the area of motivational structure of interpreting students and of its
influence on performance in the interpreting process. The base hypothesis was constituted by
the assumption that students with a higher score on the performance-enhancing anxiety scale
would achieve better interpreting quality and stability, since they handle the cognitive load
associated with simultaneous interpreting of texts with longer duration better than students with
a higher score on the performance-inhibiting anxiety scale. Subjects in the group of “better”
interpreters exhibited on average a higher achievement motive with a higher score on the
performance-enhancing anxiety scale. Conversely, the group of weaker interpreters achieved
higher scores on the performance-inhibiting anxiety scale.

In the present research, students’ (n=10) interpreting performance was followed longitudinally
for three years of their studies (at both the bachelor's and master’s level) at the Department of
Translation Studies of Constantine the Philosopher University in Nitra, Slovakia. The
Performance Motivation Questionnaire (PMQ) (Pardel, Maršálová & Hrabovská 1984) was
again used to determine motivational intensity and orientation. Data analysis has confirmed a
statistically significant correlation between interpreting performance, achievement motive and
performance-enhancing anxiety in students, along with other findings. Students with a higher
achievement motive and a higher score on the performance-enhancing anxiety scale were on
average evaluated as better. Our next research study, scheduled for 2020/2021, aims to verify
the findings on a larger research group (n=30).

34
Danielle Hunt – “The Work Is You”: A Phenomenological Study on the
Professional Identity Development of American Sign Language-English
Interpreters
Gallaudet University, [email protected]

If someone asked, “Who are you?” how would you respond? Interpreters Irma Kleeb-Young in
Solow and Fant (1989) replied “I guess part of me is advocate and part of me is interpreter,
besides my own person. I think I am divided into several people.” Piecing together these shards
of self leads to identities that we present to the world – including a professional identity as an
interpreter.

Constructionist principles situate identity as a phenomenon that is socially and jointly

constructed during interactions (Lazzaro-Salazar, 2013). I focus on the interpreter as a person
possessing a professional identity successfully integrated (Gibson, Dollaride, & Moss 2010) in
the work that she does rather than just another participant in an interpreted interaction. Identity
answers the questions of “Who do I think I am?”, “Who do I say I am?” and “Who do others
think I am?” (Leeson 2014).

Grounded in a hermeneutic phenomenological methodology, I focused on examining the lived

experiences of seven American Sign Language–English interpreters who learned ASL as a
second language by addressing the following research question: How does a group of American
Sign Language–English interpreters experience the development of a professional identity?
Professional identity is only one part of many identities that develop and change over time, and
this report focuses on this one piece of a person’s overall, intersectional identity. From the data
sources three superordinate themes emerged: the evolution of an interpreter self, the work as an
extension of self, and being and becoming. This topic is particularly relevant because it draws
in the human element of community interpreters by focusing attention on their experiences.
Learning more about the humanizing of interpreters could impact teaching and theory
development in the field of translation and interpreting.

References
Gibson, D. M., Dollarhide, C. T., & Moss, J. M. (2010). Professional identity development: A
grounded theory of transformational tasks of new counselors. Counselor Education &
Supervision, 50, 21-38.

35
Lazzaro-Salazar, M. (2013). Diving into the depths of identity construction and motivation of
a foreign language learner. Argentinian Journal of Applied Linguistics 1(1), 6-23.
Leeson, L. (March 30, 2014). “Tell the Truth and Shame the Devil”: Considering
Epistemological and Intersectional Approaches in Interpreting Education and Practice.
International Symposium on Signed Language Interpretation and Translation Research.
Lecture conducted from Gallaudet University, Washington, DC.
Solow, S. N. & Fant, L. (Hosts). (1989) Interpreters on interpreting: Identity [Recorded panel
discussion]. United States: Sign Media, Inc.

36
Diana Jacková & Zuzana Bohušová – Community Interpreting and Cultural
Mediation Among Students: Significance of Erasmus Buddy for Students on
Mobility
Matej Bel University, [email protected]; [email protected]

Community interpreting is a specific type of interpreting mainly dealing with help and support
for people who enter a country to apply for asylum without understanding the language of the
country (Opalková 2010). The European Commission’s Knowledge Centre on Interpretation
offers another term: public service interpreting, and describes it as follows: Public service
interpreting “is the type of interpreting that takes place between residents of a community. It is
carried out in the context of the public services, where service users do not speak the majority
language of the country.” (Hale 2011).

We used these terms to compare their nature to the roles and responsibilities of the Erasmus
Buddy. These roles and duties include interpreting at the immigration office or local authorities,
in hospitals and other public institutions (Ivanová, Patrášová 2019). A Buddy should also have
the competence of a cultural mediator, i.e. intercultural perceptiveness, basic interpreting and
practical skills. For these reasons, it is possible to find correlation between the above-mentioned
terms and activities of the Erasmus Buddy.

The aim of the pilot intersubjective research to be presented is to investigate the possible links
between the activities of the Erasmus Buddy and activities performed during cultural mediation,
community or public service interpreting, as well as to ascertain the significance of this position
from the Erasmus students’ perspective. The research was carried out by means of a
questionnaire completed by 16 Erasmus students studying at Matej Bel University in Banská
Bystrica in the first and second semesters of the 2019/2020 academic year.

References

Hale, S. 2011. Public service interpreting, in The Oxford Handbook of Translation Studies.
Oxford: Oxford University Press.
Opalková, J. 2010. Komunitné tlmočenie ako špecifický druh interkultúrnej komunikácie. In
Jazyk a kultúra.Štúdie a články.
Ivanová, D., Patrášová, D. 2019. Rešeršná príprava k téme translácia pre zahraničných
študentov, pre menšiny a medicínsku oblasť. ŠVA, FF UMB. Banská Bystrica.

37
International Organization for Migration. Zborník ku konferencii. Národný dialóg o integrácii.
2011. Bratislava: IOM Medzinárodná organizácia pre migráciu.

38
Oleksandr Kalnychenko & Natalia Kalnychenko – Teaching Translation: First
University Courses in Translation Theory of the Early 1930s
V. N. Karazin Kharkiv National University, [email protected]

1930 saw the foundation of the Kyiv-based Ukrainian Institute of Linguistic Education (with
its branch in Kharkiv). Among its departments, there was the Department of Translation History
and Theory headed by Mykola Zerov, one of the greatest Ukrainian poets and translators. The
archive of Hryhoriy Kochur Literary Museum in the town of Irpin’ keeps two manuscripts
important for the history of translation studies and translator training: the syllabus of a
university course entitled Translation Methodology for the 1932/33 academic year compiled by
Professor Mykhailo Kalynovych and the voluminous handwritten notes of Professor Zerov
attached to that syllabus (300 pages). Mykhailo Kalynovych and Mykola Zerov divided
translation studies into a theoretical aspect (methodology of translation, history of translation,
and history of translation thought) and a practical aspect (general theory of translation, special
theories of translation from a foreign language into the mother tongue and from the mother
tongue into a foreign language, and the study of cliché and stereotypes of official speech).
Zerov’s notes as well as Oleksandr Finkel’s book-length Teoriya i praktyka perekladu [Theory
and Practice of Translation] published in 1929 in Kharkiv served as the basic literature for the
course. Of interest is the fact that the syllabus and the notes employed the word
Perekladoznavstvo (literally “Translation Studies”) as the name for the scholarly discipline
under study. The syllabus also included the issue of translation management intended to create
the conditions for the production of high-quality target texts and the issue of collaborative
translation. The paper discusses the notes and syllabus in detail in comparison with Dmitriy
Usov’s syllabus from the Moscow Institute for New Languages (1934) (from Andrey Fedorov’s
archive).

39
Anita Kłos & Mariola Wilczak – Emotion, Collaboration and Agency in
Translation History: Julia Dickstein-Wieleżyńska and Raffaele Pettazzoni
Maria Curie-Skłodowska University, [email protected]

Institute of Literary Research of the Polish Academy of Sciences in Warsaw,

[email protected]

Julia Dickstein-Wieleżyńska (1881–1943) was a Polish historian of literature and philosophy,

poet, journalist, social and educational activist, as well as literary and academic translator from
multiple languages, first and foremost Italian. During the International Congress on the History
of Religions in 1912 she met the Italian scholar Raffaele Pettazzoni (1883–1959),
anthropologist and historian of religions from Sapienza University in Rome. Pettazzoni became
Dickstein’s scholarly mentor and the love of her life. Although the two split up, they remained
close friends till Julia’s death.

Dickstein’s unpublished letters to Pettazzoni, preserved in the Giulio Cesare Croce public
library, offer a unique insight into their emotional and professional relationship, as a record of
the scholars long intellectual exchange and translaboration (using Alexa Alfer’s term), which
included numerous literary and academic translations. This rich archive material allows us to
see Dickstein’s translation work as an interaction between various agents of the translation
process: authors, editors, proofreaders, censors, literary critics and scholars. These interactions
were often triggered or determined by a whole range of individual and social emotions, from
love and friendship to racial hatred (Julia came from an assimilated Jewish family). However,
Dickstein’s most important collaborator was Pettazzoni, as her main literary advisor and most
trusted proofreader. He also used to buy and send her books and other materials from Italy and
to mediate her contacts with various Italian writers and scholars. Moreover, Dickstein’s letters
to Pettazzoni show the limitations encountered by a female intellectual in the literary and
academic world of the first half of the 20th century.

40
Lada Kolomiyets – Lost in Relayed Translation: A Comparative Study of
Indirect Literary Translations Under and After Communism in Ukraine
Taras Shevchenko National University of Kyiv, [email protected]

Viewing translation as a mental, rational, and technical field of Soviet governmentality, i.e. the
organized practices through which Soviet subjects were governed, will substantially broaden
the general understanding of the Communist regime and its lasting consequences in Ukraine.
The governmental policy towards translation in Soviet Ukraine promoted literalistic, “second-
hand” translations of foreign authors from Russian as a relay language. Translations into the
USSR nationalities’ languages via Russian became a mass phenomenon from the 1930s to the
1980s, and they still permeate the network of Ukrainian literary production. Following Danish
scholar C. Dollerup, I understand the term “relayed translation” as those translations that are
based on published translations intended for the audience (Russian), which can be clearly
defined as the source (relay) texts for the “next” (relayed) translations. (1) A relayed translation
is, thus, a peculiar type of indirect translation, when the first translation is chosen as the source
text.

The Communist Party’s social and cultural policies concentrated on the formation of a desired
and predictable type of collective behaviour (2), and relayed translations played an instrumental
role in establishing the stereotypes of Soviet mentality and people’s communization. Russian-
mediated translations were mostly successful with the general public, even though Ukrainian
literary critics were not overtly supportive of them. Relayed translations took firm root in the
Ukrainian literary domain as a frequent but covert activity in the post-WWII period. My
suggestion is to further differentiate between hidden and overt relayed translations. Both
categories will be analysed qualitatively and quantitatively in the full version of my paper. Special
attention will be given to the translator’s agency in the post-Soviet wave of relayed translations.

Dollerup, Cay. (2014) “Relay in Translation.” Cross-linguistic Interaction: Translation,

Contrastive and cognitive Studies. Liber Amicorum in Honour of Prof. Bistra Alexieva
published on the occasion of her eightieth birthday, ed. by Diana Yankova. St. Kliminent
Ohridski University Press, 2014, pp. 21-32.
Pauly, Matthew D. (2014) Breaking the Tongue: Language, Education, and Power in Soviet
Ukraine. Toronto Buffalo London: U of Toronto Press, 2014.

41
Marie Krappmann – What Can Paratexts Teach Us About Translating Yiddish
Literature Into Czech?
Palacký University Olomouc, [email protected]

This paper focuses on the development of strategic decisions in the history of translating
Yiddish literature into Czech. The analysis is based primarily on a corpus of paratexts – epitexts
and peritexts. In these paratexts the Czech translations of Yiddish literature are commented,
introduced and ideologically adjusted to the political regime.

As a consequence of Yiddish being a highly “marked” language in terms of religion and culture,
the choice of the authors, the topics, and the final selection of the presentation strategies were
always strongly conditioned by the political and social situation within the target culture of that
time. In this paper we analyse texts of this type published in periodicals and books from 1950
until the present, with special emphasis placed on Jewish periodicals which have published the
largest number of translations of Yiddish literature.

The analysis seeks to answer the following questions:

1) What kind of interdependence is there between the paratexts and the translated literary texts?

2) What are the different ideological strategies of describing and presenting the translated texts
to the readers?

3) What are the intertextual connections between the paratexts – what is the function of
particular strategies, e.g. the “circulation” of certain passages?

The corpus consists of selected periodicals such as Židovská ročenka – ŽR (Jewish Almanac),
Věstník židovských náboženských obcí v Československu – VŽNO (Bulletin of Jewish Religious
Communities in Czechoslovakia) etc., as well as selected book translations containing peritexts.

References
Basnett, Susan, and André, Lefevere. Constructing Cultures. Essays on Literary Translation.
Clevedon and Philadelphia etc.: Multilingual Matters, 1998.
Batchelor, Katryn. Translation and Paratexts. London: Routledge, 2018.
Floros, Georgios. Kulturelle Konstellationen in Texten. Zur Beschreibung und Übersetzung
von Kultur in Texten. Tübingen: Günter Narr Verlag, 2003.

42
Genette Gérard. Paratexts: Thresholds of interpretation. (trans. Jane E. Lewin). Cambridge:
Cambridge University Press, 1997.
Gil-Bardaji, Anna, Pilar, Orero and Sara, Rovira-Esteva. Translation Peripheries: Paratextual
Elements in Translation. Bern: Peter Lang, 2012.
Hartama-Heinonen, R. “Translators’ prefaces – A key to the translation?” Folia
Translatologica 4 (1995): 33 – 42.
Hervey, Sándor G. J., and Ian, Higgins. Thinking Translation: A Course in Translation Method:
French to English. London: Routledge, 1992.
Klaudy, Kinga. “Linguistic and Cultural Asymmetry in Translation from and into minor
Languages.” In Domestication and Foreignization in Translation Studies edited by
Kamppanen, Hannu, Jänis, Marja and Alexandra Belikova, 33 – 48. Berlin:
Frank&Timme, 2012.
Krappmann, Marie. “The Limits of Domestication in the Translation of Modern Literary
Texts from Yiddish into Czech.” World Literature Studies 2 (2017): 86–98.
Krappmann, Marie. “The Translation of Yiddish Literature into Czech in Jewish Periodicals.”
In Translation, Interpreting, Culture: Old Dogmas and New Approaches. In print, 2020.
Miron, Dan. A Traveler Disguised: The Rise of Modern Yiddish Fiction in the Nineteenth
Century. Syracuse: Syracuse University Press, 1996.
Pelatt, Valerie. Text, Extratext, Metatext and Paratext in Translation. Newcastle upon Tyne:
Cambridge Scholars Publishing, 2013.
Tymoczko, Maria, and Edwin Gentzler. Translation and Power. Amherst and Boston:
University of Masachusetts Press, 2002.
Vinš, Petr Jan. “Bibliografie.” Plav. Měsíčník pro světovou literaturu. 6-7 (2015): 16–19.

43
Martin Kubuš – On the Adaptation of the Book of Judith by an Anglo-Saxon Poet
Matej Bel University, [email protected]

This paper deals with the deuterocanonical Book of Judith, one of the few Old Testament books
having a woman as its main protagonist, which was famously rendered from Aramaic into Latin
by the patron of all translators, Saint Jerome (347–420) virtually overnight and included in his
translation of the Bible known as the Vulgate. More specifically, the paper focuses on the text’s
rendition into Anglo-Saxon. The only extant original manuscript of the Anglo-Saxon Judith is
found in the famous Beowulf Manuscript, partially damaged during the infamous fire of 1731,
which decimated Robert Bruce Cotton’s private collection of medieval writings. The Anglo-
Saxon version of Judith can hardly be considered a translation proper, but more or less an
adaptation set into “a recognizably Germanic cultural setting” (David / Simpson IN Greenblatt
2006, p. 100).

Using the analytical and comparative method, the author of the paper takes an observant look
at the Modern English translation of Judith by contemporary British literary scholar Elaine
Treharne and compares it to the deuterocanonical Judith as found in the Authorized King James
Version, focusing on changes of the content itself (as they are significant, to say the least).

As part of his broader research, the author of the article produces his own second-hand
translation of the text from (Modern) English into Slovak and presents his commentary on it.
The main objective of the proposed paper, though, is to find out how the text in question was
altered to accommodate to the Anglo-Saxon readership during the so-called Benedictine
Reform, a very turbulent period in which Christian scholarship was supposed to be
strengthened, as well as the morals of the English people along with their morale as a means to
withstand continuing Viking raids, considered one of the greatest challenges the English had to
face.

44
Ludmila Lambeinová – Who translated? Translator, Revisers or Editor?
State Regional Archives, [email protected]

As Hélène Buzelin observed, translation scholars analysing published translations are

sometimes “forgetting that what is read is the result of a negotiation process […]” (147).
Moreover, the position of translators in this negotiation process seems to be significantly
influenced by their invisibility. As Scott L. Montgomery put it, “If we are to accept ‘the
translator’s invisibility’ in literary studies […], there should be a willingness to admit a double
erasure in the case of scientific translation.” (X).

This paper is part of a broader project focused on translations of academic texts on history from
Polish to Czech. The paper aims to examine two questions: Firstly, to what extent does the final
printed version of a translation reflect the translator’s choices? Secondly, what is the role of
translators, editors and publishers in the negotiation process? To this aim, the paper presents
several case studies based on questionnaires for Czech non-literary translators, editors and
publishers. My research seems to indicate that Czech translators of non-literary texts occupy
quite a low social position, and their voices are not always heard by editors.

References
Montgomery, Scott L, "Science in Translation: Movements of Knowledge Through Cultures
and Time", Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 2000.
Buzelin, Hélène, "Independent Publisher in the Networks of Translation." TTR: traduction,
terminologie, rédaction, vol. 19, no. 1, pp. 135-167.

45
Matej Laš – The Literary Magazine Elán: A Case Study in Slovak Microhistory
of Translation
Matej Bel University, [email protected]

Elán was a Slovak literary magazine founded by Slovak poet Ján Smrek in 1930 during the
First Czechoslovak Republic (1918–1938). One of the main purposes of this magazine was to
import translations from all over Europe as well as to export Slovak literary works abroad. The
magazine spanned different ideological regimes; it was even published during the period of the
Slovak State (1939–1945) – although it was shut down in 1944 for alleged support of the Slovak
National Uprising. The magazine was restarted in 1946, but shut down again in 1947 because
the communists labelled it as progressive.

This paper aims to analyse the magazine within the microhistory of translation using the
methodology outlined by Munday (2014). The first part of the paper focuses on quantitative
analysis. Its aim is to analyse the shifts in the magazine’s translation policy over time. As
mentioned above, the magazine spanned different ideological regimes – at first, democratic
Czechoslovakia, then the totalitarian regime of the Slovak State – therefore the purpose of the
quantitative analysis is to study how the authors dealt with this ideological shift and whether it
can be seen – and if so, to what extent – in the magazine’s translation policy.

The second part presents a qualitative analysis of the magazine. For this purpose, discourse
analysis is used, focusing on texts dealing with the role of translations in society as well as
thinking about translation in the magazine. This analysis may prove useful when trying to
distinguish the first systematic steps of the Slovak school of translation, but its main goal is to
determine the strategies utilized by the actors (Ján Smrek and his colleagues) when dealing with
the ideological shifts and what type of discourse camouflage or metatext apologetics (Tyšš
2017) they used.

Elán is a unique study material because of its existence during several cardinal ideological shifts
in Slovak history, and although it was part of the literary “periphery”, it can prove fruitful when
studying the actors’ (translators’) agency.

46
Miroslava Melicherčíková – Consecutive and/or Simultaneous Interpreting: An
Empirical Study
Matej Bel University, [email protected]

This paper focuses on students’ interpreting performance, specifically on the potential link
between consecutive and simultaneous interpreting. It examines the progress made by master’s
students in their interpreting performance. At the same time, it tests the effectiveness of the
pedagogical model used – parallel teaching of consecutive and simultaneous interpreting. The
research was carried out as part of the project KEGA 026UMB-4/2019: Rigorous Interpreting
Textbook during one semester on a research sample of 10 students enrolled in the course
Consecutive Interpreting in Practice. The aim of the course is to improve students’ consecutive
interpreting skills.

Several research tools were used: a questionnaire, recordings of interpreting and an interpreting
diary. In the initial stage of the research, students filled out a brief online questionnaire,
determining basic information about them as well as their preferences vis-à-vis interpreting vs.
translation. After each seminar, they wrote an interpreting diary entry reflecting their opinions
and observations regarding the work in the seminar. Recordings were made three times per
semester (at the beginning, in the middle and at the end), both in consecutive and simultaneous
interpreting. Students transcribed their interpreting performances (N = 60) as instructed and
evaluated them according to a provided table (objective criteria: formal shortcomings,
subjective criteria: voice certainty, satisfaction with their own interpreting). The data provided
have been checked and will be statistically processed. We expected that they would show a
gradual improvement in interpreting performance between the various stages of recording. We
also predicted a positive correlation between performances in consecutive and simultaneous
interpreting. Based on the findings, we re-evaluate the validity of the teaching model used and
formulate recommendations for future training of interpreters.

47
Stanislav Rovenský – The Size of Corpus and Its Influence on Quality of
Translation
Comenius University, [email protected]

Corpuses or base data are one of the most important parts of machine translation systems. They
are among the determining factors that either make or break a translation application. Today,
with almost limitless storage space and processing capabilities, it is possible to process very
large data sets. There are two streams of thought on the size of corpuses, one saying the larger
the corpus the better, the other preferring a smaller but structured one that contains more
specialized information. These two streams are of course not strict opposites and may very well
overlap.
In our paper we try to look what size of corpus might be more suitable for certain applications
or situations. We try to compare the corpus sizes of certain applications and look at the results.
This paper does not aim to decide which approach is better but rather describe situations where
a larger or smaller corpus is used and why that particular approach might be suitable for that
situation. We look at the corpuses of Google Translate, the biggest publicly and freely
accessible application, as well as smaller and more specialized applications. Using these
examples, we try to demonstrate why they use the corpus size they do and what a possible
change in their approach might cause.

48
Michaela Rudolfová – Politeness and Cultural Changes in Translation Across
Centuries: Robinson Crusoe and His Relationships
Palacký University Olomouc, [email protected]

Focusing on the aspect of politeness transferred through translation, this paper firstly analyses
how power is negotiated in literary dialogue and how both power and politeness are signalled
by the use of forms of address. Secondly, it examines how this issue is resolved in translation.
By analysing 15 translations of Robinson Crusoe (ranging from 1932 to 2019) from English to
Czech, the author attempts to uncover the cultural changes and historical development of
translational norms that have affected the translations over the years. The cultural changes are
visible not only in the forms of address but also in the versions themselves; those who created
an adaptation based on the original usually adapted not the plot itself, but the sociocultural
aspects discussed in Robinson Crusoe, such as slavery, power and inferiority, and racism.

The forms of address used in the translations show the different approaches the translators take.
The paper focuses mainly on pronominal forms of address since the two languages under
question considerably differ in this area. Using Brown and Gilman’s model, as specified by
Trudgill, the paper analyses the pronominals used by Robinson Crusoe and Friday, contrasted
with the pronominals used by Robinson Crusoe and the Spaniard or the Captain. The paper
explains the relationships in the original as signalled by the pronominals corresponding to the
given historical era and the expected outcome in the Czech versions. The author then describes
the differences between the forms of address actually used in the Czech versions, caused by
historical shift in the given stage of pronominal use, socio-cultural changes, and the degree of
adaptation of the original.

49
Arben Shala – Police Language Assistants, the Little Hinges That Swing Big
Doors (or Not)
Charles University, [email protected]

Translation activity has evolved over the centuries from translation as a creative art used for
teaching purposes to translation as a heavenly calling. In the second half of the previous
century, in addition to these two forms, translation has become an essential aspect of promoting
and protecting human rights.

Along these lines, the increased role of peacekeeping and peacebuilding operations led by
international and regional organisations has demanded an institutionalised “in house” full-time
form of translation and interpreting. The performers of these activities are known as language
assistants. This term has nothing to do with language assistants used in the academic process to
help students.

Since 1960, which saw the first international mission involving a policing “component”, there
has been an increase of police operations led by the United Nations and other similar regional
organisations. While recruitment calls outline the general requirements, skills and
responsibilities, the specifics of police work require more proactive participation on the part of
language assistants; consequently, the predisposition, understanding of tasks and expectations
differ among international police, local police and language assistants.

This paper aims to describe the very concept of a police language assistant as understood by
the three actors (language assistants, international and local police). The results derive from an
analysis of several interviews conducted during 2018–2020, reflecting interviewees’ insights
and experiences during the United Nations and European Union missions in Kosovo.

50
Rafael Y. Schögler – The Strength of Weak Ties: Exploring the Entanglements of
Translators of Scholarly Books
University of Graz, [email protected]

Translations of scholarly knowledge are the result of more or less direct, short-term or long-
lasting entanglements of translators with the academic domain. Proceeding from a corpus of
300 social science and humanities book translations into German between 1945 and 1989, this
paper explores “weak” and “strong” ties (see Granovetter 1973) leading to book translations in
the academic domain.

Selected case studies related to The New School for Social Research illustrate how in Germany
after 1945 there was a strong recourse to “strong” ties – and as such a very strong personal
entanglement of translation and knowledge-making. In later years the establishment of
dedicated book series and institutionalized connections between German and especially British,
US and French publishing houses illustrates a change towards networks of translators,
publishers and creators of source texts, relying more strongly on “weak” ties. This is
exemplified by the networks set up for Luchterhand’s series Soziologische Texte, which
published a total of 105 volumes, thereof 30 translations of sociology books into German.
Finally, it will be argued that these networks not only explain the creation of these translations,
but that the types of networks leading to a translation also contribute to defining the
multidimensional positions translators are able to obtain in these networks.

51
Karolina Siwek – Who Was a Literary Translator in the Nineteenth-Century
Poland? The Re-Constructing of the Literary Translator History
Jan Dlugosz University, [email protected]

In the 18th century, literary translation in Poland was reserved for poets and writers, who were
considered the only proper people for such an artistic task. The situation began to change in the
19th century, when literary translators were at the same time teachers, clerks, doctors or lawyers
and were no longer closely related to literary professions. The aim of this paper is to present
how this situation changed on the basis of translators who worked on translations of Goethe
and Shakespeare’s works in 19th-century Poland.

This research was made possible by advances in the sociology of translation which provided
the necessary tools for investigating the issue of literary translators from a diachronic
perspective. By using biographical methods of research, it became feasible to embed a literary
translator in social, cultural and historical realities, and thus to better understand the trends
guiding the development of the literary translation profession. In turn, it makes it possible to
present the wider perspective and re-construct not only the history of translations, but also the
history of translators in the 19th-century Poland.

52
Jaroslav Stahl – Impact of Interpreter Absence in Business and Cross Border
Cooperation Project Interpreting
Comenius University, [email protected]

In our paper we analyse how the absence of professional interpreters affects the cooperation of
parties in business and cross-border projects in various areas, often at a highly technical level.
Such cooperation includes projects funded by the EU in which not only municipalities and
NGOs but also scholars from universities, local politicians and other experts take part.
Therefore the negotiations and technical meetings deal with professional topics, requiring very
skilled and experienced interpreters with a lot of preparation.

With this in mind, this paper presents a quantitative analysis as well as conclusions and
recommendations for project managers. Our analysis includes cases with both the planned and
unexpected absence of an interpreter. Many project participants speak mediocre English and
try to settle the problem, regardless of consequences. That often leads to misinterpretations and
near project failures. Ethical and psychological aspects of an interpreter’s absence are also
included. The paper’s analytical insights aim at clarifying the actual situation and indicating
solutions, such as online consecutive interpreting and its technical feasibility. In our research
we concentrated on bilateral projects implemented or being implemented, chiefly Interreg
projects between Austria and Slovakia.

53
Igor Tyšš – Using Literary and Cultural Periodicals as Sources in Socialist
Translation (Micro)Histories
Slovak Academy of Sciences, [email protected]

The aim of this paper is to critically evaluate what 20th-century Slovak cultural and literary
periodicals, namely Mladá tvorba, Romboid, Kultúrny život, Revue svetovej literatúry, and
Slovenské pohľady, offer as sources for translation history. Traditionally, these periodicals were
analysed in literary history in view of the development of themes they tackled (e.g. Popovič
1965, Kusý 1987). However, some later approaches to the material demonstrate a more
historical, case-based approach, rooted in thematic analyses accompanied by anecdotal personal
histories (Darovec and Barborík 1996, Timura 1998), and there have even been more specific
approaches which treated translation (always a staple feature of the periodicals) as a literary
and cultural historical phenomenon (Kusá 1997). I argue that the methodology and research in
translation studies offer and indeed have offered even more tools for the systematic treatment
of such material. The present paper focuses on the period 1945–1970, which I view as a
culturally very distinctive and varied, yet historically continual era of the socialist regime in
Czechoslovakia, using examples from the history of American literature’s translation and
reception.

The data suggests that Even-Zohar’s (1990) hypotheses about central and peripheral relations
within the literary polysystem also apply to literary and cultural periodicals: they are part of the
periphery of the literary polysystem (where they serve as gatekeepers to book publishing), but
since they, by their very nature, offer more freedom of expression and potential to create sub-
fields of like-minded individuals, in certain periods they can occupy a more central role and
thus a more prominent position (as they in fact did in 1945 and 1968).

The paper looks at the data from Slovak literary and cultural periodicals through the
methodological lens of the newest approaches to translation history. I examine the possibilities
of treating them within (a) microhistory of translation (Munday 2013, 2014), as the archival
documents or documents pertaining to the translation process; (b) as material for specifically
scaled historical case studies (Saldanha and O’Brien 2014); (c) within the historiographical
approach to translation history (Rundle and Sturge 2010, Rundle 2012) as (cultural) historical
material; and within (d) sociological approaches to translation history (Rizzi et al. 2019).

54
I do not criticize and definitely do not compare Eastern and Western TS in terms of historically
rooted misunderstanding or lack of knowledge, but rather draw comparisons, consider the
possible merits and drawback of the approaches when faced with the historically very specific
material, and show that when we, so to say, re-humanize our object of study in translation
history and move beyond (which does not mean negating) the neat but at times too restricting
bibliometrics and histories of translations to histories of agents, or, more kindly put, people, our
possibilities for understanding the complexities of translation history become greater.

References
Darovec, Peter, and Vladimír Barborík. 1996. Mladá tvorba 1956–1970–1996: Časopis po
čase. Levice: L.C.A.
Even-Zohar, Itamar. 1990. Polysystem Studies [= Poetics Today], No. 1. Monothematic issue.
Kusá, Mária. 1997. Literárny život. Literárne dianie. Literárny proces: Vnútroliterárne,
mimoliterárne a medziliterárne súvislosti ruskej literatúry 20. storočia. Bratislava: VEDA.
Kusý, Ivan. 1987. “Literárne časopisy prvej a druhej vlny slovenského literárneho realizmu.”
In Litteraria XXV, ed. Břetislav Truhlář. Bratislava: Literárnovedný ústav SAV, 32–48.
Munday, Jeremy. 2013. “The role of archival and manuscript research in the investigation of
translator decision-making.” Target, 25:1, 125–139.
Munday, Jeremy. 2014. “Using primary sources to produce a microhistory of translation and
translators: theoretical and methodological concerns.” The Translator, 20:1, 64–80.
Popovič, Anton. 1965. “Črta o Mladej tvorbe z rokov 1956–1959”. Slovenské pohľady, 81:9,
35–39.
Rizzi, Andrea, Birgit Lang, and Anthony Pym. 2019. What is Translation History? A Trust-
Based Approach. Cham: Palgrave Macmillan.
Rundle, Christopher, and Kate Sturge, eds. 2010. Translation under Fascism. Basingstoke and
New York: Palgrave Macmillan.
Rundle, Christopher. 2012. “Translation as an approach to history.” Translation Studies, 5:2,
232–240.
Saldanha, Gabriela, and Sharon O’Brien. 2014, Research Methodologies in Translation Studies.
London: Routledge.
Timura, Viktor. 1998. “Intelektuálne a národné dimenzie Kultúrneho života”. In Kultúrny život
a slovenská jar 60. rokov. Bratislava: Národné literárne centrum, 5–32.

55
Ine Van linthout – Agency in Translation During the Nazi Regime
Vrije Universiteit Brussel, [email protected]

Studies on translation in dictatorial contexts tend to focus on the constraints imposed by

institutional censorship and their immediate impact on the translated text. They use censorship
as an interpretation frame to explain translation shifts and select texts that clearly demonstrate
either compliance with or opposition to the regime. This approach provides valuable insights
into the operative modes of censorship and the ways they manifest themselves in the translated
text. Yet, as this paper demonstrates, the narrow text selection and total disregard of the “human
factor” in translation also produces a deterministic and reductive view on translation activity
and translated texts in totalitarian regimes.

The case that will be discussed is the Nazi regime, which heavily instrumentalized translation
for its geopolitical agenda and ideology, installing an extensive censorship apparatus to control
the selection, production and reception of translated texts. Yet, the translated book market in
Nazi Germany displayed significant disparities between translation policy and practice, which
a merely structural determination of translation activity fails to explain. Instead, those
disparities point at the differing interests and backgrounds of the various agents involved in the
translation process. Adopting an agent-centred approach, this paper analyses the letters of
correspondence between translators and other agents involved in the translation process to
establish the impact of individual decisions on the selection, production and presentation of
translations in the “Third Reich”.

56
Mary Wardle – Translating the Body: Embodiment and Dance Notation
Sapienza Università di Roma, [email protected]

As the figure of the translator moves center stage in Translation Studies, emerging as a creative
agent in their own right and not as a mere interlingual scribe, there is a parallel growing attention
to how embodiment contributes to mental phenomena, with proponents of ‘embodied
cognition’ emphasizing the role of sensory and motor functions in activities such as (second)
language acquisition, suggesting that meaning is grounded in mental representations of
perception, emotion and, crucially, movement; this paper investigates the repercussions of
observing the translator from a physical as well as an intellectual point of view.

From gestures to sign language, our bodies are implicated in the production, translation and
reception of meaning; eye movements are monitored in the creation of subtitles while lip
synchronization is prized in dubbing. The literature is replete with references to the physicality
of the translation process: Primo Levi, notably, compares being translated to being “flattered,
betrayed, ennobled, X-rayed, castrated, planed smooth, raped, embellished, or murdered”.

This paper focuses on the practice of dance notation and how it sets about translating physical
movement into a form of written documentation, recording all manner of elements such as the
part(s) of the body involved, directionality, the height at which the movement develops, its
speed, the positions across the stage, and any potential interaction, such as in a Pas de deux or
the more choral movements of the Corps de ballet. Once written down, and in the subsequent
transition back from notation to physical movement and ultimately performance, just as in any
other form of translation, there are varying degrees of possible interpretation. Dance notation,
therefore, appears to be the ideal site for investigating the embodied quality of translatorial
activity.

57
Josefína Zubáková & Martina Pálušová – Focus on the Translator: Using Mixed
Methods in Theatre Translation Research
Palacky University Olomouc, [email protected]; [email protected]

Translation for stage is a multi-layered social phenomenon involving the translator as well as
the stage production team. Moreover, the inseparability of text and performance is one of the
fundamental components of the theatre translation process, thus making translation for stage
more complex, compared with other genres. Several publications have recently documented the
interaction between theatre translators and other participants of the translation and staging
process (Aaltonen 2013; Marinetti and Rose 2013; Brodie 2018).

Drawing on sociologically driven TS research, this paper aims to present a methodology for
researching the role and position of the translator in the theatre translation process.
Triangulation of research methods is proposed in order to depict the complexity and dynamism
of the topic under research. The paper presents mixed research methods: both quantitative and
qualitative (theatre database macroanalyses, theatre database microanalyses, biographies, semi-
structured interviews, observations). This methodology is subsequently applied in our survey
of the Czech theatrical system of the 21st century, focused primarily on the role and position of
Czech translators in the theatre translation process. The areas of interest include prevailing
translation norms in the Czech theatrical system; the translator’s influence on the selection of
texts for translation; the translator’s cooperation with the author of the original play and other
stakeholders involved in the staging process, or in other words, the degree to which the
translator is involved in the staging process, if at all.

References
Aaltonen, S. 2013. Theatre Translation as Performance. Target. 25(3), pp. 385–406.
Brodie, G. 2018. The Translator on Stage. New York and London: Bloomsbury.
Marinetti, C. And Rose, M. 2013. Process, practice and landscapes of reception: An
ethnographic study of theatre translation. Translation Studies 6(3), pp. 166-182.

58
Büşra Yaman – Preliminary Thoughts on Pseudonymity in Translated Children’s
Literature: The Case of Turkey
Kırklareli University, [email protected]

Using pseudonyms in children’s literature seems to be a prevailing practice throughout

translation historiography for several reasons. Despite being a heavily exercised practice in
children’s literature, it does not seem to receive the rightfully deserved attention from
translation scholars. Although the marginality of using pseudonyms in translating children’s
literature hinders making generalizations about the issue in question, it is duly contended that
pseudonymity in translated children’s books might shed light on intriguing relations between
translatorship and authorship in children’s literature, and the reception of children’s literature
as well as translation practice(s) in a given culture.

Focusing on historicizing the role of pseudonyms in translated children’s literature in Turkey,

this study delves into the complex relations between pseudonymity, anonymity and authorship
practices in translating children’s literature. As a part of my doctoral research, the period I
scrutinized is limited to the late 1960s to the 1970s, which marks a milestone for re/making the
field of children’s literature in Turkey. First, the translated children’s books in which
pseudonyms were used are determined; then, the motives behind using pseudonyms in
translating children’s literature are contextualized within the sociopolitical, cultural and literary
atmosphere of the decade in question.

This study reveals that pseudonymity, as a form of anonymity in translated children’s literature,
is practiced by different publishing houses, which were heavily politicized in 1970s Turkey in
a bipolar world. The driving force behind this practice is directly human agency taking on the
multiple role(s) of translator, editor and owner of the publishing house. Complementing this
humanizing perspective on translation historiography, the paper reveals that pseudonyms are
used as much in interlingual translations as in intralingual translations, a practice which is
shaped by the sociopolitical and literary agenda of the relevant publishing houses.

59
Sponsors
The organizers wish to thank the following organizations for their financial support:

60
 Kolektív autorov
Translation, Interpreting and Culture 2:
Rehumanising Translation and Interpreting Studies
Book of Abstracts

Peer-reviewed publication of abstracts.

Editori
doc. PhDr. Anita Huťková, PhD.
Mgr. Eva Reichwalderová, PhD.

Jazykový korektor
Mgr. Michael Dove

Technická úprava
doc. PhDr. Anita Huťková, PhD.
Mgr. Eva Reichwalderová, PhD.

Vydanie: prvé
Počet strán: 60
Rok vydania: 2021
Elektronický formát

Vydavateľ

Univerzita Mateja Bela v Banskej Bystrici

Filozofická fakulta

ISBN: 978-80-557-1891-0
EAN: 9788055718910

Zborník abstraktov Translation, Interpreting and Culture 2: Rehumanising Translation and

Interpreting Studies, ktorý zostavili doc. A. Huťková a dr. E. Reichwalderová, je šírená pod
licenciou Creative Commons 4.0 Licencie Attribution – No Derivative works BY-ND.

NEPREDAJNÉ