H E A T T R A N S F E R
MASS TRANSFER
DR. NGUYEN NGOC HOANG
Dept. of Food & Biological Process & Equipment
Hanoi University of Science and Technology
[Link]@[Link]
Tel: 0904667684
Course Objectives
1 MASS TRANSFER PRINCIPLES
2 SPECIFIC BASIC MASS TRANSFER OPERATION
3 BASIC MASS TRANSFER EQUIPMENT
4 MASS TRANSFER DESIGN METHOD
Prescribed Textbook
[1] T. W. Fraser Russell, Anne S. Robinson, Norman J. Wagner, Mass and
heat transfer. New York, Cambrigde University Press, 2008
[2] C. J. Geankoplis, A. A. Hersel, D. H. Lepek, Transport processes and
separation process principles, Prentice - Hall International, New Jersay,
2003
Reference Literature
[1] R. Larry (ed.). Separation techniques, Chemical Engineering. McGraw-
Hill, New York, 1980
[2] E. J. Henley, J. D. Seader, D. K. Roper, N. J. Hoboken, N. J. Hoboken,
Separation process principles. Wiley, New York, 2011.
[3]. J. Perry (ed.). Chemical Engineering Handbook, The McGraw-Hill
Companies, Inc. London, 2008
MASS TRANSFER INTRODUCTION
HOW
WHEN
WHAT
MASS
TRANSFER
Text
WHAT
WHAT IS MASS TRANSFER
Mass transfer is transition of mater from one
location to another due to concentration or
partial pressure
WHAT DOES MASS TRANSFER
REFER TO?
NOT
belong to
MASS TRANSFER
MASS DIFFUSION
WHEN DOES MASS TRANSFER ?
NOT
belong to
MASS TRANSFER
Potential energy
Difference &
Pressure gradient
Concentration gradient
MASS DIFFUSION
HOW DOES MASS TRANSFER
MASS Concentration gradient;
CONVECTION Moving medium
Concentration gradient;
Stationary medium
MASS DIFFUSION
ANALOGY BETWEEN HEAT AND
MASS TRANSFER
The driving force for heat transfer is the
heat concentration difference.
Both heat and mass are transferred from
the more concentrated regions to the less
concentrated ones
The driving force for mass transfer is the
mass concentration difference.
ANALOGY BETWEEN HEAT AND
MASS TRANSFER
Heat conduction is by direct molecular
communication in stationary medium
Mass diffusion is by transportation of species
by different concentration in stationary medium
ANALOGY BETWEEN HEAT AND
MASS TRANSFER
Heat convection is the mode of energy Mass convection is the mass
transfer between one body or region and transfer mechanism between a
another by fluids motion that involves surface and a moving fluid that
both heat conduction and bulk heat involves both mass diffusion and
motion. bulk fluid motion.
SOLUTION
CONCENTRATION
CONCENTRATION MEASUREMENT
CONCENTRATION
Dimention Dimentionless
Molecule Mole fraction
Mole Mass fraction
Mass
Temperature
CONCENTRATION
The number density of species i in a
mixture (or solution of n species) is number
of molecules of i per unit volume
Molecules of i Molecules
Ni = =
Liter of solution L
The molar concentration of species i
(Molarity)
Moles of i Mol
C = =
Liter of solution L
Q&A
What is the relationship between number
density and molar concentration of
species i???
Avogadro constant
NA = 6.02214129×1023
Problems
If you dilute 175 mL of a 1.6 M solution of
NaOH to 1.0 L by using pure water, determine
the new concentration of the solution.
(A solution of concentration 1 mol/L is also denoted as 1 M)
Solution
M1V1 = M2V2
(1.6 mol/L) (175 mL) = (x) (1000 mL)
x = 0.28 M
MOLAR FRACTION
Mole Fraction of species i
in a liquid phase
(xi) = Total moles of solution xi 1
Moles of species i
in a vapor phase
yi 1
Moles of species i
(yi) =Total moles of solution
Mass concentration
Mass concentration of species i = partial
density of species kg/m3 (g/lit)
The total mass concentration is the total
mass per unit volume, that is, the density
Mass fraction of species i is
mass of species i i
mi
mass solution
COMPOSITION RELATIONSHIPS
Molar concentration – Mass concentration
Mi (kg/kmol; g/mol) is the molecular weight
of species i
The mean molecular weight of the mixture
of solution
COMPOSITION RELATIONSHIPS
How does he mass fraction of species i
expressed in terms of it’s mole fractions?
Mole fraction - mass fractions
MASS TRANSFER
HOW
HOW
WHEN
WHEN
WHAT
PHASE
EQUILIBRIUM
Text
WHAT
WHAT IS PHASE?
Diagram of the state for a one component system
(water)
WHAT IS PHASE EQUILIBRIUM
WHEN DOES PHASE EQUILIBRIUM?
Gibb’s phase rule
С = К - Ф + n,
where С – degree of freedom,
Ф – the number of phases,
К – the number of components
n – the number of changing
parameters
EXAMPLE
С=К-Ф+n
At triple point
K= 1
Ø=3
n=2
DALTON’S LAW
The partial pressure of a gas ?
Dalton’s Law of Partial Pressures
- is the pressure of each gas in a mixture
indicates that
- is the pressure that gas would exert if it
were by itself in the container pressure depends on the total
number of gas particles, not on the
types of particles
the total pressure exerted by gases in
a mixture is the sum of the partial
pressures of those gases
PT = P1 + P2 + P3 + Pi .....
Q&A
Problem: Determine the pressure fraction of species A of an ideal gas mixture of A&B
Solution:
Using the ideal gas relation PV = NRuT
The pressure fraction of species i of
an ideal gas mixture is equivalent to
the mole fraction of that species and
can be used in place of it in mass
transfer analysis.
Henry’s Law (for dilute solutions)
The mole fraction of volatile solute in a solution is
proportional to the partial vapor pressure of the
solute.
Pi = kH xi
kH = Henry’s Law constant, xi = mole fraction ( or molar
concentration) of the volatile solute.
* Dilute solutions are found to obey Henry's law
However, it is observed, as concentrations and partial
pressures increase, deviations from Henry's law become
noticeable
Henry’s Law
1. The concentration of a gas dissolved in a liquid is inversely
proportional to Henry’s constant. The larger the Henry’s constant, the
smaller the concentration of dissolved gases in the liquid.
2. Henry’s constant increases with increasing temperature. Therefore,
the dissolved gases in a liquid can be driven off by heating the liquid.
3. The concentration of a gas dissolved in a liquid is proportional to the
partial pressure of the gas. The amount of gas dissolved in a liquid can
be increased by increasing the pressure of the gas.
Q&A
How to maximize the concentration of CO2 in
soft drink products?
[Link] concentration of a gas dissolved in a liquid
is inversely proportional to Henry’s constant.
[Link] amount of gas dissolved in a liquid can be
increased by increasing the pressure of the gas.
Q&A
Air pockets
How to minimize the air pockets in casting products?
How to minimize the gas saturation in casting liquid?
Pi = kH xi
Henry’s constant increases with increasing temperature and thus the
fraction of a dissolved gas in the liquid decreases
Class Problem
Solution:
Raoult’s law
Raoult's law: the partial pressure of a solvent vapor in equilibrium with a
solution is proportional to the ratio of the number of solvent molecules to
non-volatile solute molecules (or to the solvent molar fraction) .
For ideal solutions
Psolvent = XsolventP°solvent
P° - the vapor pressure of pure solvent
Raoult’s Law – None Ideal Solution
Consider a non-volatile solute (component 2)
dissolved in a volatile solvent (component 1).
X1 = the mole fraction of solvent
P1=X1 P°1
solvent-solute P°1 = the vapor
interactions < solvent- pressure of pure
solvent interactions
component 1
solvent-solute
interactions > solvent-
solvent interactions
MASS DIFFUSION
Class Problem
Assume you dissolve 10.0g of sugar (C12H22O11) in 225mL (225g) of water
and warm the water to 60oC. The normal vapor pressure of water at 60oC
is 149.4 torr.
What is the vapor pressure of the water over this solution?
Vapor Pressure of a solvent above a
dilute solution is always less than
the vapor pressure above the
pure solvent.
[Link]
