GASES
Lecture Notes
Pressure
Pressure- force per unit area caused by particles hitting the walls of a container
Barometer- Measures atmospheric pressure
Atmospheric Pressure- Results from the weight of the air- mass of air being pulled toward the center of the
earth by gravity.
Manometer- Measures pressure of a gas in a container
Two types – Open and Closed
Units for pressure: mm Hg, torr, Pascal (Pa), Kilopascal (kPa), atmospheres (atm), pounds square inch (psi)
1 atm = 760 mm Hg = 760 torr = 101325 Pa = 101.3 kPa = 14.69 psi
Ex: You have 28 psi. How many atm? Torr? Pascals?
Boyle’s Law (Robert Boyle)
Relationship between pressure and volume (constant temp.)
Inverse proportion P V
P1V1= P2V2
Ex: Consider a 1.5 L sample of CCl2F2 at a pressure of 56 torr. If pressure is changed to 150 torr at constant
temperature, what is the new volume?
Charles’ Law (Jacques Charles)
Charles investigated the variation of volume with temperature for a fixed mass of gas at constant pressure.
Relationship between volume and temperature (constant pressure)
Direct proportion V T
Temperature in Kelvin oC + 273 = ____ K
V1 = V2
T1 T2
Ex: A 2.0 L sample of air is collected at 298 K and cooled to 278 K, the pressure is held constant. What is the
volume?
Gay-Lussac’s Law (Joseph Gay-Lussac)
Relationship between pressure and temperature (constant volume)
Direct proportion P T
Temperature in Kelvin oC + 273 = ____ K
P1 = P2
T1 T2
1
Ex A mylar balloon is filled with helium gas to a pressure of 107 kPa when the temperature is 22 °C. If the
temperature changes to is 45 °C, what will be the pressure of helium in the balloon?
Avogadro’s Law (Amadeo Avogadro)
Relationship between volume and moles (constant temp. and pressure)
Direct proportion V n n = #moles
V1 = V2
n1 n2
Ex: 12.2L sample contains 0.50 moles O2. If O2 is converted to O3, what will the volume be?
3O22O3
Combined Gas Law
Combination of Boyle’s law, Charles’ law and Gay-Lussac’s Law
P 1 V1 = P 2 V 2
T1 T2
Ex: A 3.5 L sample of Argon exerts a pressure of 6.32 atm at 27 °C. When the volume is increased to 4.7 L and
the pressure is decreased to 4.15 atm, what is the final temperature?
A gas is heated from 263.0 K to 298.0 K and the volume is increased from 24.0 liters to 35.0 liters by moving a
large piston within a cylinder. If the original pressure was 1.00 atm, what would the final pressure be?
Ideal Gas Law
P= pressure (atm)
PV = nRT
V= volume (L)
n= Mole Gas (mol)
Ex: H2 has a volume of 8.56 L at 0oC and 1.5 atm.
T=temperature (K)
Calculate the moles of H2 present.
R= universal gas constant
R = 0.08206 L*atm
mol * K
Dalton’s Law of Partial Pressures (John Dalton)
Partial Pressure – pressure that a gas would exert if it alone in the container.
Ptotal = P1 + P2 + P3…
2
Ex: A container holds three gases: oxygen, carbon dioxide, and helium. The partial pressures of the three gases
are 2.00 atm, 3.00 atm, and 4.00 atm, respectively. What is the total pressure inside the container?
A common method of collecting gas samples in the laboratory is to bubble the gas into a bottle filled with water
and allow it to displace the water. When this technique is used, however, the gas collected in the bottle contains
a small but significant amount of water vapor. As a result, the pressure of the gas that has displaced the liquid
water is the sum of the pressure of the gas plus the vapor pressure of water at that temperature. The vapor
pressures of water at various temperatures are given in Table.
PTotal - Pvapor = PGas
Ex: A sample of oxygen gas is collected over water. The total pressure is 98.56 kPa. The partial pressure of the
dry oxygen calculated to be 95.70 kPa. What is the vapor pressure of water?
Graham’s Law of Diffusion and Effusion (Thomas Graham)
Gas Stoichiometry
STP = Standard Temperature and Pressure
Standard Temperature = 0oC
Standard Pressure = 1 atm
Molar Volume 1.00 molgas = 22.4 Lgas
Ex 1: A sample of N2 has a volume of 1.75 L at STP. How many moles of N2 are present?
Ex 2: Calculate the volume of CO2 produced at STP from 152g of CaCO3.
CaCO3 CaO + CO2
Ex 3: Calculate the volume of O2 produced at 1.00 atm and 25 oC by the decomposition of 10.5g KClO3.
3
2KClO3 2KCl + 3O2
Van der Waals Equation for Real Gases (Johannes Diderik van der Waals)
Illustrative Problems
1. Chlorine is widely used to purify municipal water supplies and to treat swimming pool waters. Suppose that the
volume of a particular sample of Cl2 gas is 8.70 L at 895 torr and 24 oC. (a) How many grams of Cl2 are in the
sample? (b) What volume will the Cl2 occupy at STP? (c) At what temperature will the volume be 15.00 L if the
pressure is 8.76 x 102 torr? (d) At what pressure will the volume equal 6.00 L if the temperature is 58 oC?
2. (a) Calculate the density of NO2 gas at 0.970 atm and 35oC. (b) Calculate the molar mass of a gas if 2.50 g
occupies 0.875 L at 685 torr and 35oC.
3. (a) What are the mole fractions of each component in a mixture of 5.08 g of O2, 7.07 g of N2, and 1.32 g of H2? (b)
What is the partial pressure in atm of each component of this mixture if it is held in a 12.40-L vessel at 15 oC? (c)
What is the total pressure in the vessel?
4. Hydrogen gas is produced when zinc reacts with sulfuric acid: Zn(s) + H 2SO4(aq) ZnSO4(aq) + H2(g). If 159 mL of
wet H2 is collected over water at 24 oC and a barometric pressure of 738 torr, how many grams of Zn have been
consumed? The vapor pressure of water is 22.4 torr.
5. A gas of unknown molecular mass was allowed to effuse through a small opening under constant-pressure
conditions. It required 105 s for 1.0 L of the gas to effuse. Under identical experimental conditions it required 31
s for 1.0 L of O2 gas to effuse. Calculate the molar mass of the unknown gas.
6. A sample of helium gas diffuses 15.0 cm in 3.0 minutes. How long would it take a sample of Cl 2 gas to diffuse a
distance of 15.0 cm under the same conditions?
7. Given the equation: 2 NH3 (g) + 3 Cl2(g) ---> N2(g) + 6 HCl(g)
(a) How many milliliters of nitrogen can be made from 13 L of chlorine and 10.0 L of ammonia gas at STP?
(b) How many grams of chlorine must react to produce 16 L of nitrogen gas at 1.2 atm and 23oC?
(c) How many liters of ammonia gas at 244 torr and 35oC must be used to produce 2.3 kg of HCl gas?
8. Calculate the pressure that CCl4 will exert at 40oC if 1.00 mol occupies 28.0 L, assuming CCl 4 obeys the van der
Waals equation. [For CCl4: a = 20.6 L2.atm/mol2; b = 0.1383 L/mol]
