DELHI TECHNOLOGICAL UNIVERSITY

DEPARTMENT OF INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY

Subject Code: IT-202

SUBMITTED TO: SUBMITTED BY:

Himani Mehta ABHISHEK(2K22/IT/09)
 CASE-STUDY
1.POSTGRESQL
• INTRODUCTION
PostgreSQL is an open-source object-relational database management system. It is
a descendant of one of the earliest such systems, the POSTGRES systemdeveloped
under Professor Michael Stonebraker at the University of California, Berkeley. The
name “postgres” is derived from the name of a pioneering relational database
system, Ingres, also developed under Stonebraker at Berkeley. Currently,
PostgreSQL supports many aspects of SQL:2003 and offers features such as
complex queries, foreign keys, triggers, views, transactional integrity, full-text
searching, and limited data replication .

• Features
• Relational Database Management System (RDBMS): PostgreSQL is a
powerful RDBMS that allows users to store and manage structured data in
tables, rows, and columns.
• Object-Relational Database Management System (ORDBMS): In addition
to traditional relational database features, PostgreSQL also supports object-
oriented programming and allows users to store complex data types such
as arrays, JSON, and XML.
• Open-source: PostgreSQL is an open-source database, meaning it is free to
use and modify. This makes it a cost-effective option for businesses and
organizations.
• Cross-platform compatibility: PostgreSQL can run on various operating
systems, including Windows, Linux, and macOS, making it a versatile choice
for developers.
• Scalability: PostgreSQL is highly scalable, allowing users to handle large
amounts of data and high traffic volumes.
• Security: PostgreSQL offers advanced security features, including data
encryption, user authentication, and access control, to ensure the safety of
sensitive data.
 • GRAPHICAL INTERPHASE
The standard distribution of PostgreSQL does not contain any graphical tools.
However, several graphical user interface tools exist, and users can choose among
commercial and open-source alternatives. Many of these go through rapid release
cycles; the following list reflects the state of affairs at the time of this writing.
There are graphical tools for administration, including pgacess and pgadmin, the
latter of which is shown in Figure.
 • THE POSTGRESQL TYPE SYSTEM
• Base types. Base types are also known as abstract data types; that is, modules
that encapsulate both state and a set of operations. These are implemented
below the SQL level, typically in a language such as C . Examples are int4 (already
included in PostgreSQL) or complex (included as an optional extension type). A
base type may represent either an individual scalar value or a variable-length
array of values.
• Domains. A domain type is defined by coupling a base type with a constraint
that values of the type must satisfy. Values of the domain type and the associated
base type may be used interchangeably, provided that the constraint is satisfied. A
domain may also have an optional default value, whose meaning is similar to the
default value of a table column.
• Pseudotypes. Currently, PostgreSQL supports the following pseudotypes :any,
anyarray, anyelement, anyenum, anynonarray cstring, internal, opaque, language
handler, record, trigger, and void. These cannot be used in composite types (and
thus cannot be used for table columns), but can be used as argument and return
types of user-defined functions.
• Polymorphic types. Four of the pseudotypes anyelement, anyarray,
anynonarray, and anyenum are collectively known as polymorphic.

• Conclusion
PostgreSQL is a professional and powerful database management system that
offers a wide range of features and benefits. Its open-source nature,scalability,
and security make it a popular choice for businesses and organizations of all sizes.
With a strong community of developers and constant updates and improvements,
PostgreSQL is likely to remain a top choice for professional database management
for years to come.
2.Oracle
• INTRODUCTION

• Oracle: A Leader in the World of Professional

Technology Solutions
When Oracle was founded in 1977 as Software Development Laboratories by Larry
Ellison, Bob Miner, and Ed Oates, there were no commercial relational database
products. The company, which was later renamed Oracle, set out to build a
relational database management system as a commercial product, and became a
pioneer of the RDBMS market and has held a leading position in this market ever
since. Over the years, its product and service offerings have grown beyond the
relational database server to include middleware and applications.

• Features
• Industry-leading products and services: Oracle is known for its high-quality,
reliable, and innovative products and services that help businesses stay
ahead of the competition.
• Scalability and flexibility: Oracle's products and services are designed to be
scalable and flexible, allowing businesses to easily adapt to changing needs
and requirements.
• Extensive experience and expertise: With over 40 years of experience in
the industry, Oracle has a deep understanding of the technology needs of
businesses and organizations.
• Global presence: Oracle has a global presence, with offices and customers
in over 175 countries, making it a trusted partner for businesses operating
on a global scale.
• Commitment to customer success: Oracle is committed to the success of
its customers and provides ongoing support and services to ensure that
businesses are getting the ost out of their investments.
 • Database Design and Querying Tool
Database Design and Querying Tools Oracle provides a variety of tools for
database design, querying, report generation and data analysis, including OLAP.
These tools, along with various other application development tools, are part of a
portfolio of software products called Oracle Fusion Middleware. Products include
both traditional tools using Oracle’s PL/SQL programming language and newer
ones based on Java/J2EE technologies. The software supports open standards
such as SOAP, XML, BPEL, and UML.

• Database and Application Design Tools

The Oracle Application Development Framework (ADF) is an end-to-end
J2EEbased development framework for a Model-View-Control design pattern. In
this framework, an application consists of multiple layers. The Model and
Business Services layers handle the interaction with the data sources and contains
the business logic. The View layer handles the user interface, and the Controller
layer handles the flow of the application and the interaction between the other
layers. The primary development tool for Oracle ADF is Oracle JDeveloper, which
provides an integrated development environment with support for Java, XML,
PHP, HTML, Javascript, BPEL, SQL, and PL/SQL development. It has built-in support
for UML modeling. Oracle Designer is a database design tool, which translates
business logic and data flows into schema definitions and procedural scripts for
application logic. It supports such modeling techniques as E-R diagrams,
information engineering, and object analysis and design.

• Querying Tools
Oracle provides tools for ad hoc querying, report generation, and data
analysis, including OLAP. Oracle Business Intelligence Suite (OBI) is a
comprehensive suite of tools sharing a common service-oriented architecture.
Components include a Busi-ness Intelligence server and tools for ad hoc querying,
dashboard generation, reporting, and alerting. The components share
infrastructure and services for data access and metadata management and have a
common security model and administration tool.
 • Conclusion
Oracle is a leader in the world of professional technology solutions, offering a
wide range of products and services to help businesses and organizations
streamline their operations and stay ahead of the competition. With a history
dating back to 1977, Oracle has a deep understanding of the technology needs of
businesses and is committed to providing high-quality, innovative products and
services to help them succeed.
3. IBM DB2 Universal Database

• INTRODUCTION
IBM’s DB2 Universal Database family of products consists of flagship database
servers and suites of related products for business intelligence, information
integration, and content management. The DB2 Universal Database Server is
available on a variety of hardware and operating-system platforms.
The list of server platforms supported includes high-end systems such as
mainframes, massively parallel processors (MPP), and large symmetric
multiprocessors (SMP) servers; medium-scale systems such as four-way and eight-
way SMPs; workstations; and even small handheld devices. Operating systems
that are supported include Unix variants such as Linux, IBM AIX, Solaris, and HP-
UX, as well as Microsoft Windows, IBM MVS, IBM VM, IBM OS/400, and a number
of others.
The DB2 Everyplace edition supports operating systems such as PalmOS and
Windows CE. There is even a no-charge (free) version of DB2 called DB2 Express-C.
Applications can migrate seamlessly from the low-end platforms to high-end
servers because of the portability of the DB2 interfaces and services. Besides the
core database engine, the DB2 family consists of several other products that
provide tooling, administration, replication, distributed data access, pervasive
data access, OLAP, and many other features.
• Family of products

• Edition
• DB2 Express-C: A free, community edition designed for small businesses
and developers.
• DB2 Express: A low-cost edition for small and medium-sized businesses.
• DB2 Workgroup Server Edition: A mid-range edition that offers advanced
features for larger workloads.
• DB2 Enterprise Server Edition: A high-end edition for large enterprises with
demanding database needs.
 • Features
• Support for multiple platforms: DB2 UDB is available on a variety of
platforms including Windows, Linux, Unix, and z/OS, making it a versatile
choice for different environments.
• Scalability: DB2 UDB is designed to handle large amounts of data and can
scale to support growing business needs.
• High availability: The database is built to ensure high availability and data
integrity, with features such as automatic failover and disaster recovery.
• Security: DB2 UDB offers advanced security features to protect sensitive
data, including encryption, access control, and auditing.
• SQL compatibility: The database supports SQL, the standard language for
managing relational databases, making it easy for developers to work with.

• Conclusion
IBM DB2 Universal Database is a powerful and reliable database management
system that offers a wide range of features and benefits to businesses. With its
scalability, high availability, and advanced security, it is a popular choice for
enterprise applications. Whether you are a small business or a large enterprise,
DB2 UDB has an edition that can meet your database needs.
4.Microsoft SQL server

• INTRODUCTION
Microsoft SQL Server is a relational database-management system that scales
from laptops and desktops to enterprise servers, with a compatible version, based
on the Windows Mobile operating system, available for handheld devices such as
Pocket PCs, SmartPhones, and Portable Media Centers. SQL Server was originally
developed in the 1980s at Sybase for UNIX systems and later ported to Windows
NT systems by Microsoft.

Since 1994, Microsoft has shipped SQL Server releases developed independently
of Sybase, which stopped using the SQL Server name in the late 1990s. The latest
release, SQL Server 2008, is available in express, standard, and enterprise editions
and localized for many languages around the world. In this chapter, the term SQL
Server refers to all of these editions of SQL Server 2008.
 • Database Development and Visual Database Tools
The Database Designer is a visual tool that allows the database owner or the
owner’s delegates to create tables, columns, keys, indices, relationships, and
constraints. Within this tool, a user can interact with database objects through
database diagrams, which graphically show the structure of the database. The
View Designer provides a visual query tool that allows the user to create or
modify SQL views through the use of Windows drag-and-drop capabilities.
 • Query Editor
The integrated Query Editor provides a simple graphical user interface for running
SQL queries and viewing the results. The Query Editor also provides a graphical
representation of showplan, the steps chosen by the optimizer for query
execution. The Query Editor is integrated with Management Studio’s Object
Explorer, which lets a user drag and drop object or table names into a query
window and helps build select, insert, update, or delete statements for any table

Figure : shows the Management Studio with the Query Editor displaying the
graphical execution plan for a query involving a four-table join and an
aggregation.
 • Features
1.Relational Database Management System (RDBMS): SQL Server is a powerful
RDBMS that provides robust support for managing relational data, enabling
efficient storage, retrieval, and manipulation of structured information.

2. Scalability: SQL Server offers scalable solutions for both small businesses and
large enterprises, allowing organizations to expand their database infrastructure
to handle growing data volumes and user loads.

3. Security: SQL Server includes comprehensive security features to protect data

against unauthorized access, manipulation, and theft. This includes encryption of
data at rest and in transit, role-based access control (RBAC), row-level security,
and auditing capabilities.

4. Developer Tools: SQL Server provides a rich set of developer tools, including
SQL Server Management Studio (SSMS), SQL Server Data Tools (SSDT), and Visual
Studio integration. These tools streamline database development, administration,
and debugging tasks, enhancing developer productivity.

5. Columnstore Indexes: SQL Server supports columnstore indexes, which enable

efficient storage and retrieval of large volumes of data for analytical queries.
Columnstore indexes significantly enhance query performance for data
warehousing and analytics workloads.

6. Cloud Integration: SQL Server seamlessly integrates with Microsoft Azure cloud
services, enabling organizations to deploy, manage, and scale their databases in
the cloud. This includes features such as SQL Database, Azure SQL Managed
Instance, and Azure SQL Data Warehouse.

• Conclusion
Microsoft SQL Server is a powerful and widely used database management
system. It allows you to store, retrieve, and manage data efficiently in a
structured format. By learning the basics of SQL Server, you can improve your
data management skills and work with databases in various industries.