Microwave Engineering
EC 401
DoECE
Sardar Vallabhbhai National Institute Of Technplogy
Module 1
RF BEHAVIOR OF PASSIVE
COMPONENTS, CHIP COMPONENTS
Passive Components
INTRODUCTION INTO RF
CIRCUIT DESIGN
IMPORTANCE OF RF CIRCUIT
DESIGN
wireless communications (explosive growth of
cell phones)
global positioning systems (GPS)
computer engineering (bus systems, CPU,
peripherals exceeding 600 MHz)
Why this course?
– lumped circuit representation no longer applies!
What do we mean by going from lumped to distributed theory?
IEEE FREQUENCY BANDS
Abbreviation Frequency band Wavelength range
HF 0.003 GHz – 0.03 GHz 10 m – 100 m
VHF 0.03 GHz – 0.3 GHz 1 m – 10 m
UHF 0.3 GHz – 1 GHz 300 mm –1000 mm
L Band 1 GHz – 2 GHz 150 mm – 300 mm
S Band 2 GHz – 4 GHz 75 mm – 150 mm
C Band 4 GHz – 8 GHz 37.5 mm – 75 mm
X Band 8 GHz – 12 GHz 25 mm – 37.5 mm
Ku Band 12 GHz – 18 GHz 16.7 mm – 25 mm
K Band 18 GHz – 27 GHz 11.1 mm – 17 mm
Ka Band 27 GHz – 40 GHz 7.5 mm – 11.1 mm
V Band 40 GHz – 75 GHz 4 mm – 7.5 mm
W Band 75 GHz – 110 GHz 2.7 mm – 4 mm
mm Waves 100 GHz – 300 GHz 1 mm – 2.7 mm
THz Band 300 GHz – 3 THz 0.1 mm – 1 mm
IR Band 3 THz – 480 THz 0.625 µm –100 µm
Visible Light 480 THz – 680 THz 0.44 µm – 0.625 µm
IEEE FREQUENCY BANDS
Abbreviation Frequency band Wavelength range
HF 0.003 GHz – 0.03 GHz 10 m – 100 m
VHF 0.03 GHz – 0.3 GHz 1 m – 10 m
UHF 0.3 GHz – 1 GHz 300 mm –1000 mm
L Band 1 GHz – 2 GHz 150 mm – 300 mm
S Band 2 GHz – 4 GHz 75 mm – 150 mm
C Band 4 GHz – 8 GHz 37.5 mm – 75 mm
X Band 8 GHz – 12 GHz 25 mm – 37.5 mm
Ku Band 12 GHz – 18 GHz 16.7 mm – 25 mm
K Band 18 GHz – 27 GHz 11.1 mm – 17 mm
Ka Band 27 GHz – 40 GHz 7.5 mm – 11.1 mm
V Band 40 GHz – 75 GHz 4 mm – 7.5 mm
W Band 75 GHz – 110 GHz 2.7 mm – 4 mm
mm Waves 100 GHz – 300 GHz 1 mm – 2.7 mm
THz Band 300 GHz – 3 THz 0.1 mm – 1 mm
IR Band 3 THz – 480 THz 0.625 µm –100 µm
Visible Light 480 THz – 680 THz 0.44 µm – 0.625 µm
ELECTROMAGNETICS
• RF (Radio frequency) : < 3 GHz
• Microwaves : < 30 GHz
• Millimeter wave : < 300 GHz
• Terahertz : < 1000 GHz (1
THz)
• Optics : < 1 PHz
MICROWAVE FREQUENCY BANDS
Frequency Band Frequency Wavelength
L Band 1–2 GHz 30–15 cm
S Band 2–4 GHz 15–7.5 cm
C Band 4–8 GHz 7.5–3.75 cm
X Band 8–12.5 GHz 3.75–2.4 cm
Ku Band 12.5–18 GHz 2.4–1.67 cm
K Band 18–26.5 GHz 1.67–1.13 cm
Ka Band 26.5–40 GHz 1.13–0.75 cm
Microwave Frequency → Wavelength in Centimetre
ELECTRIC EQUIVALENT CIRCUIT
REPRESENTATION OF THE RESISTOR.
• L=Lead Inductances
• Cb=Interlead
Capacitance
• Ca=Represents a
certain charge
separation effect
ABSOLUTE IMPEDANCE VALUE OF A
500- Ω THIN-FILM RESISTOR AS A
FUNCTION OF FREQUENCY.
ELECTRIC EQUIVALENT CIRCUIT FOR
A HIGH-FREQUENCY CAPACITOR.
• L=Parasitic lead
inductace
• Rs=Series resistance
describing losses in the
lead conductor
• Re=Dielectric loss
resistance
ABSOLUTE VALUE OF THE CAPACITOR
IMPEDANCE AS A FUNCTION OF
FREQUENCY.
EQUIVALENT CIRCUIT OF THE
HIGH-FREQUENCY INDUCTOR.
• Cs=Parasitic shunt
capacitance
• Rs=Series resistance
(composite effect of distributed
capacitance Cd and
resistance Rd respectively )
Frequency response of the
impedance of an RFC.
FREQUENCY SPECTRUM
RadioFrequency (RF)
TV, wireless phones, GPS
300 MHz … 3 GHz operational frequency
1 m … 10 cm wavelength in air
MicroWave (MW)
RADAR, remote sensing
8 GHz … 40 GHz operational frequency
3.75 cm …7.5 mm wavelength in air
DESIGN FOCUS
• Typical frequency
range:
• 950 MHz
• 1.9 GHz
IMPLEMENTATION
matching networks
BJT/FET active
devices
biasing circuits
printed circuit board
mircostripline
realization
surface mount
technology
RF BEHAVIOR OF PASSIVE
COMPONENTS
Conventional circuit analysis
R is frequency independent
Ideal inductor: XL=ωL
Ideal capacitor: Xc 1C
Evaluation
Impedance chart
Impedance Chart
(impedance of C & L vs frequency)
SCHEMATIC CROSS-SECTIONAL AC
CURRENT DENSITY REPRESENTATION
NORMALIZED TO DC CURRENT DENSITY
HOW DOES A WIRE BEHAVE AT HIGH
FREQUENCY?
HOW EXACTLY IS THE CURRENT
DISTRIBUTION AS A FUNCTION OF
FREQUENCY?
• Low frequency shows
uniform current
distribution
• medium to high
frequency pushes
current to the outside
• RF “sees” current
completely restricted
to surface
IMPEDANCE MEASUREMENT
EXAMPLE CAPACITOR GOING
THROUGH RESONANCE
EQUIVALENT CIRCUIT ANALYSIS
LUMPED ELEMENTS FOR
MICROWAVE INTEGRATED CIRCUIT
Lossy film
Planar resistor
Loop inductor
Chip resistor Spiral inductor
r
r
Dielectric
Interdigital Chip capacitor
gap capacitor Metal-insulator-
metal capacitor
