Selection of analysis methods

Module III
Objectives
 Overview of search methods
 Circular search methods
 Non-Circular search methods
 Local and global search methods
 Optimization of failure surface
 Tips and recommendations

Search Methods in Slide – © 2017 Rocscience Inc.

Search Methods
 Circular slip surface
 Grid
 Slope
 Auto refine
 Non-circular slip surface
 Block
 Path
 Simulated annealing
 Auto refine
 Cuckoo

Search Methods in Slide – © 2017 Rocscience Inc.

 Which Search Methods to Use?
Model Search Methods
Homogeneous slope Circular Search
Multi-material model without well- Circular Search
defined weak layers Auto Refine (non-circular)
Cuckoo Search
Simulated Annealing
Model with well defined weak layer Cuckoo Search/Simulated Annealing
Block search
Circular search with composite surfaces
Anisotropic materials Cuckoo Search/Simulated Annealing

Search Methods in Slide – © 2017 Rocscience Inc.

Search Methods
 General guidelines
 Use more than one search method for analysis
 Consider both circular and non-circular
 Try different options associated with each search method

Search Methods in Slide – © 2017 Rocscience Inc.

Search Methods - circular
 Circular search methods: Grid search
 Used commonly
 Requires at least 1 slip center to be defined

Search Methods in Slide – © 2017 Rocscience Inc.

Search Methods - circular
 Circular search methods: Grid search
 Used commonly
 Requires at least 1 slip center to be defined
 Auto grid or add grid options

Search Methods in Slide – © 2017 Rocscience Inc.

Search Methods - circular
 Grid search
 Grid intervals specify # of slip centers
 # slip centers = (x+1) * (y+1)
 Example: (20 + 1) * (20 + 1) = 441 slip centers

Search Methods in Slide – © 2017 Rocscience Inc.

Search Methods - circular
 Grid search
 By default, slope surface determines slope limits
 Limits can be customized to narrow search

Search Methods in Slide – © 2017 Rocscience Inc.

Search Methods
 Grid search (options)
 Minimum elevation
 Determined by external boundary
 Can be user specified
 Minimum depth
 Filters shallow slip surfaces
 Minimum Area
 Minimum Weight
 Filter out very small slip regions
with less than a minimum total
cross-sectional area or slice
weight

Search Methods in Slide – © 2017 Rocscience Inc.

Search Methods
 Grid search (options)
 Composite surfaces

Search Methods in Slide – © 2017 Rocscience Inc.

Search Methods
 Grid search (options)
 Composite surfaces
 Circular surfaces that extend past external
boundaries automatically conform to shape
 Can be used to model a bedrock surface

Search Methods in Slide – © 2017 Rocscience Inc.

 Circular Search - Grid

No composite surface – FS 1.11 With composite surface – FS 0.95

Search Methods in Slide – © 2017 Rocscience Inc.

 Circular Search - Grid
 Tension crack
 To handle reverse curvature
surfaces generated in search
 If unchecked, reverse curvature
surfaces will be discarded

Search Methods in Slide – © 2017 Rocscience Inc.

Circular Search - Grid
 Besides slope limits, can focus search by adding focus objects

Search Methods in Slide – © 2017 Rocscience Inc.

Circular Search - Grid
 Focus window, line, tangent line and point

Search Methods in Slide – © 2017 Rocscience Inc.

Circular Search - Grid
 Focus search
 Focus window

Search Methods in Slide – © 2017 Rocscience Inc.

Circular Search - Grid
 Focus search
 Focus window
 Focus line

Search Methods in Slide – © 2017 Rocscience Inc.

Circular Search - Grid
 Focus search
 Focus window
 Focus line
 Focus point

Search Methods in Slide – © 2017 Rocscience Inc.

Circular Search - Grid
 Focus search
 Focus window
 Focus line
 Focus point
 Focus tangent

Search Methods in Slide – © 2017 Rocscience Inc.

Circular Search - Grid
 Notes
 Grid result is acceptable in sense that critical centre lies within Grid
 If critical centre lies on edge of Grid, expand Grid extents and re-run analysis
 If critical centre keeps moving off to infinity, see if critical circle is “thinning
out” to become infinite slope (i.e., surface sloughing problem)

Search Methods in Slide – © 2017 Rocscience Inc.

Circular Search - Slope
 Slope search
 Search areas of slope surface rather than grid of slip centers

Search Methods in Slide – © 2017 Rocscience Inc.

Circular Search - Slope
1. Two points on the slope are randomly generated
 Within slope limits
 Defines start and end point of slip surface
 Example: 4 surfaces between slope limits

Search Methods in Slide – © 2017 Rocscience Inc.

 Circular Search - Slope
2. Third point (for slip circle) is
generated by initial angle at toe
 Can use focus search, composite
surface, and other options

Search Methods in Slide – © 2017 Rocscience Inc.

Circular Search – Auto Refine
 Effective algorithm for iteratively refining search on slope
 Uses results of one search iteration to narrow search location

Search Methods in Slide – © 2017 Rocscience Inc.

 Circular Search – Auto Refine
 Divides slope surface into sections
 Considers circles connecting all
possible pairs of divisions
 Finds sets that minimize safety factors
 Refines search based on these sets

Search Methods in Slide – © 2017 Rocscience Inc.

 Circular Search
 Circular search methods should all yield very similar results.
 For example, using only the default search parameters for a homogeneous slope, the
critical slip surface and safety factor is nearly identical for all three methods (Grid
Search, Slope Search, Auto Refine).

Search Methods in Slide – © 2017 Rocscience Inc.

 Non-Circular Search Methods
Local Search Methods Global Search Methods
 Auto Refine Search  Cuckoo Search
 Block Search  Simulated Annealing
 Path Search
 Monte Carlo Optimization

Search Methods in Slide – © 2017 Rocscience Inc.

Non-Circular: Local Search Methods
 Block Search – requires user-defined search objects, and some
experience with placement of search objects for best results, good for
models with thin weak layers
 Path Search – does not require search objects, but does require user
customization of search parameters for best results. Not
recommended for weak layers or anisotropic materials
 Auto Refine (Non-circular) – works very well and does not require any
user input
 Optimization – Recommended for ALL non-circular search methods,
usually results in a lower FS

Search Methods in Slide – © 2017 Rocscience Inc.

Non-Circular Search – Block
 Considers sliding mass as active, passive and central blocks
 Preferred method when well defined weak layer is present in slope

Search Methods in Slide – © 2017 Rocscience Inc.

Non-Circular Search – Block
 Requires block search object
 Constrains locations of vertices of sliding blocks
 Types
 Window
 Single point
 Line
 Polyline One vertex of the failure
surface is constrained to be
within the red window

Search Methods in Slide – © 2017 Rocscience Inc.

Non-Circular Search – Block
1. For each block search object, generate random point
2. Connect generated points

Search Methods in Slide – © 2017 Rocscience Inc.

Non-Circular Search – Block
3. Projection angles determine end points

Search Methods in Slide – © 2017 Rocscience Inc.

Non-Circular Search – Block
3. Projection angles determine end points
4. Repeat until number of surfaces specified is met

Search Methods in Slide – © 2017 Rocscience Inc.

Non-circular – Block Search
 Two separate search lines result in wrong surface
 Addition of point search focus leads to correct answer

1.158

Search Methods in Slide – © 2017 Rocscience Inc.

Non-circular – Path Search
 Similar to “Irregular Surface Search" option in XSTABL
 Appropriate if well defined weak layer does not exist

Search Methods in Slide – © 2017 Rocscience Inc.

Non-circular – Path Search
 Use pair of slope limits
 Experiment with different Path Search parameters
 Increase number of tested surfaces

Search Methods in Slide – © 2017 Rocscience Inc.

Non-circular – Auto Refine Search
 Based on the Auto Refine Search option for Circular surfaces, with the
following steps:
 First generates circular surfaces, using the circular search algorithm.
 Each circle is converted into a non-circular (piece-wise linear).

Search Methods in Slide – © 2017 Rocscience Inc.

Non-circular – Auto Refine Search
 The slip surface with the lowest safety factor is determined using the
circular search algorithm.
 An optimization search can be applied to search for lower safety factor
surfaces.

Search Methods in Slide – © 2017 Rocscience Inc.

Search Automation
 Grid, Slope, Auto Refine, and Path search options require no additional
input
 Grid option requires definition of Grid Box, but this can be done automatically
 Slope and Path search are brute-force and random
 Auto Refine option improves results based on previous searches

Search Methods in Slide – © 2017 Rocscience Inc.

Non-circular
 Path and Block searches generally do not produce same “critical”
surface
 Generally used for different circumstances:
 Block search – presence of well defined weak layer that most likely dictates
failure mechanism
 Path search – not sure whether layer will be part of failure surface or not
(usually more user effort required to manually refine search)

Search Methods in Slide – © 2017 Rocscience Inc.

Surface Optimization (Non-circular)
 Monte Carlo technique (random walking)
 Greco, 1996
 Used in conjunction with Block Search or Path Search
 Can be used as independent search method
 Not guaranteed to find global minimum
 Used to optimize surface already considered to be good surface

Search Methods in Slide – © 2017 Rocscience Inc.

Surface Optimization (Non-circular)
 Description of algorithm
 Calculate factor of safety for initial slip surface
 Randomly modify location of a vertex of slip surface
 Calculate factor of safety for new surface
 If factor of safety for the modified surface lower than factor of safety for
initial surface, replace initial surface with modified
 If factor of safety for modified surface higher than factor of safety for initial
surface do not replace

Search Methods in Slide – © 2017 Rocscience Inc.

 Surface Optimization (Non-circular)

No With One surface

optimization optimization with optimization
FS = 0.763 FS = 0.668 FS = 0.667

Search Methods in Slide – © 2017 Rocscience Inc.

 Surface Optimization (Non-circular)

Search Methods in Slide – © 2017 Rocscience Inc.

 Surface Optimization (Non-circular)

Search Methods in Slide – © 2017 Rocscience Inc.

Local Minimum Trap in Slope
Stability Analysis
A brief introduction
 Introduction

 Problem of finding failure surface in

general is a daunting task

 Why?
Due to non-linear and non-smooth
behavior of the function evaluating
factor of safety (FS) for failure surfaces

Right figure illustrates an example of

FS distribution for a set of circular
surfaces defined by the grid

Search Methods in Slide – © 2017 Rocscience Inc.

 Introduction
 Local Minimum
is defined as a relative minimum
within its neighborhood, it may not
necessarily represent global minimum
F(x)

 1-Dimensional Example
Right figure depicts an example of a Local Min

function with local minimum Global Min

Control Variable x

Optimization algorithms used to

minimize the FS function can
sometimes get trapped in local
minima
Search Methods in Slide – © 2017 Rocscience Inc.
 Optimizing Failure Surfaces

 Control variables are inputs to the

optimization objective function
 In surface search, control variables are
x and y-ordinates of surface points (red
circles in the right figure)
 As a result, this is a multi-dimensional
nonlinear problem with local minima
 In functions with local minima, starting
configuration for search can affect the
final result

Search Methods in Slide – © 2017 Rocscience Inc.

 An Example of Initial State Effect
 We’ll consider an example of a same model with 2 different surfaces as starting
state for surface optimization

Search Methods in Slide – © 2017 Rocscience Inc.

 An Example of Initial State Effect
4.80

1.03
0.45

1.28

Search Methods in Slide – © 2017 Rocscience Inc.

 Non-circular – Simulated Annealing
 Non-circular method of global optimization
 Uses a hybrid simulated annealing (HSA)
algorithm. HSA has a higher precision and
employs significantly less iterations to find the
global minimum, when compared with other
global optimization methods.
 Couples a Very Fast Simulated Annealing
(VFSA) algorithm and an efficient searching
technique called Local Monte-Carlo (LMC)
 Advantages: Reliability and ease of
implementation

Search Methods in Slide – © 2017 Rocscience Inc.

 Non-circular – Cuckoo
 Non-circular method of global optimization
 High precision and few iterations
 Cuckoo Search coupled with the LMC optimizer.
Optimization algorithm developed by Xin-she Yang
and Suash Deb in 2009
 Requires no user-input of trial surfaces or search
objects
 Much faster compared to Simulated Annealing
 Able to display the various failure modes found
during the search, and can inform users of other
possible failure modes
Search Methods in Slide – © 2017 Rocscience Inc.
Search Methods - Conclusions
 Use more than one method, but limit to those appropriate to model!
 Search methods are not thinking methods
 No search method 100 % reliable for all models, should always run
both Cuckoo Search and Simulated Annealing and compare results
 Finding critical surface requires interaction with available tools
 Think about mechanics of problem
 Apply corresponding tools for analysis

Search Methods in Slide – © 2017 Rocscience Inc.

Search Methods – Example
 Objective
 For a soil containing a single weak layer find the failure surface with the
minimum factor of safety using both circular and non-circular search
methods.

Search Methods in Slide – © 2017 Rocscience Inc.

Search Methods Example
 Weak seam that probably controls failure

Search Methods in Slide – © 2017 Rocscience Inc.

Search Methods – Example

Search Methods in Slide – © 2017 Rocscience Inc.

Example 1 – Cuckoo Search versus Auto Refine Search
 Auto Refine Search versus Cuckoo Search for Anisotropic Material
model.
 An example of very significant difference in safety factor and failure
mode.
 Auto Refine Search: FS = 2.735, near circular surface
 Cuckoo: FS = 1.523, planar failure mode
 Also note, large tensile forces for auto refine surface.

Search Methods in Slide – © 2017 Rocscience Inc.

Example 1 – Cuckoo Search versus Auto Refine Search

 Auto Refine Search: FS = 2.735  Cuckoo: FS = 1.523

Search Methods in Slide – © 2017 Rocscience Inc.

Ex 2: Simulated Annealing vs Path Search vs Auto Refine
 A simple embankment model with Mohr Coulomb materials, no
tension embankment and water table.
 Path Search: FS = 1.514, near circular + tension crack
 Simulated Annealing: FS = 1.035, multi-linear surface + tension crack
 Auto Refine: FS = 1.213, multi-linear surface + tension crack
 Again, very significant difference in safety factor and failure mode.

Search Methods in Slide – © 2017 Rocscience Inc.

Ex 2: Simulated Annealing vs Path Search vs Auto Refine
 Path Search: FS = 1.514, near circular + tension crack

Search Methods in Slide – © 2017 Rocscience Inc.

Ex 2: Simulated Annealing vs Path Search vs Auto Refine
 Simulated Annealing: FS = 1.035, multi-linear surface + tension crack

Search Methods in Slide – © 2017 Rocscience Inc.

Ex 2: Simulated Annealing vs Path Search vs Auto Refine
 Auto Refine: FS = 1.213, multi-linear surface + tension crack

Search Methods in Slide – © 2017 Rocscience Inc.

 Conclusion
 Surface optimization can sometimes get trapped in a local minimum,
i.e. it finds a failure surface which is not necessarily the global
minimum
 The optimization algorithm in Slide 7.0 is relatively robust, and we are
working to improve it further, so it often yields good results
 Due to the nature of problem which consists of many local minima,
global search methods are expected to perform better to find failure
surface

Search Methods in Slide – © 2017 Rocscience Inc.

Conclusion
 Should ALWAYS run Cuckoo Search and / or Simulated Annealing
 With Optimization, very successful at finding global critical slip surfaces
 Cuckoo Search is much faster than Simulated Annealing
 Requires no user input or search objects
 Although very reliable, should still experiment with search parameters
to ensure best results, occasionally may get stuck in a local minimum

Search Methods in Slide – © 2017 Rocscience Inc.

Recommended Analysis Sequence for Critical Slip Surface Search
1. Circular > Auto Refine (or Grid Search or Slope Search)
 Methods: Bishop / Spencer / GLE

NOTE: for weak layer or anisotropic models, this is optional, but it never hurts
to run a circular analysis as a first step

2. Non-Circular > Auto Refine + Optimization

 Methods: Janbu / Spencer / GLE
3. Non-Circular > Cuckoo Search + Optimization
4. Non-Circular > Simulated Annealing + Optimization

Search Methods in Slide – © 2017 Rocscience Inc.

Recommended Analysis Sequence for Critical Slip Surface Search
4. For very thin weak layers, Block Search + Optimization may be
warranted
5. Check for tension. If present, apply tension crack or other
remediation method (e.g. Tensile Strength option) and re-run
analyses.
6. Run SSR slope stability analysis (finite element) with RS2 TO VALIDATE
RESULT.

Search Methods in Slide – © 2017 Rocscience Inc.

Example 7 – Search Example
 Let’s put our learnings from the last three modules into practice
 Open Example 7 Search Example Initial

Search Methods in Slide – © 2017 Rocscience Inc.

Search Methods in Slide3
Deterministic & Stochastic Algorithms
 Search for failure surface with minimum factor of safety is a nonlinear
optimization problem that is treated in a different number of ways in
Slide3
Deterministic • Grid Search
Methods • Auto-Refine Search

Stochastic • Cuckoo Search

Methods
(Metaheuristic) • Particle Swarm Search
Preferred Methods

Slide3 Introduction and Examples – © 2017 Rocscience Inc.

Deterministic Algorithms
 Deterministic: algorithm involves no random steps

1) Grid Search:
 A set of spherical surfaces are defined by the grid points
 From each grid point, ‘n’ spheres with different radii
ranging
from min radius to max radius are defined Rmin
 Min and max radii are defined based on grid point
location
with respect to the slope geometry Rmax
 Factor of safety is computed for each one of the spheres
and
the smallest is selected as the critical failure surface

Slide3 Introduction and Examples – © 2017 Rocscience Inc.

Deterministic Algorithms
2) Auto-Refine Search:
 A spherical surface can be defined by selecting two points as
entry and exit points and an angle of entry (assuming center is B
on vertical plane crossing A
α
the two points)

 A different set of spherical surfaces are generated by different

combinations of an initial grid
 Factor of safety is computed for each failure surface and the
lower ‘x’
percent will be selected for the next iteration
 Grid tiles that generate the selected surfaces, will be refined
into smaller partitions
 Search process stops after a finite number of iterations

Slide3 Introduction and Examples – © 2017 Rocscience Inc.

Metaheuristic Algorithms
 Metaheuristic: randomness is introduced in some steps of the algorithm

 Particle Swarm Optimization (PSO):

 Search starts with a random population of failure surfaces in the search scope (known
as particles)
 The search proceeds by updating each particle for the next iteration:
 Updating parameters in are selected randomly such that
the new particle is inspired by the best found solution among
all particles ( ) and best found solution by that particle in the
previous iterations ( )

 Search process is stopped after a finite number of iterations

Slide3 Introduction and Examples – © 2017 Rocscience Inc.

Metaheuristic Algorithms
 Cuckoo Search:
 Search starts with a random population of ‘n’ failure surfaces (each surface is
assigned to a nest)
 For each nest, a new random surface based on its current surface is generated
 These new surfaces are compared with the solution in a random nest, if they have a
lower factor of safety, they will replace the solution in that nest
 A small percent of worse solutions in the ‘n’ nests
will be thrown away and replaced by completely
. . . initial random
solution

new solutions
random new solutions ... produced by a
 This process is repeated for a probability dist.

finite number of iterations ... updated set of

solutions

Throw away some of the worst solutions

and repeat the process

Slide3 Introduction and Examples – © 2017 Rocscience Inc.

Metaheuristic Algorithms
 The number of particles in PSO and number of nests in Cuckoo Search
indicate different paths that will be used to explore the search region
 20 different paths is usually good enough for most of the problems
 The larger numbers of iterations naturally yield to improved results,
but it costs longer computation times
 Advantage of PSO and Cuckoo search is that due to stochastic nature,
they tend to escape local minima and are considered as global
optimization methods
 Surface optimization is more efficient in local search, therefore in
practice it is better to combine PSO and Cuckoo with surface
optimization rather than using very large number of iterations
Slide3 Introduction and Examples – © 2017 Rocscience Inc.
Surface Optimization
 Slide3 employs an efficient method known as Surface Altering (SA)
optimization
 SA is a powerful tool to yield lower factors of safety by modifying
geometry of a given surface
 SA is a novel approach based on Bound Optimization developed by
Powell in 2009
 Unlike the metaheuristic method, SA is a local optimization method

Slide3 Introduction and Examples – © 2017 Rocscience Inc.

Surface Optimization
 In SA, input surface is first converted to a spline approximation
 Converted spline surface can be formed based on a 5x5, 7x7 or 9x9 grid of
control points. This can be set via “Conversion Resolution” in the options
dialog
 After conversion, control points defining the surface are modified in a way
that minimize the factor of safety
 The optimization process is stopped when either the maximum number of
iterations is reached or when the optimization does not make any further
progress FOS

Number of iterations
max itr
Slide3 Introduction and Examples – © 2017 Rocscience Inc.
Surface Types
 Spherical: minimum set of parameters

 Ellipsoidal: moderate number of parameters

 Spline: large number of parameters

Number of Complexity Searching

parameters performance

Slide3 Introduction and Examples – © 2017 Rocscience Inc.

Examples
 Model 1: Slope with weak layer, water surface and load
 Search Settings: PSO (20 particles, 40 iterations)
 With no surface optimization, best ellipsoidal surface gives FOS ~ 1.2

Bishop: 1.22, Janbu: 1.18, Spencer: 1.24, GLE: 1.23

Slide3 Introduction and Examples – © 2017 Rocscience Inc.
Examples
 Model 1, with Surface Altering, 20 iterations, FOS ~ 0.8

Bishop: 0.84, Janbu: 0.83, Spencer: 0.84, GLE: 0.84

Slide3 Introduction and Examples – © 2017 Rocscience Inc.

Examples
 Model 2: Simple slope with two-planes anisotropic material
 Search Settings: Cuckoo (20 nests, 40 iterations)
 FOS using Bishop method, without SA = 3.4, using SA = 2.14

Slide3 Introduction and Examples – © 2017 Rocscience Inc.

Examples
 Model 3: Open pit with pore water pressure grid and multiple
materials
 Search Settings:
 Cuckoo (20 nests, 20 itr)
 FOS using Janbu,
without SA = 1.87,
using SA = 1.39

Slide3 Introduction and Examples – © 2017 Rocscience Inc.

Analysis of Open Pit using Slope
Limits
Slide3 Tutorial
Introduction
 The model analyzes an open pit
made up of a single soil
 The critical factor of safety is
found for the entire model and
in two specific regions using the
slope limits tool
 Analysing specific regions for
the factor of safety will aid in
the design of location specific
slope reinforcement
 *Settings for results accuracy
are set to low to ensure fast
computations
Base Normal Stress Contours on Critical Failure Surface

Analysis of Open Pit using Slope Limits – © 2017 Rocscience Inc.

Step 1: Running Entire Model
 Open the Slide 3 model Open Pit –
Starting File.slide3model’
 Select ‘Compute’ to find the critical
factor of safety for the entire model
 Once computations are complete
select the ‘Results’ tab
 Select ‘Show/Hide Surface Contours’
to view critical slope contours
Base Normal Stress Contours on Critical Failure Surface
 The results will appear as shown
Method Factor of Safety
Spencer 1.78

Analysis of Open Pit using Slope Limits – © 2017 Rocscience Inc.

Step 2: Selecting a Slope Limit
 Select ‘Add Slope Limit By Volume’ from
the ‘Surfaces’ dropdown menu
 This will create a rectangular prism in
the model containing the specific area
to check the factor of safety
 In the Viewport use the transform tool
to translate and rotate the boundary.
Hover over corners of the boundary to
use the point as a reference
 Set the boundary of the slope to the
bottom left quarter of the model as
shown
 Boundaries are approximate and may
differ

Analysis of Open Pit using Slope Limits – © 2017 Rocscience Inc.

 Step 2: Selecting a Slope Limit
 Once the desired location has been
selected, right click with the mouse and
select ‘Done’
 A window will appear prompting for a
name, colour and boundary condition for
the slope to be either inside, outside or
intersecting
 These settings can be left as default
 Select ‘Compute’ to automatically find the
critical factor of safety within the defined
Slope Limit 1
 Once computations are complete select
the ‘Results’ tab and ‘Show/Hide Surface
Contours’ Method Factor of Safety
Spencer 1.77 Base Normal Stress Contours on Critical Failure Surface

Analysis of Open Pit using Slope Limits – © 2017 Rocscience Inc.

 Step 3: Selecting a Second Slope Limit
 Delete Slope Limit 1 and Select ‘Add Slope Limit By Volume’ from the
‘Surfaces’ dropdown menu
 Now select the boundary to the top section surrounding the smaller pit as
shown
 Boundaries are approximate and may differ
 Right click and select ‘Done’
 Rename as “Slope Limit 2” and select ‘OK’

Analysis of Open Pit using Slope Limits – © 2017 Rocscience Inc.

Step 3: Selecting a Second Slope Limit
 Select ‘Compute’ and ‘Show/Hide Surface Contours’
 Results should appear as shown
Method Factor of Safety
Spencer 2.56

Base Normal Stress Contours on Critical Failure Surface

Analysis of Open Pit using Slope Limits – © 2017 Rocscience Inc.

Example 8 – Slope Limits
 Open Example 8 No Slope Limit
 Open Example 8 Slope Limits

Search Methods in Slide – © 2017 Rocscience Inc.

End of Module