Topic 2: Molecular Biology - 2.
Hydrolysis and Condensation:
- Hydrolysis: molecules are split into smaller parts by adding water
- Condensation: molecules are joined together through the removal of water
Note: When Joining two glucose molecules it is important to understand that this always happens at
the first carbon of the first molecule and the fourth of the second. Also important is that when two
alpha-d-glucose join every second molecule is rotated 180 degrees to make condensation easier.
Carbohydrates - Polysaccharides : Cellulose, Starch & Glycogen
Polysaccharide Structure Functions
Cellulose (plant) - Monomer = beta glucose Cellulose plays an integral role in keeping the
-> Fiber - beta glucose -> 180° rotation structure of plant cell walls stable. Cellulose has
-> Only Animals can - 1,4 glycosidic bonds between Monomers a comparatively large tensile strength which is
digest - Straight & Long able to prevent the cell from bursting.
Starch (plant) - Monomer = alpha glucose Plants take in H2O, CO2, and sunlight to yield
- Occurs in grains glucose molecules as a byproduct. Plants use
- 1,4 glycosidic bond in amylose starches to store energy which they use at night
- 1,6 glycosidic bond in amylopectin during the process of cellular respiration. Plants
- More Curved store starches in an organelle called amyloplast.
Glycogen (Humans) - Monomer = alpha glucose Glycogen acts as a store of energy in the form of
- 1,4 or 1,6 glycosidic bonds: Branches glucose, in cells where large stores of dissolved
- Compact and Short glucose would cause osmotic problems.
Disaccharides:
Glucose + Fructose = Sucrose
Glucose + Galactose = Lactose
Glucose + Glucose = Maltose
Amylose vs. amylopectin
Energy storage by lipids and carbohydrates:
Lipid Carbohydrate Implication
Adipose tissue/cells, under the
Location Muscle and Liver n/a
skin and around some organs
Fast breakdown Fat = long term storage
Speed of Breakdown Slower breakdown
(simple sugars) Glycogen = Short term storage
Energy Content 9 cal/g 4 cal/g Lipids 2:1 Carbs +/-
Density Much lower higher Fat easier to carry
Fat does not affect osmotic
Lower (hydrophobic) higher
Solubility balance of cells
Note: Adipose Tissue is located immediately beneath the Skin. Lipids = 6x more Efficient than
glycogen in regards to energy Storage -> Nomads and Ancestry
Lipids:
- Saturated
- Monounsaturated
- Polyunsaturated
Cis vs Trans Isomers:
- Cis-Isomer
- Common in Nature
- H = Same Side
- Bend
- Trans-Isomer
- Artificial
- H = Opposite Side
- Straight
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Evidence for Health Risk: Fats
- High-fat diet / high intakes of saturated fat =
a..increased risk of type 2 diabetes
- Trans fats raise your bad (LDL) cholesterol levels
l.--and lower your good (HDL) cholesterol levels
- Raise in Blood Pressure
- Greater BMI
- Higher BMI = ↑Stroke
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Calculating BMI: Nomogram
← Note: Connect Lines with Ruler
