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Case Study 2 Notes & Analytical Questions:

Apartheid in South Africa 1948-1964

South African Apartheid

Enduring Understanding: Case study 2: Apartheid (1948–1964) Skills:

Research
Understanding cause & effect
Use this as a template for notetaking and independent research Source evaluation
throughout this unit. Answer the analysis questions once you Note Taking (Cornell method)
have completed your personal notes. I highly encourage using
the Cambridge IB book, it highly aligns with the format of this
assignment. When notetaking- copying word for word is
discouraged. Paraphrase and decipher between what is
IMPORTANT and USEFUL TO THE OVERALL THEMES.

Essential IB Guidelines:

● “Petty Apartheid” and “Grand Apartheid” legislation

● Division and “classification”; segregation of populations and amenities; creation of townships/forced removals; segregation of
education; Bantustan system; impact on individuals
Protests and action
● Non-violent protests: bus boycotts; defiance campaign, Freedom Charter
● Increasing violence: the Sharpeville massacre (1960) and the decision to adopt the armed struggle
● Official response: the Rivonia trial (1963–1964) and the imprisonment of the ANC leadership
The role and significance of key actors/groups
● Key individuals: Nelson Mandela; Albert Luthuli
● Key groups: the African National Congress (ANC); the South African Communist Party (SACP) and the MK (Umkhonto we Sizwe—“Spear
of the Nation”)

Supplementary Words to Know: Summative Assessments

Pass laws, Afrikaners, colour bar, Jan Smuts, informal settlements, Paper 1- Beginning of Apartheid
coalition, National Party, Population Registration Act, Hendrik Virtual Museum Exhibit
Verwoerd, Communist Party of South Africa, Pondoland Revolt, Final Exam Paper
Atlantic Charter, Africanist, May Day Strike, Defiance Campaign,
Congress Alliance, Freedom Charter, Helen Joseph, Robert Sobukwe,
Philip Kgosana, Trevor Huddleston, Oliver Tambo, Bram Fischer,
Scorched-Earth policy, Pseudo-scientific racism, Pan-Africanism, Govan
Mbeki, Joe Slovo

Notes and Descriptions Analytical Questions

5.1. Nature and Characteristics of Discrimination: What were the origins of racial discrimination in South Africa?

● Effects of segregation on people’s lives Why was the Population Registration Act
People were limited to certain areas, pass laws limited where African people could fundamental to applying all other apartheid
work, live and their movement and the colour bar reserved leadership positions laws?
and desirable jobs for white people. According to the IB Rights and Protests book, The population registration act required all
African men had to carry passbooks that stated where they lived and worked, and peoples of race to be classified and registered
all the changes would have to be recorded. In addition, Africans working in Urban under their specific race and ethnicity group.
areas had specific locations in Urban outskirts where they lived called townships This enabled the government to identify and
and if they lived outside urban areas lived in reserves, which was about 13% of the group them based on their race and assign
entire land where they could live and own land. Coloured peoples were also them to different areas based on their
denied the right to vote and this right was only given to white people, ensuring economic status and their appearances. This
black people had no voice in the political system of the Union of South Africa. allowed them to classify the people better
● Impact of World War II and imply the desired segregations and
The colour bar was eased due to the shortage of labour workers, leading to many ensure that the white population remained
Africans moving to the urban areas and building, as stated by the IB Rights and pure and unaffected by the coloured
Protests book, informal settlements. Due to black people not being allowed to population.
participate in the army or the war effort, they substituted for white workers and
segregation seemed to disappear, raising the hopes of Africans for change and
reform of the political system. This led to opposition and black people having
more influence over the labour positions and according to the IB History book,
resistance in a mine was responded to with a forceful shutdown of the strike Explain how the consequences of World War 2
killing 12 and injuring over a thousand workers. After the war, coloured contributed to the victory of the National Party
communities began to protest and resistances were formed. in the 1948 Election.
● Election of 1948 World War 2 allowed many black people to

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According to the IB History book, white voters had lost confidence in the Union move into the urban areas and take the
party and began to turn to the National Party that promised to protect the positions of white people, this opened up an
interests of whites and domination, playing on the fears of white people and opportunity for black people and led to them
making them believe that apartheid was the only way to continue and preserving protesting and going on strikes. This allowed
the white community. The election eliminated coloured voters and they won the the National Party to play on the fears of
election and went on to implicate apartheid and create seamless policies. white voters and make them believe that
equality was technically suicide for white
people. Even though the Africans did not
engage in violence, the black population in
urban areas had exceeded that of the white
population, allowing the National Party to
manipulate the fears of the white population,
which was the main reason for their political
victory.

5.2. Nature and Characteristics of Discrimination: How was the population divided and segregated?

● The Population Registration Act of 1950 Change & Continuity: How did the policy of
- Classified people into races apartheid represented change or continuity
- If skin colour was hard to identify, the government resorted to the pencil from previous segregation policies?
test Segregation policies had always been in place
- According to Rebirth Africa, many families, both Afrikaner and coloured, and had different levels of extremity in the
were split up and many Afrikaner parents abandoned children with dark different colonies. The Cape colony had been
skin and frizzy hair. the sole colony that had had an existing
- coloured voting right but when apartheid was
● Segregation of Population, Amenities and Education introduced, even those rights were targeted.
- Facilities beginning from buses and taxis to benches, post offices, beaches, Apartheid allowed different policies against
hotels and toilets were made to only serve ‘one race group’(Rights and the coloured populations to become and
Protests, 2015). Signs were placed everywhere to ‘inform’ black people reach the extremes and put all coloured
what they were allowed to use and what they weren’t allowed to. All sports people under control. People were relocated
and education were also segregated, competitions and schools were not to reserves and any political power or
interracial and ensured the separation of the races in all aspects. According influence was nullified and education and all
to the Rights and Protests book, the educational system was also designed amenities were designed to meet the
to prepare African children for manual labour and schools that refused to demands of the government and the white
teach the Bantu Education curriculum were shut down. The changes in the supremacy.
educational system were made by the Bantu Education Act of 1953.
● Townships and Forced Removals
- People were forced off their land and their homes and were Explain why the homeland system was never
forced(assigned) to live in Townships if they lived and worked in urban viable, either politically or economically.
areas, or they were relocated to the reserves The homeland system may have been a
- Townships were located in the outskirts of the city and did not have beneficial method of segregation on the part
facilities like plumbing and electricity. of the whites but the so-called “Homelands”
- The Group Areas Act and Natives Resettlement Act were put in place to were void of resources, good soil and other
force people to leave areas where they owned land and move to means that would allow a decent means of
Townships. survival. The struggle created anger and
- People who were not employed in the urban areas were, as in the Rights stirred the black populations that were
and Protests book, ‘endorsed out’ and were relocated to reserves. oppressed and concentrated in the
● Homelands and Forced Removals overpopulated bantustans. The bantustans
- When people were forced off their land they were moved to bantustans, were self-governed and they were likely to
where African people were put in areas where they could govern begin resistance against the minority rule that
themselves and those areas were known as their homelands or bantustans had put them in the situation, especially since
with their administration made of Africans and Tribal chiefs. they did not have a steady means of
- This was in the efforts and beliefs of the ‘separate development’. generating income.
- The Natives Representative council was abolished by the Bantu Authorities
Act and gave more power to the traditional chiefs and made bantustans “Apartheid was nothing new. It was based on
into self-governed states that allowed black people to exercise political decades of discrimination and segregation laws
rights outside of the white-dominated political sectors. in South Africa”. With reference to the situation
● Disenfranchisement of Voters in South Africa after 1948, to what extent do you
- Coloured people were allowed to vote in the Cape colony but they were agree with this statement?
later deprived of the right in that colony as well. South Africa had been under colonisation of
- In the 1950s all coloured voters were targeted by the government and the two different white supremacists(British and
Separate Representation of Voters Bill was introduced and supported by Dutch) and their developed technology
the United Party but it was declared invalid by the Appeal Court. allowed them to colonize, oppress and
- The High Court of Parliament Bill was introduced to challenge the establish control over the African population.

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parliament and overpower it. The Africans were not aware of or did not
- According to the Rights and Protest book, the 1956 Act removed all have any means of challenging the military
coloured voters from the voter’s roll and allowed them to vote for four power of their colonizers therefore they were
white representatives to represent them in Parliament. under segregationist and discriminatory laws
and conditions long before apartheid. After
1948, Africans were only forced from their
land and lost voting rights in one colony,
other existing laws and policies that kept
coloured people in South Africa oppressed
and under the control of the white minority
only became stricter and enforced a harsher
environment for black people.

5.3. Nature and Characteristics of Discrimination: Why and how was communism suppressed?

● The Communist Party of South Africa (CPSA) IB History Rights and Protest In what ways was the government’s declared
- Formed in 1921 by mostly radical white socialists and workers intention of suppressing communism a
- Attracted many coloured members during its founding meeting in Cape convenient cover for crushing all opposition?
Town The government was nationalist and strongly
- Concerned itself with African workers rights and trade union so and by opposing the communist ideologies
- Later in 1925, the membership became largely black and it established that were backing the resistance and claims of
connections with the African National Congress but the groups clashed the organisations, the government was able
because the ANC was opposed to communism. to effectively refute debunk many resistances
- During WW2 the CSPA demanded that black soldiers be armed and black and organisations. A lot of organisations
trade unions be recognized demand that they receive equal treatment
- It never received widespread support but its alliance with African workers and justice for Africans and this was easily
threatened the Afrikaner nationalist ideologies and methods. deflected by the government that had made
● Anti-Communism and D.F. Malan proud claims of creating a safe and
- Anti-Communism Act (Suppression of Communism Act)was introduced by developmental environment for all the races.
the National Party Because of this, the National Party cut off all
- The Act also gave restricting power and allowed the National Party to communist connections and ensured that
silence and put its enemies and, as referred to in the book, critics, under they promoted and followed the Nationalist
house arrest and ban them from holding a position in trade unions, ideologies they adhered to.
political organisations or attending any gatherings.
- The National Party leader was strongly opposed to communism and
promised to cut off all diplomatic relations with the Soviet Union as it was a
communist country.
- Actions were taken to crack down and weaken organised labour
movements and strikes against the apartheid laws.
● Pondoland Revolt
- Was caused by the iKongo people to reject the self-government and the
tribal leadership that was set by the Bantu Authorities Act.
- The army was used to crush the widespread resistance.
- 5000 people were arrested during the resistance.

Apartheid Legislation What the Act Required Impact of South African Lives

Bantu Authorities Act of 1951 The self-government of the South Africans were split from
bantustans and separated their families and the
coloured back people from the bantustans were poor in soil
political system of white South and resources, making survival
Africa. difficult for those forced there
Restrict coloured people with no hard.
employment in urban areas to
the reserves where they could
own land and govern
themselves.

The Group Areas Act of 1950 The Act ensured that all Uprooted many African people
facilities, educational, residential and forced them out of mixed
and services, were segregated neighbourhoods and reserved
and classified for white use and skilful positions for whites. This
black use. made it hard for black people to
It also maintained segregation find proper employment and
in the business district and sufficient income.
separated the residential areas
of black and white people.

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Suppression of Communism Act Broadly defined communism Made it harder to make claims
of 1950 and banned any practice of its of oppression and injustice as
ideologies and banned the the government and the rest of
Communist Party of South the nation had to abide by the
Africa. nationalist ideologies the
government revolved its system
on.

Criminal Law Amendment Act of It made civil disobedience Kept many African leaders and
1953 punishable with up to three key leaders in prison and helped
years of a prison sentence and weaken the resistance of black
prohibited financial or any sort South Africans.
of assistance.

Separate representation of Introduced to enforce racial Ensured that coloured people

Voters Act of 1956 segregation and to remove all lost all sway and influence in the
coloured people from the political system of South Africa.
voters’ roll.

Notes and Descriptions Analytical Questions

6.1. Protests and Action: What protests and actions against segregation happened before 1948?

● Early Resistance to Segregation Policies In what ways did the Congress Youth League
- South African National Congress, later renamed the ANC, was one of the bring about a change in the attitudes and
early organisations that resisted oppression tactics of the ANC?
- Different protests were organised against the government to protest the The Youth League was comprised of younger
right of the Africans people therefore they were more willing to
- Organisations like the Industrial and Commercial Workers’ Union attracted take action and make a change. The younger
the working class and respond to segregation leaders worked their way up and become
● Resistance Politics During World War 2 major figures in the organisation’s history
- During WW2, the president of the ANC, Dr Alfred Xuma, favoured and the face of the resistance. This helped
cooperation with coloured and Indian people rally oppressed people of colour and create
- The ANC had given women full membership rights political sway in favour of the oppressed
- Younger members of the ANC formed the Congress Youth League to turn coloured peoples.
the ANC into an actively functioning organisation
- There were a series of bus boycotts when people refused to pay the
increased fares that had been proposed
- Segregation was less strict and allowed blacks more freedom Why was the Atlantic Charter such a significant
● Post-War Situation document?
- Black workers were in a stronger position The charter influenced shifting the
- Whites were threatened by the position the Africans held and forced them opposition of African and coloured people to
out to return to their jobs and old lives demanding civil rights. The charter had
- The government introduced a new law to segregate Indians and they sought to allow people more freedom and
responded with a non-violent ‘Ghetto Act’ that ended with 2000 arrests. social and economic equality and freedom of
- Defiance campaign was held to create a more unified stand against speech. This was against all the actions that
apartheid. the white supremacist governments of South
Africa and the US had taken before and the
US and other nations had resolved to
promote other values and this held much
weight in nations that failed or refused to
provide its citizens basic rights.

6.2. Protests and Action: What non-violent protests against apartheid took place in the 1950s?

● African National Congress (ANC) Plan of Action What were the causes and consequences of the
- According to South African History Online, the ANC ‘ became a militant formation of the Congress Youth League?
liberation movement. The Programme of Action called on the ANC to It was established when younger members of
embark on mass action, involving civil disobedience, strikes, boycotts and the ANC found the older members and the
other forms of non-violent resistance organization too slow and stagnant to make
● Defiance Campaign real change. The Youth League was more
- The Defiance Campaign was an ultimatum and according to StuDocu, it active and was highly involved in different
gave the government an ultimatum to do away with unjust laws so the civil protests and campaigns which led to more

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disobedience would stop. bans against people and the arrest of more
- Over 8,000 people were arrested for refusing to follow apartheid laws, even influential figures. The Youth League
though they were minor aggressions. It also resulted in the arrest of major participated in the Defiance Campaign, which
political leaders during the campaign, Even though the campaign didn’t had ended with the arrest of over 8000
achieve its goal of overturning the apartheid, it was successful in getting the people. Within those 8000, 156 leaders were
UN’s recognition of the racial situation in South Africa as a global issue. arrested, losing multiple representatives and
(Class Powerpoint) figureheads in the movement towards
● Congress Alliance and the Freedom Charter (Class Powerpoint) equality.
- The Congress of the People was a creative and multifaceted resistance to
White minority rule.
- The aim of the Congress was to adopt a charter, the Freedom Charter, that In what ways was the Defiance Campaign a
represented all the views and objectives of all the races and groups in significant event even though it did not succeed
attendance. in its objectives?
● The treason trial of Congress of the People It rallied people of all races and encouraged
- By the end of 1955, 156 leading Congress Alliance activists were arrested the people who sympathised with people of
and tried for high treason in the 1956 Treason Trial. colour to resist the laws of the apartheid and
● Women’s Resistance: Black Sash and Federation of South African Women regain the political and all the other rights of
- The Black Sash was an organization formed by six middle-class white Africans. Despite the Campaign being
women, Jean Sinclair, Ruth Foley, Elizabeth McLaren, Tertia Pybus, Jean unsuccessful, it had worked in raising
Bosazza, and Helen Newton-Thomson. These women protested against the awareness of the situation that Africans and
discrimination caused by the new Union of South Africa laws which stripped Coloured peoples lived under and drew
away freedom for South Africans. international intervention to the issue.
- Black Sash organized non-violent marches, petitions, overnight vigils,
protest meetings and a group of cars to travel from Johannesburg to Cape
Town. Other demonstrations were held outside buildings or areas that
represented apartheid injustice. They also set up the Bail Fund to help
African Women arrested for violating the pass laws. Examine the reasons for the failure of non-
- Women delivered thousands of protest letters and petitions to the prime violent forms of resistance to bring about
minister and had a Women’s March led by Rahima Moos, Lilian Ngoyi and meaningful change in South Africa in the 1950s.
Sophie Williams. Africans chose to remain non-violent during
their protests, marches and abide by the first
(Directly from the 1950s Class Presentation) advised and promoted method of being non-
violent. The government had responded to a
● Formation of the Pan Africanist Congress
lot of this extremely and occasionally
- The Pan Africanist Congress was formed by Robert Sobukwe and his violently, injuring, arresting and killing
colleagues in 1959 after they broke away from the ANC and they believed in people. This wore on people, made them tire
a more cautious approach. of being arrested and punished and being
- Led many protests in the 1960s against the Pass laws. non-violent was pointless. Non-violence had
● Anti-Pass Campaigns and Sharpeville Massacre made it easy for the government to respond
- The Sharpeville massacre occurred during a protest per the widespread to the protests and the resistance that
Anti-Pass law protests across South Africa. people had put up.
- This resulted in 69 deaths and 180 injuries, as stated in reviewonline.
- Anti-pass campaigns, according to South African History Online, the
Freedom Charter increased tension and the Africanists found the charter
too soft and focused on campaigning for black needs.
- Anti-Pass Campaigns were key influencers in South African politics and
organised many protests, the Sharpeville massacre being the end of one of
the protests.
● Cape Town March
- Was led by Philip Kgosana
- Non-violent march that was from Langa to Nyanga townships and then to
the police headquarters
- There was a parliament in the city during the time and were threatened by
the march
- Kgosana was led to believe that if he led the March back, he was promised a
March with the Minister of Justice, only to be arrested upon returning

6.3. Protests and Action: How significant were international protests during this period?

● Anti-Apartheid Movement What were the causes and consequences of the

- The anti-apartheid movement was officially acknowledged as so when the international protests against apartheid?
Anti-Apartheid Movement was launched and Luthuli called for sanctions International protests were caused by the
against apartheid governments. number of member states that were part of
- The main aim was to raise awareness internationally of what was the United Nations and the aim of achieving
happening in South Africa and receive support from foreign countries or global peace, security and equality. South
intervention by the UN. Africa as a member state was failing to
- The AAM strengthened when members from liberation organisations went accomplish this and instead oppressed
into exile in London as they were able to receive direct support from those people based on gender and race and

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who were victims. threatened the aims and goals of the United
● United Nations Involvement Nations. This caused a global uprising and
- As stated in the Rights and Protests book, the UN adopted the Universal tensions. Even though western countries that
Declaration of Human Rights and rejected South Africa’s request of traded with South Africa refused to
annexing South West Africa due to the racial concerns that they had about acknowledge this, they late came around and
South Africa began to oppose apartheid. Consequences
- The UN then established the Commission on the Racial Situation in the may have been the tension that was created
Union of South Africa for the issue to be investigated. with standing allis of South Africa and nations
- The Security Council expressed their disapproval of the actions of the South that had cut ties to force South Africa to get
African government and stated that the issue in South Africa may be a rid of apartheid.
threat to international peace.
● UN Resolution 1761
- General Assembly passed Resolution 1761 which declared apartheid a
threat to international security.
- Many Socialist, Asian, and African countries broke off diplomatic ties with How effective were UN actions calling for a
South Africa and closed off their airspaces. change in South Africa?
- UN called for all member states to stop the sale and shipment of arms and The UN’s actions for calling for change were
ammunition to South Africa. not as effective because the countries that
- The General Assembly resolved to provide financial aid for the families of carried the most weight in the UN were
political prisoners somewhere in the middle: trading with South
- Different resolutions were made that stopped many countries from trading Africa and refusing to react to it. This made
with South Africa. the calls for change ineffective since there
● Western Governments Towards Apartheid was no support from the larger nations and
- Western countries had trade with South Africa and therefore they did not they were trading with South Africa. This
react nor acknowledge any of what had been happening in South Africa, the indirectly strengthened it.
policies, laws or anything else.

Explain why the apartheid government was

able to remain in power for 30 years after
Sharpeville Massacre, despite actions of the UN
and anti-apartheid movements.
The UN may have strived to change things
and they may have taken different actions
but different countries had continued trade
with South Africa and this allowed South
Africa’s government to continue despite
being pushed away and cut off by many
nations. A lot of the countries that continued
to trade with South Africa were large
countries with large economies that had
great sway over global politics. This allowed
the South African government to stay in
power with minimal issues afterwards.

6.4. Protests and Action: How did the government repression affect the protest movements?

● The banning of the ANC and PAC What were the causes and consequences of the
- According to the Rights and Protests book, after the Sharpeville massacre, change in philosophy and tactics by the
the government declared an emergency and gave the army and the police resistance movement in 1960?
power to crush resistance. The changes in the resistance movement had
- Soon after the ANC and PAC were banned and could not legally operate. occurred after the Sharpeville massacre and
- Leaders went to other countries where they established offices to continue after the responses to the resistance had
their work. become more violent more arrests were
- The remaining leaders held a meeting about the Sharpeville massacre and reported. This stirred the people and their
Madela travelled across the country, organising a protest. tactics and methods changed from non-
● Start of Armed Struggle violent to forceful and violent, bombing
- The MK was established as the militant wing of the ANC to carry out certain locations and sabotaging symbolic
sabotages and explosions in different cities. objects.
● The arrest of Resistance Leaders
- The armed struggle was crippled when the MK was infiltrated by the
government and the leaders were taken out.
- The Congress of Democrats, an organization that was a part of the
Congress Alliance, was banned. Why was the National Party confident that it
● Rivonia Trial had crushed all resistance by the mid-1960s?
- Nelson Mandela was brought from Robben Island to join the rest of the Because the Sharpeville massacre had
leaders that were arrested and on trial. shocked the African population and had
- According to the Rights and Protests book, the main charge was for training instilled fear in the people to learn that the

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in preparation to use explosives for violent revolution and sabotage. government was willing to massacre
- They were also charged for conspiring with foreign military and aims of nonviolent protesters. The revelation
communism. shocked the people and their responses to
- They were charged with sabotage and conspiracy, but the supreme penalty the massacre slowed down.
was death by hanging.

The years 1948 and 1960 have been called

significant turning points in South African
history. Compare the significance of each of
these two dates and explain which you think
can more accurately be described as a critical
turning point.
In 1948, the National Party was elected and
they established apartheid and created strict
separations between the races and
segregated all the people from one another.
Then non-violent protests were the sole
method of responding to the oppression that
coloured people underwent. By 1960, the
government had begun to become more
violent in responding to the protest and all
protests slowed down after the Sharpeville
massacre and banned many organisations
and resistance leaders. This led to coloured
people looking for an alternative method to
respond to apartheid without having to
suffer losses like were suffered during the
Sharpeville massacre and force the
government with an ultimatum. Essentially,
the bombings had not been effective and the
sabotages were outed before they could
even affect the government. 1948 had been a
turn into stricter oppression and for some
marked the beginning of the racial divide
whereas 1960 was the turning point of where
organisations and the leaders abandoned
their nonviolent and made violent moves
towards influencing the government.

Notes and Descriptions Analytical Questions

7.1. Role and Significance of Key Actors/Groups: How did the National Party implement Apartheid?
7.2. Role and Significance of Key Actors/Groups: What role did the ANC play in the protests against Apartheid?

● Rise of Afrikaner Nationalism Before 1959 What were the causes and consequences of
- Belief that the Afrikaner were superior to the African natives the rise of Afrikaner nationalism?
- Abhorence of liberal policies in the Cape Colony
- The Afrikaner Broederbond: It was a secret organistion. It was formed in 1918 Afrikaner nationalism came from the belief
& it role was to protecting & promoting Afrikaans identity & nationalism. Its that the Afrikaner were superior to all the
aim was to further Afrikaans nationalism in SA & take over the government. races and their technological upperhand
- The Broederbond worked with an umbrella orgaisation know as Federation of allowed them an advantage over the
Afrikaans Cultural Societies to promote Afrikaans culture. majority african population. The belief that
their culture, race adn indetity was
● 1940s Afrikaner Politics superior led to their dominance of the
- Afrikaner beliefs were made into policies: apartheid and the pass book laws political stage and grounds of South Africa
- South Africa being involved in World War Two has tainted them with and made a clase to successful attempt at
perceptions that threatened the capitalist, white supremacist structure of the isolating the african population. This
Afrikaner and the South Afrrican social structure. eventually led to apartheid that caused a
- Empahsisez and stricter racial and segregation policies and laws were lot of conflict and problems on a national
enforced level.
- Apartheid begun in 1948
● Psuedo-Scientific Racism and Apartheid How did South Africa change between 1948
- Somehow had the idea of eugenics as the people of the different races were and 1964? In what ways did these changes

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not allowed to ‘intermingle’ or have sexual relations with each other. reflect continuity in the ideals of Afrikaner
- Led to the categorization of all South Africans in the population registration nationalists?
act and tried to identify and push out all non white people from the Afrikaner/
white european society.
● Severing Ties with Britain
- The United Kingdom was anti-apartheid and it later joined the anti-apartheid The ANC and the National Party represented
movement two different forms of Nationalism. Compare
- The movement ‘informed’ british people of apartheid and made it look bad. the two, by examining the circumstances in
● 1940s ANC which each was formed, their political
- Was led by Alfred Xuma ideologies, support-based and their
- The 1940s was a period of action for the ANC interpretation of nationalism.
- Sympathised with the British Common wealth
- Women were admitted as full members
- ANCYL formed as it broke off from the ANC and became a more active group The ANC was represented by the sort of
● 1950s ANC nationalism that was proud despite being
- Resistance movement that was largely nonviolent different and the goal of social harmony ad
- The defiance campaign was carried out and ‘whites only’ were used and equality. The ANC was also different in a
tresspassed by protesters way that it attempted to utilize democracy
- Defend Free speech campaign that responded to the suppression of while not entirely switching to communist
communism in South Africa while the National Party was oppressive
● Post-Sharpeville ANC adn attempted to isolate the majority of
- Adopted a militasrised wing the population in Africa. The National Party
- Mandela arrested with other leadership figures was also supremacist and believed that the
- The ANC is banned Africans were beneath them which alsois
- Able to increase the international criticism of apartheid one divide between the nationalism forms
- nationalism in the ANC and the National
Party.

7.3. Role and Significance of Key Actors/Groups: What impact did the PAC have after its formation in 1959?
7.4. Role and Significance of Key Actors/Groups: What role did the underground Communist Party play?

● Ideology of Africanism In his autobiography, Mandela wrote, “PAC

- Africanism was an ideology that had originated from black people living in had captured the spotlight at Sharpeville in a
America and the Caribbean to rediscover their heritage and to be free way that far exceeded their influence as an
Africans under the political unification of Africa (Rights and Protests, 2015). organization”. Do you agree with this view or
● Formation of the PAC (Pan Africanist Congress) not? Why?
- The PAC was formed by Africanists that withdrew from the ANC and To a certain extent, this is true since the
promoted militant Pan-Africanism, as stated in the Rights and Protests book. sabotage campaign had been uprooted
- The name was an indication for the name of the organisation as it showed the before it could even happen, a militant and
organisation’s support of the ideology. violent group was likely to take society
● Formation of Poqo storm. It created a lot of fear in white
- Was the militant wing of the PAC and had more brutality and a larger scale people and support for the Nationalist
than MK’s sabotage campaign. Party. The headquarters were in an existing
- Was made up of men who were armed and attacked a police station and British colony and they found the
white residents. headquarters and the list of members. This
● Communist Party before 1950 allowed the South African police to identify
- Formed in 1921 by mostly radical white socialists and workers break up the movement.
- Attracted many coloured members during its founding meeting in Cape Town
- Concerned itself with African workers rights and trade union
- Later in 1925, the membership became largely black and it established
connections with the African National Congress but the groups clashed
because the ANC was opposed to communism.
- During WW2 the CSPA demanded that black soldiers be armed and black
trade unions be recognized
- It never received widespread support but its alliance with African workers How did the CPSA try to ensure the continuity
threatened the Afrikaner nationalist ideologies and methods. of its campaign against apartheid even after
● Communist Party after 1950 it was banned in 1950?
- Nationalist Party came to power in 1948 and saw the need to stamp out the Even though the Party was banned and
activities in the communist party as it saw in the activities and goals of the communism was outlawed, the former
party. members would attend gatherings and
- A ban was passed banning communism and the Communist Party and as was meetings. A lot of the former members
stated in the Rights and Protests book it was briefly represented in the were charged with treason in teh Treason
parliament but not for long. trial. The other members also played key
- Later the former members regrouped and renamed the party South African roles in setting up the MK and were also
Communist Party and functioned underground. influential in the movements until they
went into exile. By ensuring constant
involvement in South African politics and

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the Anti-Apartheid Movement, the CSPA

was able to guarantee the continuity of the
the CSPA.

7.5. Role and Significance of Key Actors/Groups: How effective was the armed struggle launched by Umkhonto we Sizwe
(MK)?

● The Establishment of MK What were the causes and consequences of

- Was established when the ANC began to consider violent tactics against the establishment of MK?
apartheid and adopt some sort of armed struggle, as stated in the Rights and MK was established when the ANC and
Protest book. their allies had felt that their non-violent
- The formation of MK was also open and included anyone (race not taken into movement for equality and justice were
account) and its formation was allied with allies in the Congress Alliance. pointless and had no result. The MK was
● Structure & Planning of MK supposed to be a forceful and threatening
- In the Rights and Protests book, it is stated that MK was set up to be a method to force the government to relent
separate and autonomous organisation that operated outside of the ANC’s or loosen and allow Africans some sort of
authority. victory after oppression. The consequences
- MK planned to sabotage economic installations and facilities and things that were that the openness of the MK led them
were politically symbolic to the whites and to use a ‘constrained violence’ to to be easily infiltrated and identified and
convince the ruling party. demolished by the government, losing
● Sabotage Campaign many influencers and leaders in the
- Began in December of 1961 with bombings and many of the targets including process.
places like post offices and a Bantu Commissioners office.
- Many attacks were in Port Elizabeth, Cape Town, Durban and Johannesburg.
- They aimed to avoid bloodshed and sadly did not have as much of an effect.
- The second stage was to organise a guerilla campaign, but the recruited
people were all caught after they left the country and were deported back to
South Africa.
● Rivonia Raid
- According to the Rights and Protest book, the government infiltrated MK to
anticipate their future attacks. Explain why the establishment of MK was
- This allowed the government to identify and arrest the leaders of MK. such a significant development in the
liberation struggle of South Africa?
It made a great difference in the mood of
the people. After years of non-violent
protests and struggle, reaching any sort of
goal had probably been distant for many
people, so it was significant in raising
awareness and instilling confidence and
courage in the African community. Even
though the MK was easily taken down soon
after it had started, it was still important in
raising up the communities and there were
no racial requirements in who joined the
MK, so it was important in creating
interracial alliances.

7.6. Role and Significance of Key Actors/Groups: What was the significance of the role played by Nelson Mandela?
7.7. Role and Significance of Key Actors/Groups: What was the significance of the role played by Albert Luthuli?

● Mandela Political Involvement during the 1950s Compare and contrast the roles played by
- According to South African History Online, Mandela was voted President of Albert Luthuli and Nelson Mandela in the
the ANCYL in 1951 protests against apartheid between 1950 and
- He opened a law office and he is late banned 1964.
- He and Oliver Tambo opened the first black legal partnership and when his Nelson Mandela and Albert Luthuli were
ban is over he dives into campaigns. both key leaders and influential figures in
● Mandela Post-Sharpeville protests and campaigning against
- After Sharpeville, Mandela went to Ethiopia to learn guerilla methods and apartheid. Nelson Mandela was mostly
according to Weebly, he was arrested upon return for leaving South Africa nonviolent and managed to support
illegally. Africans until he was arrested. Luthuli, like
● Contributions of Albert Luthuili Mandela, also become a huge figure in the
- Was a key leader and figure in resisting apartheid political stage of South Africa as he
- He won the Nobel prize for his most nonviolent approach to the apartheid opposed the apartheid and was the most
laws even though he was a resistance leader, as stated in sunsigns. successful in carrying out the non-violent
- He was a Tribal chief and watching people suffer lead him to attend a protests. Even though Mandela may have

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conference in India and learn to become a missionary played a more influential role in rallying
- He was removed from his position as a Tribal leader and was elected as the people and as a figurehead, Luthuli was
President-General of the ANC more based on reaching those goals by
- He was banned multiple times by the government to try to cease his public staying non-violent and preventing any
activity he was banned four times harm to fall upon the African population.

Organizations During Circumstances Leading to Aims & Visions of Organization Impact of Organization
Apartheid Formation of Organization

National Party Was formed by white Oppress and remain Enforcement of apartheid
supremacists that called segregated from black people and oppression of Africans
themselves Afrikaners during period of apartheid

ANC African National Congress Made to oppose the white To gain equal rights for black It impacted the political
minority rule that deprived people legitimacy the South African
coloured people of their rights governmen, mainly though
Mandela’s influence

PAC Pan Africanist Congress Separated from the ANC Were Africanist and wanted to Threatened the South African
because they did not see eye to take on a more violent government and like the ANC
eye and took a more violent approach had an armed wing that
approach created civil disturbances

SACP SA Communist Party Founded and refounded to Protest for African rights and Opposed the regime of the
oppose the nationalist rule against the regime of the capitalist government with a
Afrikaner and apartheid policy Marxist approach which
created tension with the
African population

MK uMkhonoto we Sizwen Militant branch of the ANC Its aims and visions as the Tactics towards the freedom
“Spear of the Nation” made to take upon a violent armed wing of the ANC were to and equal rights of black
approach to protests fight against the South African people hindered the progress
government that the South African
government was making
towards isolating Africans

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