21ST CENTURY LITERATURE FROM THE PHILIPPINES ⚫ POETRY

AND THE WORLD ➢ Observes certain standards in writing which,

technically, is maximized by writers to follow
UNIT 1 various purposes.
CHAPTER 1: LITERATURE AS A SUBJECT ➢ Poetic license
⚫ LITERATURE ➢ Count of line per syllables per line per stanza
➢ Any form of writing, especially those which have belong in this style of writing.
historical and societal value.This covers various ➢ Has measurements
forms namely novels, essays, poems, dramas, ➢ Has decorations (flowering words, literary
comics, and even movie scripts. devices, imagery, symbolism)
➢ It is a form of art expression done through the ➢ Has patterns
written language and encompasses the ➢ Organized
appreciation of endless themes surroundings an TYPES OF POEMS
author’s life a. SONNET
➢ It came from a latin word, “litera” which means ➢ Lyric poem. Consists of 14 iambic
“letter”, it basically means one’s familiarity with pentameter lines.
letters or the artistic aspect of letters. ➢ William Shakespeare
⚫ IMPORTANCE OF STUDYING LITERATURE b. BALLAD
1. ENTERTAINMENT ➢ Subject of love
➢ Readers longed to be entertained and enjoy ➢ Sung by poets or group of singers
the facets of reading in general. c. ELLEGY
➢ For instance the list of titles that a person ➢ Distinguished by subject matter.
reads depends on preference, reading in ➢ Personal grief, sorrowful
itself satisfies one common purpose ➢ Always about death
because that person enjoy or like it. d. EULOGY
2. IMAGINATION AND INSPIRATION ➢ Praises or commemoration to the death
➢ Invites the reader to view aspects of the e. ODE
world in a different manner, imagination and ➢ Most majestic type. Praises to someone,
way of thinking a deep reflection or a feeling
3. SECOND-HAND EXPERIENCE ➢ Author is in an exalted mood
➢ Readers imagine themselves being the f. ALLEGORY
character or being in the setting of the story. ➢ Impose two interpretations literal and
They are taken into different places and time, metaphorical meaning.
even worlds, and make them feel that they ➢ Readers have a background on the
are sucked into the books they read. author’s life.
➢ Help readers develop their cognitive skills g. EPIC
and can exercise their augmentation by ➢ Long narrative poems about the
trying to think using a perspective other than exploits of a supernatural hero.
their selves. h. LYRIC
4. UNDERSTANDING AND EMPATHY ➢ Any incidents or historical events.
➢ Ethnicity, culture, values, and norms. i. METRICAL ROMANCE
Universal knowledge about such helps one ➢ Medieval verse table based on legends,
to gain ethnical sensitivity. chivalry, adventure, or supernatural
5. HISTORY AND HERITAGE ⚫ PROSE
➢ Literature written from long ago are being ➢ Has no measurement
handed down from generation to generation. ➢ Does not have much flowery words.
They help contemporary readers to ➢ Does not contain rhyming words/patterns
understand the events in the past, gives ➢ Written in paragraph
them knowledge in dealing with problems ➢ Free form of writing. Requires principles in writing,
applicable even in the modern times. more normal flow of communication is employed
6. LITERARY AND ARTISTIC PREFERENCE here. Formal pattern of verse or meter.
➢ Reader development of their own TYPES OF PROSE
preference in reading as well as in writing. 1. MYTHS
➢ Heroes and gods. A lot of adventures,magic,
CHAPTER 2: CLASSIFICATIONS OF LITERATURE and imagined plots.
2. SHORT STORIES
MAJOR CLASSIFICATION ➢ Can be read in one sitting. Either true or
1) POETRY imagined.
2) PROSE 3. NOVELS
➢ Are lengthy stories published as books.
Have one generic plot, they may develop
numerous theme and subplots.
GENRES OF PROSE CHAPTER 3: ELEMENTS OF LITERATURE
1. FICTION ⚫ CHARACTERS
➢ Focus generally on major character who ➢ Basically the human side of the literature, but
undergo certain changes as they meet other characters in a story are nit always human. They
characters or encounter conflicts within the can also be animals, objects, places or events,
story. Made-up stories. Author’s imagination which get the story going.
TYPES OF FICTION LITERATURE CLASSSIFICATIONS
a. DRAMA 1. PROTAGONIST
➢ Purpose of being played on stage. ➢ Central or major character in the story who
Theatrical dialogue performed by actors. exhibits a good personality. Must face
Five acts. conflict and provide the resolution.
b. TRAGEDY 2. ANTAGONIST
➢ Major characters faces bad luck or ➢ Delivers the struggle to the protagonist or
struggles. Usually do not end on his the one which causes the plot’s conflict.
favor or worse, his/her death. Obstacles that the protagonist must face
c. COMEDY TYPE OF CHARACTERS
➢ Issues handled lightly. Stories full of a. FLAT notable for one distinct personality and retain
laughter. their role and importance throughout the story. Do not
d. MELODRAMA encounter significant change.
➢ Popularized on 1840. combination of b. ROUND develop as the plot progresses.
melody and drama Recognizable and comparable to how they were at
e. TRAGICOMEDY the beginning,
➢ Starts in a serious tone but concludes c. STOCK these are the characters we so
with a happy ending. immediately remember from a story, they cause
2. NONFICTION meaningful impact to them.
➢ Based on real and actual happenings. Facts d. SYMBOLIC just like archetypes, embody eminent
or theories. subjects that are so easily recognized.
TYPES OF NONFICTION LITERATURE ⚫ THEME
a. AUTOBIOGRAPHY ➢ A story’s theme is any significant idea where
➢ Life story of a person that is written by learning could be derived and applied in real life
himself/herself. situations. Can only be inferred by the reader. Ex:
b. BIOGRAPHY love, faith, courage, compassion
➢ Author’s own life written by another ⚫ PLOT
person ➢ Sequence of events.
c. ESSAY 1) BEGINNING introduces a problem or situation that
➢ Narrates its subject. Descriptive, legthy, the main character is in.
comparative, and/or subject oriented. 2) MIDDLE minor and major complications are brought
d. TRAVEL LITERATURE in which the protagonist has to face.
➢ Logs a tour or foreign journey. 3) CLIMAX refers to the highest dramatic point in the
Descriptions of travels that cover the story. To find solution to the conflict will slowly turn
place, culture, and food the place into the plot’s denouement.
visited offers. PARTS OF PLOT
e. DIARIES a. Exposition
➢ Recorded events written by an author b. Rising action
who does not intend to publish them. c. Climax
Everyday. d. Falling action
f. JOURNAL e. Denouement
➢ Intends to inform rather that to simply TYPES OF PLOT DEVELOPMENT
narrate, include one thoughts, feelings, a. CHRONOLOGICAL
and reflections of the writer. ➢ Events that are arranged according to the order
g. NEWSPAPER of their occurrence. Arrange events from first to
➢ Published on a daily, weekly, or last.
monthly basis which contains a b. REVERSE
collection of news. ➢ Starts from the last occurrence and ends with the
h. MAGAZINES first.
➢ Published regularly either monthly or c. MULTIPLE FLASHBACKS
quarterly. ➢ Starts chronologically, but during the successive
i. BLOGS parts of the plot, it flashes back to earlier times in
➢ Web log. Posted online. the story.
d. OUT OF SEQUENCE
➢ Can be an effective narrative when written in an
organized and comprehensible manner.hide.
⚫ POINT OF VIEW 3. READING BEYOND THE LINE
➢ Very important because it helps the reader ➢ Applying what has been read to real life
glimpse how the story goes about in a very situations or relating it to a relevant experience.
detailed manner. ➢ Also known as Applied Comprehension
TYPES OF POINT OF VIEW ➢ We don’t simply get information; we also derive
A. 1st POV life lessons that are applicable in various aspect
➢ the perspective of the main character or of life. Reader has reached his highest potential
the author himself is used. Using in reading involving high levels of understanding
pronouns such as I, me, mine, we, us and critiquing.
are employed to let the readers think ⚫ READING STRATEGIES
that the person speaking in the book a. PREVIEWING sense of the structure and content.
could be the author himself or his main Reviewing the titles, section headings, and
protagonist. captions.
B. 2nd POV b. PREDICTING make predictions about the writing
➢ Pronouns are you,your,yours, the style and content of a text through knowledge of
perspective of the reader is employed. the subject matter.
The reader himself is the character and c. SKIMMING gets the main idea, quick survey of
the one performing the actions. the text.
C. 3rd POV d. OVERVIEWING looking over the chapters and
➢ In most novels, the 3rd point of view is sections of the book
the most used. The author and the e. SURVEYING doing a quick rundown from the
reader are separated from the first to the last section
characters but the author gives the f. SCANNING reader looks for a specific action.
reader an essential preview of the life of Pointing of finger
the character(s)
D. SHIFTING CHAPTER 5: LITERARY DEVICES
➢ The author maximizes the use of
multiple perspectives. ⚫ IMAGERY
⚫ SETTING ➢ Appeal to the reader’s senses.
➢ When and where of the story. It tells when the SENSORY IMAGES
plot takes place as well as the time when it 1. Visual (sight)
happens. 2. Auditory (hearing)
⚫ CONFLICT 3. Olfactory (smell)
➢ Problem in the story. Encounterd by two or more 4. Gustatory (taste)
opposing forces 5. Tactile (touch)
TYPES OF CONFLICT: 6. Kinetic (physical movement)
a. Man vs. Man 7. Kinaesthetic (muscular movement)
b. Man vs. Nature 8. Thermal (hot and cold)
c. Man vs. Self (self conflict) ⚫ SYMBOLISM
d. Man vs. Society ➢ Refers to persons, animals, objects, events,
e. Combination of two or more types of foods, or even colors. Represents other things.
conflicts ⚫ IDIOMS
⚫ TONE ➢ Employed in writing to deliver a more creative
➢ Writer’s style of writing or his attitude toward his presentation of ideas. Thought to be a product of
subjects and characters. Sad, dark, gritty, common human experience, which then leads to
sorrowful, happy, angry, ironic, impersonal, etc. idioms referring to unrelated but comprehensible
concepts.
CHAPTER 4: LEVELS OF READING ⚫ FIGURES OF SPEECH
➢ ALLUSION author’s reference to a person, place,
1. READING THE LINES or object, which is outside the premise of his
➢ Where all reader starts literary work. Often well-known subjects which
➢ Also known as Literal Comprehension when alluded, is easily recognized within the
➢ Readers simply take the words out the text as text.EXAMPLE: He was a real Romeo to the
they are involving o other interpretative ladies.
connotations. ➢ APOSTROPHE talks to someone who is dead,
2. READING BETWEEN THE LINES an inanimate object, a non-existing persona or
➢ Readers are able to make inferences, draw abstract nouns. Unable to respond. EXAMPLE:
conclusions, and predict outcomes from “Rain,rain go away. Come again another day”
information implicity stated. Text are open to ➢ EUPHEMISM used of a softened word or lighter
different interpretations. term in exchange of disagreeable, insensitive,
➢ Also called as Inferential Comprehension offensive word in plain language. EXAMPLE:
“ my uncle passed away this morning”
➢ HYPERBOLE exaggeration of expressions which
is impossible or far from reality. EXAMPLE: it
feels like my head is splitting into two.
➢ IRONY opposite of what it meant. EXAMPLE:
“wow, you could win an award for cleanliness”
referring to a dirty room.