ANAPHY MIDTERM REVIEWER cushions and protects deeper tissues from injury
TOPIC 1: helps regulate body temperature
ANATOMY- study of the structure and shape of the SKELETAL SYSTEM
body and its parts and their relationships to one
another bones, cartilages, ligaments, joints
GROSS ANATOMY- the study of large body structures function:
(human body) - supports the body
Microscopic anatomy- the study if body structures too -protects some organs
small to be seen with the naked eye (cells and tissues)
-performs hematopoiesis
PHYSIOLOGY- study of how the body and its parts
work or function. - hematopoiesis: formation of blood cells
LEVELS OF ORGANIZATION MUSCULAR SYSTEM
1. CHEMICAL LEVEL-smallest level of skeletal muscles
organization
function:
-from atoms up to molecules
-to contract and to allow movement
Atoms: the building block of all matter
- viewed as the “machines” of the body
2. CELLULAR LEVEL
NERVOUS SYSTEM
-cells: the smallest unit of all living things
brain, spinal cord, nerves, sensory receptors (body’s
3. TISSUE LEVEL
fast-acting control system)
- Tissue: consist of groups similar cells that
have a common function function:
4 basic types (epithelial, connective, muscular, neural) -respond to external stimuli
4. . ORGAN LEVEL - respond to internal stimuli
-Organ: structure composed of two or more
tissues types that performs a specific function ENDOCRINE SYSTEM
5. ORGAN SYSTEM LEVEL
pituitary, thyroid, parathyroids, adrenals, thymus, and
a group of organs that work together to
pineal glands, pancreas, ovaries/testis
accomplish a common purpose
6. ORGANISMAL LEVEL function:
Organism: an individual living thing composed of -controls body activities (slower than the nervous
multiple organ systems working together system)
- humans use 11 organ systems -produce and release hormones
THE HUMAN ORGAN SYSTEM CIRCULATORY SYSTEM
INTEGUMENTARY SYSTEM heart and blood vessels
-skin (external covering of the body) function:
function:
waterproofs the body
-carries oxygen, nutrients, hormones, and other MAINTAINING LIFE
substances to and from tissue cells where exchanges
are made Necessary life functions
-WBCs help protect the body from foreign invaders 1.MOVEMENT- all activities promoted by the muscular
system
RESPIRATORY SYSTEM
2. RESPONSIVENESS- also called irritability) is the
pharynx, larynx (vocal cords), trachea, bronchi and ability to sense changes in the environment and react
lungs to them
function: 3. DIGESTION- process of breaking down ingested
food into simple molecules that can be absorbed into
1. keeps body constantly supplied with oxygen the blood
2. removes carbon dioxide from the body 4. METABOLISM - broad term that refers to all
LYMPHATIC SYSTEM chemical reactions that occur within body cells
lymphatic vessels, lymph nodes, spleen, tonsils 5. EXCRETION - process of removing excreta (wastes)
function: from the body
-returns fluid leaked from the blood back to the blood 6. REPRODUCTION- production of offspring
vessels
7. GROWTH- increase in size, usually accomplished
DIGESTIVE SYSTEM by an increase in the number of cells
(mouth -> anus) SURVIVAL NEEDS
cavity (mouth), esophagus, stomach, small and large 1. NUTRIENTS- body takes in through food
intestines, rectum, anus
contain the chemicals used for energy and cell
function: building
-breakdown food 2.OXYGEN - chemical reactions that release energy
from foods require energy
- deliver products to the blood for dispersal to the
body cells 3.WATER- single most abundant chemical substance
in the body
URINARY SYSTEM
4. ATMOSPHERIC PRESSURE- force exerted on the
structure: kidneys, ureters, bladder, urethra
surface of the body by the weight of the air
function:
5. BODY TEMPERATURE- must be maintained around
1. removes Nitrogen-containing wastes from the 37°C or 98.6°F
blood in the form of urine
HOMEOSTASIS
REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEM
a state of body equilibrium or stable internal
• in males: testes, scrotum, penis, accessory environment of the body
glands, and duct system
literally means “unchanging”
• in females: ovaries, uterine tubes, uterus,
(homeo = the same, stasis = standing still)
vagina
3 Components of Homeostatic Control
• function: to produce offspring
Mechanisms
1.RECEPTOR- responds to environmental changes TRANSVERSE PLANE- an anatomical plane that divides
the body into superior and inferior sections
- sends information(input) to the second element
(the control center) Thoracic cavity- subdivided into pleural cavities, the
mediastinum, and the pericardial cavity
2. CONTROL CENTER - assesses changes
• Pleural cavities – each houses a lung
- analyzes the information it receives
• Mediastinum – contains the pericardial
3. EFFECTOR- provides the means for the control cavity, and surrounds the remaining thoracic organs
center’s response (output) to the stimulus
• Pericardial cavity – encloses the heart.
NEGATIVE FEEDBACK MECHANISMS- the net effect of
the response to the stimulus is to shut off the original
stimulus or reduce its intensity
POSITIVE FEEDBACK MECHANISM- tend to increase
the original disturbance (stimulus)
THE LANGUAGE OF ANATOMY
SUPERIOR- toward the head or upper part of the
structure
INFERIOR- away from the head or toward the lower
part
VENTRAL- toward or at the front of the body
DORSAL- toward or at the backside of the body
MEDIAL- toward at the midline of the body
LATERAL- away from the midline of the body
INTERMEDIATE- between or more medical and a more
structural
PROXIMAL- close to trhe origin of the body part
DISTAL- farther from the orgin of a body part
BODY PLANES
SAGITTAL PLANE- cut along the lengthwise, or
longitudinal, plane of the body, dividing the right and
left parts.
MEDIAN PLANE- Sagittal plane through the midline of
the body; divides the body or any of its parts into right
and left halves.
FRONTAL PLANE- a vertical plane running from side to
side
