DANISH CLIMATE AND

DEVELOPMENT ACTION
PROGRAMME
A TOOL KIT FOR CLIMATE PROOFING
DANISH DEVELOPMENT COOPERATION
Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Denmark
Danida
Asiatisk Plads 2
DK-1448 Kbenhavn K
Denmark
Phone: +45 33 92 00 00
Fax: +45 32 54 05 33
E-mail: [email protected]
Internet: www.um.dk
ISBN 87-7667-284-0 (print version)
ISBN 87-7667-285-9 (internet version)
omslag GB.indd 1 09/08/05 13:55:06
A TOOL KIT FOR CLIMATE PROOFING
DANISH DEVELOPMENT COOPERATION
DANISH CLIMATE AND
DEVELOPMENT ACTION
PROGRAMME
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LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS
AMG Danidas Aid Management Guidelines
BFT Technical Advisory Service of MFA
CDM Clean Development Mechanism
CER Certied Emissions Reductions
CO
2
Carbon dioxide
Danida Danish International Development Assistance
DCCD Danida Centre for Competence Development
DCDAP Danida Climate and Development Action Programme
DNA Designated National Authority
EIA Environmental Impact Assessment
ERH Department for Business Cooperation
& Technical Assistance of MFA
EU European Union
GEF Global Environmental Facility
GHG Greenhouse Gases
IPCC Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change
of the United Nations
JI Joint Implementation
LDC Least Developed Countries
MDG Millennium Development Goals
MEA Multilateral Environmental Agreement
MFA Danish Ministry of Foreign Affairs
MIL Department for Environment and
Sustainable Development of MFA
NAPA National Adaptation Programmes of Action
NGO Non-Governmental Organisation
PRSP Poverty Reduction Strategy Paper
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SEA Danish Special Environmental Assistance
SWAP Sector Wide Approach
TAR IPCC Third Assessment Report
ToR Terms of Reference
UNFCCC United Nations Framework Convention on
Climate Change
UNEP United Nations Environmental Programme
UNDP United Nations Development Programme
WMO World Meteorological Organization
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LIST OF CONTENT
1. Introduction 6
2. Climate Change a Challenge for Development 9
2.1 Impacts of climate change on development 9
2.2 International Cooperation on Climate Change 12
2.3 The Scientic Background to Climate Change 15
3. The two leg Approach in Climate and Development 18
3.1 Adaptation to Climate Change 18
3.2 Mitigation of Climate Change 20
4. Danish Development Cooperation and Climate Change 25
4.1 Key Principles on Climate Change and
Development Cooperation 26
4.2 Areas of Climate Change Interventions 28
4.3 Screening for Climate Change 29
5. Multilateral Development Cooperation 31
6. Bilateral Development Cooperation: Country Programmes 34
7. Bilateral Development Cooperation: Sector Programmes 38
8. Bilateral Development Cooperation: Mixed Credit Projects 42
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9. Implementation of the Climate and Development
Action Programme 44
9.1 Early Lessons, Good Practice, and Benchmarks 44
9.2 Aid Management Guidelines, Internal Capacity
Development, Knowledge Sharing 45
9.3 Feed-back and Review 46
10. Glossary 48
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1.
INTRODUCTION
Climate change already happens, and will continue in the decades to
come. Without preventive action and adaptation to climate change,
human life and the global environment may suffer great costs. By acting
now, the costs are considered marginal compared to the costs of in-
action. To reduce the negative impacts of climate change, action is
therefore needed.
Climate change resulting in climate variability and extreme weather
conditions is a potential cause of human and economic losses and
impeded development opportunities. In particular, people in many
developing countries are vulnerable due to poverty. The impacts of
climate change mainly occur within agriculture, forestry, water supply,
1
) Reference: http://www.unmillenniumproject.org/reports/int_actions4.htm
Climate change is a major development issue that needs to be addressed
urgently. Unless global warming slows down, the incidence of droughts
and oods will likely increase, vector-borne diseases will probably
expand their reach, and many ecosystems, such as man groves and coral
reefs, will likely be put under great strain. In short, achievements in the
ght against disease, hunger, poverty, and environmental degradation
risk being unravelled by climate change.

UN Millennium Project
1
6

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physical infrastructure, and human health. Climate change can under-
mine economic opportunities, increase poverty, and lead to migrations
due to natural disasters and uncertain living conditions.
Because of climate change, the outcome of development cooperation and
investments in developing countries can be undermined. By taking
climate change into consideration, development cooperation can be
climate proofed.
2
This will help protect investment of scarce develop-
ment resources and foster climate-friendly development. Therefore,
integration of climate change concerns into planning and implementa-
tion of development cooperation is wise policy and will support develop-
ing countries in coping with climate change.
Climate change is a result of complex natural and human interactions.
Consequently, climate change is surrounded by considerable uncertain-
ties. As for economic development, assessments therefore must be made
to determine future trends. Assessment of risks and possible impacts from
projected changes to the global climate becomes increasingly important
in national planning, and specic regional predictions are often available
for the use of planning and implementation of development cooperation.
Lack of precise data is, however, no excuse for not addressing the
challenge of climate change.
The objective of the Danida Climate and Development Action
Programme is to climate proof Danish development cooperation in
order to effectively ght poverty and promote economic and social
development for present and future generations.
The Danish Climate and Development Action Programme is a response
to the need to address climate change in the context of development. The
Action Programme, inter alia, is a follow up to the EU Action Plan on
Climate change in the Context of Development Cooperation, which was
launched by the European Council of Ministers in November 2004.
2
) See glossary for denitions of terminology.
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Through the Climate and Development Action Programme, climate
change concerns will be integrated into Danish development cooperation
where relevant. Climate Change is not a new crosscutting theme for
Danish development cooperation. Climate change, however, will be
addressed as a challenge linked to the crosscutting environment theme
in Danish development cooperation. For this purpose, the Action
Programme is set up as an integral part of the Danida Aid Management
Guidelines (AMG).
The main target group of the Climate and Development Action Pro-
gramme is the staff working with development cooperation in the
Danish Ministry of Foreign Affairs (MFA) in Copenhagen, at Danish
Embassies in partner countries, and at Danish missions and embassies
accredited to multilateral organisations. The Action Programme is also
aimed at stakeholders in partner countries, i.e. governmental institutions,
both at national and local levels, and other organisations involved in
programme implementation, such as non-governmental organisations
(NGOs) and civil society, the private sector, and academic and research
communities.
The Action Programme provides tools for climate change screening and
guidance for actions in relation to Danish development cooperation. A
website for the Climate and Development Action Programme is
developed to support the implementation of the Action Programme.
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2.
CLIMATE CHANGE A CHALLENGE
FOR DEVELOPMENT
2.1 Impacts of climate change on development
Climate change is a major global challenge and a potential threat to human
welfare and to economic and social development. Therefore, climate
change is also a major development challenge. The negative effects of
climate change are mostly felt in developing countries. Climate change is
a serious risk to the ght against poverty and could lead to a set back in
years work to protect and enhance human well-being and sustainable
development.
Analyses, including those prepared for the 2005 UN Summit on reaching
the Millennium Development Goals (MDG), have high-lighted that
without urgent and adequate global responses to climate change, the
The developing countries are expected to suffer the most from the
negative impacts of climate change. This is due to the economic
importance of climate-sensitive sectors (for example, agriculture and
sheries) for these countries, and to their limited human, institutional,
and nancial capacity to anticipate and respond to the direct and
indirect effects of climate change. In general, the vulnerability is highest
for least developed countries in the tropical and subtropical areas.
Hence, the countries with the fewest resources are likely to bear the
greatest burden of climate change in terms of loss of life and relative
effect on investment and the economy.

Multi-agency report on Poverty and Climate Change (2002, p.5)
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efforts to achieve the MDGs and other development objectives could be
undermined. Similarly, climate change may undermine the efforts and
outcomes of development cooperation.
Development cooperation programmes and projects are designed with
explicit or implicit assumptions about the climate in which they will
function. The conventional way is to assume that the climate of the past
is a reliable guide to the future. This is no longer a sufcient assumption.
To address climate change, the design criteria must be based on probable
future climate scenarios and expected impacts.
In order to take climate change into consideration, the environmental
assessment of development cooperation programmes and projects will
have to address not only the effects of development cooperation on the
environment, but also the impacts that imminent climate-related
environmental and socio-economic changes have on development
cooperation.
Sector specic risks can be identied for typical sectors in development
corporation programmes. To determine the risks to which sectors are
exposed, it is necessary to examine their vulnerability to specic hazards.
The potential hazards from climate change and climate variability
include:
Increased surface temperatures.
Sea level rise.
Decreased or increased precipitation.
Soil erosion.
Fluctuating and changing courses of rivers.
Changes in frequencies and intensity of storms.
Changing weather patterns, including drought and ood patterns.
Glacier lake outbursts from increased melting of ice capped
mountains.
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Sectors that are most vulnerable to the risks of climate change and
increased climate variability are:
Agriculture: inuence on crop production from higher temperatures
and changes in rainfall and water supply, changes of pest and disease
patterns.
Water resources: greater evaporation, changes in rainfall, changes in
ground water levels, increasing water demands in warmer climate,
salt-water intrusion with sea level rise.
Human health: greater risks of vector borne and water borne dis-
eases, greater heat stress, and exposure to ultra-violet radiation.
Biodiversity and natural ecosystems: greater risks of loss of vulnerable
coastal and marine ecosystems including wetlands, mangroves, and
coral reefs, increased risk of desertication and loss of biodiversity,
impact on migratory species.
Coastal area infrastructure: sea level rise, more severe storms.
Housing and other infrastructure: heavier rains and storms, water
availability.
Tourism: temperature changes, sea level rise, disease patterns, and
water availability.
The impacts of climate change and extreme weather events, like tropical
storms and oods, can have a devastating impact on developing coun-
tries economies. For example, climate change can cause damage to
infrastructure, e.g. roads, harbours and other development projects, often
funded by poor countries with a mixture of loans, soft loans and grants.
According to a UNEP study (2002), worldwide economic losses due to
natural disasters appear to be doubling every 10 years. On current trends,
annual losses may reach almost USD 150 billion in the next decade.
Although not all natural disasters are caused by extreme weather and
climate change, this gives an indication of the scale of the costs of climate
change.
As an example, in 1999 and 2000 a large port terminal in a Caribbean
island was devastated by unexpected weather events. Reconstruction and
loss of revenues cost millions of dollars. The loss could have been reduced
if proper risk assessment and higher standards of design specications
had been used. Although this would have implied an additional cost,
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such cost would only have been in the 10-15 per cent range of the cost of
reconstruction.
3
Climate change can also lead to less visible impacts that have an inuence
on a large group of people. This may be the case in subsistence and
commercial farming due to erosion or ooding, damage to feeder roads,
and increased outbreak of tropical diseases.
The costs of such complex events are difcult to assess. However, by taking
precautionary action
4
through risk management and up-front investments,
loss of human lives and resources for development may be avoided.
The anticipated adverse impacts of climate change therefore should be
addressed through use of appropriate climate change planning and
management tools in development cooperation programmes. Integrating
such tools in environmental assessments and design of development
cooperation programmes will help climate proof development coopera-
tion. Thereby, climate proong becomes an integrated part of environ-
ment-friendly development policy and risk assessment of any investment
in countries and sectors that are vulnerable to climate change.
2.2 International Cooperation on Climate Change
The challenge of climate change can only be met through a concerted
international effort and through cooperation between developed and
developing countries. The United Nations Framework Convention for
Climate Change (UNFCCC) is the key multilateral agreement address-
ing climate change.
3
) For less investment intensive projects, the additional cost would be less.
Through cost-benet analysis of different construction standards during project
appraisal, the potential risks and expected damages may be weighed against the cost
of risk mitigation options and the present value of avoided damage over the projects
lifetime.
4
) Principle 15 of the Declaration from the Rio Conference on Environment and
Development (see glossary).
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Box 1: United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change
(UNFCCC)
The UNFCCC was established at the United Nations Conference on
Environment and Development in Rio de Janeiro in 1992.
With the Convention, the international community recognized
climate change as a global challenge and human activities releasing
green house gases as a contributing factor. In response to the
challenge, the Climate Convention was set up to achieve
stabilization of green house gas concentrations in the atmosphere
at a level that would prevent dangerous anthropogenic interference
with the climate system. Denmark along with 188 other nations has
ratied the UNFCCC, which entered into force in 1994.
Through the Climate Convention, the industrialized countries agreed to
stabilize their greenhouse gas emissions at the 1990 level. However, the
Climate Convention did not set out internationally agreed reduction
targets.
In 1997, at the third conference of the UNFCCC, agreement was
reached to set up the Kyoto Protocol under UNFCCC. The Kyoto
Protocol includes binding targets and instruments to address the emis-
sion of greenhouse gasses (GHG) into the atmosphere.
According to the Kyoto Protocol, developing countries do not have
binding targets to reduce greenhouse gas emissions. In absolute terms,
emission of GHG in developing countries will, however, soon reach
levels similar to the emissions of industrialized countries. This is mainly
due to strong economic growth and increasing energy consumption in
major emerging economies. Against this background, international
negotiations are initiated to discuss how to broaden the effort to mitigate
climate change after the expiration of the Protocols rst commitment
period in 2012.
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Box 2: The Kyoto Protocol
The Kyoto Protocol is the only international instrument for global
action to mitigate climate change. The Protocol was set up to
establish internationally binding commitments for the reduction of
GHG and thereby support the overall objective of the UNFCCC. The
Protocol, being ratied by around 150 countries, entered into force
in February 2005. The Protocol requires developed countries to
reduce GHG emissions, among them carbon dioxide, by at least 5
per cent compared to the 1990 level in the rst commitment period
from 2008 to 2012.
According to the Protocol, Denmark has to reduce its emission of GHG
by 8 per cent to 92 per cent from the base year in 1990. However, ac-
cording to an agreement in the European Community to meet EUs
overall emission reduction targets, Denmark has made a commitment to
reduce GHG emissions by 21 per cent from the 1990 base year in the
rst commitment period.
The European Union is a driving force in the international efforts to
address climate change. At a meeting of the European Council in March
2005, agreement was reached to work for ambitious targets as part of the
international climate change regime. Increased international efforts were
called for to ensure that the average global mean temperature will not
increase by more than 2
0
Celsius compared to the pre-industrial level.
As a step to support climate change actions in developing countries, the
EU has developed the EU Action Plan on Climate change in the
Context of Development Cooperation.
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Box 3: EU Action Plan on Climate Change in the Context
of Development Cooperation
The EU Action Plan, launched by the European Council of Ministers
on November 22, 2004, identies four strategic priorities:
1. Raising the policy prole of climate change, both among EU
development policy makers and practitioners, and in EU partner
countries.
2. Support to EU partner countries for adaptation to the adverse
effects of climate change.
3. Support to EU partner countries to mitigate emissions of
greenhouse gases causing climate change.
4. Capacity development in EU partner countries.
The EU Action Plan translates these strategic priorities into concrete
actions to be implemented collectively by the EU Commission and
the EU Member States in a coordinated and complementary manner
in line with their development cooperation programmes and
priorities.
With the Danish Climate and Development Action Programme, steps
are taken to accelerate Danish implementation of the EU Action Plan on
Climate change in the Context of Development Cooperation. It signals
Denmarks recognition of climate change as a major global challenge with
particularly negative impacts on developing countries.
2.3 The Scientic Background to Climate Change
Climate change is probably the most signicant driver of global environ-
mental change. The Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC)
has dened climate change as Any change in climate over time, whether
due to natural variability, or as a result of human activities. IPCC is the
independent scientic panel of the United Nations assessing the causes
and impacts of climate change (box 4).
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The scientic challenge addressed by IPCC includes three main issues:
1. Is there a climate change according to the IPCC denition?
The question more precisely is whether there is a change in climate
that may exceed the resilience of the natural and economic systems?
According to scientic data compiled by IPCC
5
, there is enough
evidence to suggest an ongoing climate change.
2. What are the causes of climate change?
The scientic community agrees that the accumulation of green-
house gasses contributes to climate change. It is, however, difcult to
determine the extent to which climate change can be attributed to
human activities. IPCC has concluded that most of the observed glo-
bal warming over the past 50 years is likely to be due to the increase
in GHG attributable to human activities releasing GHG into the
atmosphere from fossil fuel burning and from biomass decomposi-
tion, e.g. deforestation.
3. What are the impacts of climate change?
The question is how climate change will inuence human livelihood,
the natural ecosystems, and industrial and agricultural production.
Such impacts are central to achieving key development goals, includ-
ing poverty reduction. Thus, IPCC has assessed that the negative
effects of climate change are mostly felt in developing countries.
While there is agreement that climate change can cause severe nega-
tive impacts, it is also recognized that climate change may have posi-
tive impacts.
5
) IPCC Third Assessment Report (2001) www.ipcc.ch
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Box 4: Scientic background to climate change
The UN Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) was
established in 1988. The role of the IPCC is to assess, on a
comprehensive, objective, open, and transparent basis, the scientic
and socio-economic information relevant to understanding the
scientic basis of risk of human-induced climate change, its
potential impacts and options for adaptation and mitigation. The
IPCC draws on a network of several hundred scientists.
IPCCs Third Assessment Report from 2001 concludes that the
globally averaged surface temperatures have increased by 0.6
+

0.2
0
C
over the 20th century, and that, for the range of scenarios
developed in the IPCC Special Report on Emissions Scenarios, the
globally averaged surface temperature is projected by Global
Circulation Models to warm 1.4 to 5.80 C by 2100 relative to 1990,
and globally averaged sea level is projected by models to rise 0.09
to 0.88 m by 2100 These changes take place against a background
of an increase in anthropogenic emissions of greenhouse gases over
the last 250 years.
According to IPCC, regional changes in climate, particularly increases
in temperature, have already affected a diverse set of physical and
biological systems in many parts of the world. These changes lead
to sea level rise, changes in precipitation patterns and increase in
the frequency and magnitude of extreme weather events such as
droughts, oods and storms.
The IPPC ndings illustrate, that even if anthropogenic emissions of
greenhouse gases are eliminated immediately, the inertia of the
climate system will make temperature continue to rise for the next
30 years and sea level rise a lot longer. Therefore, adaptation to
climate change is needed.
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3.
THE TWO LEG APPROACH
IN CLIMATE AND DEVELOPMENT
Efforts to address climate change must walk on two legs. The one leg is
to support adaptation to climate change. The other is to enhance mitiga-
tion of climate change.
1. Adaptation to climate change includes measures for adjusting to the
impacts of climate change and managing the risks.
2. Mitigation of climate change includes policies and measures to
reduce the emission of greenhouse gases. In principle, mitigation
efforts have the same effect on stabilizing atmospheric GHG con-
centrations in the atmosphere irrespective of where in the world such
efforts are carried out.
While adaptation is a cure to alleviate negative impacts and mitigation is
prevention, it is adaptation that is most closely linked to poverty
reduction and the development agenda. Thus, in accordance with the
principle of common, but differentiated responsibilities
6
, developing
countries often emphasize adaptation to climate change as the key
concern for which nancial support is needed, and argue that industrial-
ized countries should continue to take the lead in mitigation.
3.1 Adaptation to Climate Change
Adaptation is the management of risks and vulnerability associated with
climate change and extreme weather events. UNDP has dened adapta-
6
) Principle 7 of the Declaration from the Rio Conference on Environment and De-
velopment.
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tion to climate change as: a process by which strategies to moderate, cope
with, and take advantage of the consequences of climate events are enhanced,
developed and implemented.
According to the IPCC, adaptation is adjustment in natural or human
systems in response to actual or expected climatic stimuli or their effects,
which moderates harm or exploits benecial opportunities. Both denitions
include the possibility of adaptation to take advantage of positive events
due to climate change.
In practical terms, a number of actions exist to adjust to, or avoid the
impacts of climate change. Adaptation options include:
Protection against sea-level rise, where possible, including salt-water
intrusion in water supply.
Strengthening primary health care as a response to changes in distri-
bution of vector borne diseases.
Changes in design specications and building codes to address cli-
mate change and more frequent extreme weather conditions.
Rehabilitation of natural ecosystems, e.g. mangroves as a barrier
against violent storms and oods.
Construction of infrastructure to stand higher level of water run-off,
e.g. wider bridges and larger culverts in roads, or reduced construc-
tion demands if less precipitation is anticipated.
Risk adjustments to address variations in crop production in agricul-
ture, e.g. use of more robust crop varieties and access to crop insur-
ance.
Management of water resources in order to maintain access to water
and alleviate risks of drought or protect against oods.
The above list indicates that the management of risks of climate change
includes a range of opportunities for adaptation in development coopera-
tion that are linked to poverty reduction.
Although knowledge about climate change impacts on development is
still limited, Danish development cooperation may contribute directly
and indirectly to adaptation. Adaptation should be integrated into the
broader development agenda.
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Examples of adaptation in Danish development cooperation are the
management of water resources in a regional programme in Southern
Africa, and risk management in agriculture through crop improvement,
and access to credits for diversication of production. Adaptation also
includes the assessment of extreme weather on infrastructure, e.g. road
construction in transport sector programmes.
Generally the cost of taking precautionary action to adapt to climate
change will be low compared to the cost of in-action. This, for example,
could be the case in increasing the distance of new buildings, roads, and
boreholes from coastlines. However, given the uncertainty of future
climate change, it is important that costly adaptation measures are
carefully assessed and compared to the risk of not taking precautionary
action.
The recognition of an urgent need for adaptation in the most vulnerable
countries has led to proposals from developing countries, NGOs, and
research institutions for strengthening the role of adaptation in the
international climate regime.
At the UN climate change conference in Marrakech in 2002, a special
work programme for Least Developed Countries (LDCs) was adopted.
One of the key features of the programme is the requirement for LDCs
to prepare National Adaptation Programmes of Action (NAPAs).
Adaptation efforts are particularly important in the most vulnerable
countries, such as LDCs and Small Island Developing States.
Even if mitigation is successful, there will be impacts from climate
change and a need for adaptation. The reason is that the inertia of the
climate change system may cause the concentration of greenhouse gases
to continue to increase and global temperatures to continue to rise.
3.2 Mitigation of Climate Change
A signicant contributing factor leading to climate change is the fact that
most countries rely on fossil energy sources (coal, oil, and gas) resulting
in emission of CO
2
and other GHG. Another contributing factor is the
release of CO
2
and methane from organic soils and biomass due to
drainage of land, rice cultivation, shifting cultivation, and deforestation.
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Mitigation is dened as an intervention to reduce human-caused net
emission of greenhouse gases. Measures for mitigation include:
Reduction at the source of emissions from use of fossil fuels by
means such as energy efciency, fuel switching (e.g. from coal to gas),
renewable energy, and clean coal technology.
Capturing of waste greenhouse gases, such as methane emitted from
landlls with organic waste.
Creating sinks for storing carbon through natural resource manage-
ment options, including land use and forest management that lead to
the sequestration of carbon in organic matter in soils and biomass, in
particular in trees.
According to the Kyoto Protocol, emission reduction targets have not
been set for developing countries. With a signicant increase in energy
consumption in many developing countries, it is, however, important to
develop options that allow developing countries to pursue climate-
friendly (low-carbon) development strategies.
The Kyoto Protocol includes two project based exible mechanisms for
industrialized countries to reduce emissions without relying only on
domestic measures, i.e. the Clean Development Mechanism (CDM) and
Joint Implementation (JI)
7
. CDM gives industrialized countries the
opportunity to nance mitigation projects in developing countries with
the aim of contributing to sustainable development while also helping
industrialized countries meet their reduction commitments.
Because CDM projects by denition produce CO
2
credits, such projects
are distinct from development cooperation in areas such as preparation,
nancing, and monitoring requirements.
Danish development cooperation may contribute directly and indirectly
to partner countries mitigation efforts.
7
) Joint Implementation gives industrialized countries an opportunity to acquire carbon
credits from supporting projects in other industrialized countries and is not relevant
for developing countries.
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Box 5: Clean Development Mechanism
The Clean Development Mechanism (CDM) is one of the exible
mechanisms included in the Kyoto Protocol to help mitigate climate
change. The CDM allows industrialized countries to invest in
emission reduction projects in developing countries and thereby
generate credits, Certied Emissions Reductions (CER), for the use
of the investor to meet national GHG reduction target. As stipulated
in article 12 of the Protocol, the objective of CDM also is also to
assist developing countries achieve sustainable development.
8

Denmark provides support to CDM priority countries: Malaysia,
Thailand, South Africa, China, and Indonesia. Danish embassies in
these countries have an important role to play in working together
with the host governments and other local partners to identify and
develop CDM projects. Danish support includes helping set up
Designated National Authority (DNA) for approving CDM projects.
Denmark is also engaged in purchase of CDM credits from projects
developed through the Mixed Credits Facility (soft loans). In addition
to the direct procurement of credits from projects, Denmark also
purchases indirect credits through the Danish Carbon Fund,
managed by the World Bank.
Whereas ofcial development assistance cannot be used to
purchase Certied Emission Reductions (CERs), development
assistance may be used to build capacity to develop CDM projects.
8
) Kyoto Protocol, Article 12: The purpose of the clean development mechanism shall
be to assist Parties not included in Annex I [i.e. developing countries] in achie-
ving sustainable development and in contributing to the ultimate objective of the
Convention, and to assist Parties included in Annex I [i.e. industrialized countries]
in achieving compliance with their quantied emission limitation and reduction
commitments.
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Examples of mitigation efforts in Danish development cooperation
include investments to reduce the use of fossil fuels through renewable
energy (solar, wind energy, and hydro-power). Often the potential exists
to pursue on- and off-grid renewable energy options instead of diesel
generators as the supplier of energy. The aim is to provide energy services
for poor and remote locations. In addition, improvements in energy
efciency have a great potential for reduction of fossil fuel based energy
production.
As an example, Danida has supported the promotion of electrical mini-
vans for public transport in Nepal. Electricity for the vehicles is generated
from hydro-power, and recharging takes place during night time when
power consumption for other purposes is low.
In another example from South Africa, a project has improved energy
efciency for buildings and household appliances. The aim is to reduce
energy costs for poor people and postpone investments in new power
plants.
Sinks for storing carbon can be promoted through development coopera-
tion in programmes that improve management of forests and increase the
area and volume of forests. For example, the expansion of forest areas and
increase in standing volume and carbon storage is a visible result of the
Danish support to community forestry in Nepal.
However, the use of sinks projects as part of the CDM is controversial.
The reservations against sinks projects include that CO
2
is not perma-
nently stored in forest and that sinks projects may lead to monocultures
with low biodiversity and few livelihood options. Denmark along with
other EU member states, therefore, is not actively promoting sinks
projects as part of CDM. Similarly, Denmark along with other EU
member states also does not actively engage in large hydro-power projects
due to the potential negative environmental and social impacts associated
with large dams.
When pursuing renewable energy options, positive and negative environ-
mental and social impacts must be assessed. Such impacts may include
changes in employment patterns related to local off-grid energy plants
and resettlement of local communities related to hydro-power.
23
climateGB.indd 23 09/08/05 13:57:22
Mitigation should be pursued as an integral part of promoting sustain-
able development and improving living conditions for present and future
generations. In particular, mitigation should be pursued where mitigation
presents a win-win situation in relation to poverty reduction such as
developing sustainable forest management systems and improving energy
efciency.
By taking actions to mitigate climate change, potential damages caused
by climate change can be reduced or delayed. Delaying the negative
impacts of climate change through mitigation will give vulnerable
countries more time to initiate measures and build capacity to adapt to
climate change.
24
climateGB.indd 24 09/08/05 13:57:22
The Danida Climate and Development Action Programme outlines
actions to be taken in Danish development cooperation in order to
address the challenges of climate change and to mainstream climate
change actions into development cooperation.
In line with the EU Action Plan, the Danish Climate and Development
Action Programme includes the following four elements:

1. Raising the policy prole of climate change in multilateral and
bilateral development cooperation to address adaptation to, and
mitigation of climate change.
2. Adaptation to climate change in development cooperation
programmes.
3. Mitigation of climate change in the context of development
cooperation programmes.
4. Capacity development to address the challenge of climate change
and take appropriate actions in development cooperation
programmes and national programmes in partner countries.
By raising the policy prole of climate change, the aim is to enable the
development policies and Danish development assistance to address
climate change. In addition, through support to capacity development
developing countries will strengthen their ability to address adaptation to
4.
DANISH DEVELOPMENT COOPERATION
AND CLIMATE CHANGE
25
climateGB.indd 25 09/08/05 13:57:23
and mitigation of climate change in their national development pro-
grammes.
The gure below illustrates the relations between the climate change
complex and the elements of the Climate and Development Action
Programme.
4.1 Key Principles on Climate Change and Development Cooperation
Objectives
Interventions in the area of climate change will help ensure that
adaptation and mitigation, where relevant, is considered in order to
improve the quality of Danish development cooperation.
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26
climateGB.indd 26 11/08/05 11:21:03
Integrating climate change into Danish development cooperation will
mainstream climate change as part of the broader sustainable develop-
ment agenda in cooperation with Danish development partners.
Climate change will be addressed in Danish development coopera-
tion along with economic, social, and environmental risk factors and
be included as part of environment as a cross-cutting issue.
Adaptation
Investments, including those supported through Danish develop-
ment cooperation, must be climate proof , i.e. must be protected
from negative impacts of climate change, climate variability, and
extreme weather events. The risk assessment should be based on
projected rather than historic weather records.
Adaptation is a development issue. The impacts of climate change
have a direct inuence on achieving the Millennium Development
Goals, ghting poverty, and meeting other development objectives.
Mitigation
Opportunities should be identied for the partner country to pursue
climate-friendly energy solutions. This would help climate proof
national development plans within the general dialogue with the
partner country. While climate-friendly strategies are relevant in all
countries, strategies for low-carbon development are particularly
important in countries with emerging industrialization and rapid
economic growth.
Mitigation options can be explored in all sectors of the economy.
However, the potential for larger emission reductions and sinks
mainly lie in the areas of energy supply and use, transport, forestry,
industry, waste, and in other sectors that rely heavily on energy use.
Procedures for collaboration and coordination
Climate-friendly development strategies and processes shall be
country-owned and country-driven.
Integration of climate change considerations shall be undertaken
within the existing national and Danida environmental assess-
ment framework, with little modication to existing processes and
procedures.
Mainstreaming climate change issues into development planning and
implementation implies that climate change should be integrated
27
climateGB.indd 27 09/08/05 13:57:24
into existing policies and strategies. Therefore, parallel structures for
handling climate change should be avoided, e.g. National Adaptation
Programmes of Action shall be integrated in overall development
policies and strategies of the partner country.
To ensure country ownership to climate related activities, not only
governments, but also affected communities, and the countrys pri-
vate sector, NGOs, and research institutions need to take active part.
To draw on traditional knowledge on adaptation, and as a supple-
ment to modern knowledge and technology, existing indigenous
solutions should be taken into account, especially in relation to natu-
ral resource management.
Donors and their partners must work together and harmonize
their efforts along the lines agreed upon in the OECD guidance on
Harmonising Donor Practices for Effective Aid Delivery.
9

4.2 Areas of Climate Change Interventions
Integration of climate change concerns in Danish development coopera-
tion will make use of windows of opportunities for raising the policy
issues and inuencing the design of development programmes and
infrastructure investments. These opportunities emerge in particular
with:
High-level consultations with multilateral and bilateral partners.
Development of country strategies for Danish development
cooperation.
Formulation of sector programme support and mixed credit projects.
Technical consultations and joint sector reviews.
Other opportunities for climate change integration relate to cooperation
with national and international NGOs, cooperation with civil society
organisations, research institutions, and through private sector pro-
grammes. Activities in these areas are not directly covered in the Climate
and Development Action Programme. However, climate change consid-
erations linked to these areas of cooperation may also benet from the
principles and actions of the Action Programme.
9
) Guidance agreed upon with the Paris Declaration on Harmonisation:
(www.aidharmonization.org).
28
climateGB.indd 28 09/08/05 13:57:24
With this Action Programme, climate change screening and related
actions will be identied to address climate change in the following
contexts:
Climate Change in multilateral development cooperation
(chapter 5).
Climate Change in bilateral development cooperation.
Country Programmes: Country Strategies and Annual
Consultations (chapter 6).
Sector Programmes: Programme Development and Annual
Programme Reviews (chapter 7).
Mixed credits projects (chapter 8).
Within each context, as indicated in chapters 5-8, the following elements
are identied:
Target group, i.e. who in the Ministry of Foreign Affairs/Danida are
responsible.
Entry points, i.e. windows of opportunity in the AMG or other
Danida actions.
Basic principles, i.e. how to address the issue of climate change,
where relevant.
Screening points to identify the climate change issues to be
addressed.
Proposed actions divided into four sections according to the four ele-
ments of the Action Programme.
In implementing the actions listed in chapters 5-8, Danish embassies and
foreign missions may obtain technical support from MFA in line with
the procedures outlined in the AMG.
4.3 Screening for Climate Change
Climate proong development plans and programmes is relevant in
various contexts and at various levels. In Danish partner countries that
are particularly vulnerable to climate change, it may be relevant to
assist in ensuring that overall national development plans and strategies
are screened for climate change. Where support to climate screening at
29
climateGB.indd 29 09/08/05 13:57:24
national level may be requested, Denmark is prepared to provide assist-
ance that is not directly linked to the Danida country programme
10
.
Support of this nature should be carefully coordinated with relevant
national authorities and multilateral and bilateral partners active in the
area.
Regarding Danish bilateral development cooperation, screening for
climate change impacts is relevant for Danida sector programme support
and mixed credits projects. Climate change screening will be integrated as
part of the mandatory Danida environmental screening for sector
programmes and mixed credit projects. The elements of the climate
change screening are:
Addressing climate change in technical missions and relevant consul-
tation meetings.
Identication of design modications that are required to address
climate change.
Assessment of adaptation actions that can be included as part of risk
management.
Assessment of mitigation options that can be pursued in develop-
ment plans and strategies.
Identication of relevant capacity development related to climate
change in projects and programmes.
Addressing climate change impacts in strategic environmental assess-
ments and in full or partial environmental impact assessments, and
related actions.
10
) Support for national climate change screening may be provided separately through the
Ministry of Foreign Affairs.
30
climateGB.indd 30 09/08/05 13:57:24
5.
MULTILATERAL DEVELOPMENT
COOPERATION
Target
This chapter is for multilateral departments in the Ministry of Foreign
Affairs, and relevant Danish missions and embassies dealing with
multilateral organisations and international NGOs.
Entry points
Annual negotiations with UN organisations, international nancial
institutions, regional organisation, international NGOs, and other
multilateral partners.
International development conferences.
Negotiations of Multilateral Environmental Agreements (MEA).
From a climate perspective, multilateral meetings tend to fall in two
categories. Either climate change is the key issue or climate change is
addressed only marginally, if at all.
In the rst category of meetings (UN meetings on climate, extreme
weather, energy etc.), delegates and participants often are special-
ised climate change negotiators. Although there will be no need to
raise the policy prole of climate change at such meetings, it may be
relevant to help ensure that discussions on climate change are linked
to the broad perspective of promoting poverty reduction and sustain-
able development.
In the other category (UN Summits, UN governing bodies, etc.),
delegates might have limited insights as to the magnitude of the
climate change challenge. At such meetings, efforts are needed to
31
climateGB.indd 31 09/08/05 13:57:24
ensure that climate change is addressed within the overall context of
the agenda of the meeting.
Basic principles
Convergence of views in order to bring forward policies and meas-
ures that are needed to strengthen the global effort to address climate
change.
Build condence and trust between developed and developing
countries and avoid deadlock and confrontation. There is also a task
in identifying the potential for alliances between Denmark/EU and
developing countries.
Integration of climate change should, where relevant, be included on
the agenda at annual consultations with UN organisations, inter-
national nancial institutions, and international NGOs. This is the
responsibility of the Multilateral Departments of the MFA and Dan-
ish missions and embassies with delegated authority. Technical input,
including agreed EU and UN language, may be obtained from MIL
and BFT.
Initial screening points
For annual consultations, identify whether the organisation has a
policy or action programme on climate change. Does the organisa-
tion implement activities relevant for adaptation and mitigation? Are
investment projects climate proofed?
Stress the importance of in-country ownership and aid coordina-
tion of projects related to climate change activities, e.g. GEF funded
projects. This requirement is stressed as being universal for aid coop-
eration.
32
climateGB.indd 32 09/08/05 13:57:25
Actions Multilateral Development Cooperation
Raising the
policy prole
of climate
change
Request information on policy or action plans on
climate proong of development programmes/projects,
e.g. investment projects.
Interaction with international NGOs and research.
communities for information sharing and coordination.
Adaptation to
climate change
Identify relevant multilateral partners (UNDP, UNEP,
GEF, World Bank etc.) and scope for cooperation on
adaptation to climate change in areas such as policy
dialogue, implementation strategies, and nancing.
Mitigation of
climate change
Identify relevant multilateral partners (UNDP, UNEP,
GEF, World Bank etc.) and scope for cooperation on
mitigation of climate change in areas such as policy
dialogue, implementation strategies and nancing.
Capacity
development
in developing
countries
Ensure that national level implementation of climate
change projects are supported by adequate national
capacity development and ownership.
33
climateGB.indd 33 09/08/05 13:57:25
6.
BILATERAL DEVELOPMENT COOPERATION:
COUNTRY PROGRAMMES
Target
Responsibility is with Danish embassies in partner countries.
Entry points
Participation in PRSP preparation and other relevant national plan-
ning processes.
Preparation of Country Strategies for development cooperation.
High-level consultations on development cooperation.
Basic principles
The collaboration shall help ensure national ownership and aid coor-
dination on climate change activities in both mitigation and adapta-
tion actions.
Integrating climate change concerns in Danish bilateral develop-
ment cooperation will primarily be relevant in Danish programme
countries
11
and countries receiving Special Environmental Assistance
(SEA countries).
12
Climate change actions for mitigation and adaptation will not be
equally important in all partner countries. Relevant areas for action
will be based on country specic information, including strategies
11
) Bangladesh, Benin, Bhutan, Bolivia, Burkina Faso, Egypt, Ghana, Kenya, Mozam-
bique, Nepal, Nicaragua, Tanzania, Uganda, Vietnam, Zambia
(July 2005).
12
) Thailand, Cambodia, Vietnam, Indonesia, Malaysia, China, Kenya, Tanzania,
Zambia, Mozambique, South Africa (July 2005).
34
climateGB.indd 34 09/08/05 13:57:25
and assessments in national communications to UNFCCC and
National Adaptation Programmes of Action (NAPA).
Adaptation will be relevant in countries that are considered to be
at a high risk with regard to negative climate change effects. While
purchase of CDM credits can be made from a wide range of coun-
tries, engagement in CDM projects is relevant in countries that are
targeted by Denmark for acquisition of CDM credits (CERs)
13
.
Initial screening points
Determine country vulnerability and risks from climate change and
extreme weather (e.g. coastal areas, river deltas, fragile ecosystems,
snow capped mountains, and dependency on agriculture, forestry,
and sheries).
Has the country submitted a national communication to the
UNFCCC?
14
What are the main issues concerning vulnerability,
adaptation and mitigation in the national communication?
Has the country or is the country in the process of preparing a
NAPA?
Are climate change concerns included in the PRSP? If so, how are
the concerns relevant for the Danida country assistance strategy?
Has specic country studies been undertaken in relation to climate
change and adaptation?
13
) CDM priority countries are: Thailand, Malaysia, South Africa, Indonesia, and
China (July 2005).
14
) All Danida partner countries have ratied the UNFCCC, and all but Burkina Faso,
Nepal and Zambia have ratied, approved, or made accession to the Kyoto Protocol
(July 2005).
35
climateGB.indd 35 09/08/05 13:57:25
Actions Bilateral Development Cooperation
Country Programmes
Raising the
policy prole
of climate
change
Raise relevant climate change considerations at high-
level and technical consultation meetings.
Share information/documents to highlight importance of
climate change in PRSP.
Introduce climate change screening tools and other
assessment tools.
Bring climate change risks to the attention of coopera-
tion partners, including planning and nance ministries
in partner countries.
Encourage participation of partner countrys environment
ministry in high-level consultations.
Adaptation to
climate change
Identify and consult government cooperation partners
(sector ministry, environment ministry, NAPA preparation
team, meteorological unit, etc.).
Assess country specic vulnerability and risks of climate
change.
Ensure climate proong of Danish assistance and
promote climate proong of other national programmes.
36
climateGB.indd 36 09/08/05 13:57:25
Actions Bilateral Development Cooperation
Country Programmes
Mitigation of
climate change
Pursue relevant opportunities for low-carbon develop-
ment path, e.g. options for energy efciency and
renewable energy initiatives across sectors, if relevant,
within the country programme.
Pursue passive mitigation options, e.g. sinks in forestry,
rehabilitation of community forests, emission reductions
in the energy sector, thereby combining poverty focused
programmes with reduced GHG emissions.
Capacity
development
in developing
countries
Encourage/support national climate change capacity
needs assessments.
Consider support for national climate change screening
and stocktaking of relevant climate related national
plans and strategies, including support for preparation
of National Communications and NAPAs and their inte-
gration in PRSPs (ref. para. 4.3).
Consider scope for support to climate change
negotiator(s) and national cross-sector integration of
climate change.
37
climateGB.indd 37 09/08/05 13:57:26
7.
BILATERAL DEVELOPMENT COOPERATION:
SECTOR PROGRAMMES
Target
Responsibility is with Danish Embassies in partner countries.
Entry points
Sector planning and sector programme reviews.
National sector working groups/sector policy development processes.
Climate change considerations will be integrated within each main
sector supported through the bilateral assistance. As sectors become
fully integrated with national development frameworks, the inte-
gration of climate change issues will be coordinated through the
national sector policy.
Together with national partners and other development partners,
Danida may support the conduct of general or sector specic vul-
nerability assessments depending on identied needs, e.g. through
strategic environmental assessments.
Basic principles
Identify climate change issues when designing and reviewing sector
programmes and sector components. Main sectors are water, agri-
culture, health, infrastructure/transport, environment, energy, and
education.
Adaptation options are local and sector specic, and can be directly
linked to the poverty reduction interventions by addressing vulner-
ability and management of climate change risks.
Mitigation options are sector specic and mostly indirect (i.e. sec-
ondary to the objective of poverty reduction), with particular poten-
tial related to energy supply and demand (e.g. renewable energy,
38
climateGB.indd 38 09/08/05 13:57:26
energy efciency), land use (e.g. carbon sinks in forests), industry,
and waste.
Initial screening points
Address climate change concerns in Terms of Reference (ToR) of
relevant sector missions.
Identify sector specic climate-friendly approaches and issues of
vulnerability that may pose risks to the programme objective and
outputs.
Identify information relevant for climate change in national sector
policies and strategies.
Identify sector relevant information, if any, in national communica-
tions to UNFCCC.
Use information prepared for country level climate change assess-
ment (chapter 6). If this has not been prepared then use the national
level check lists as well.
39
climateGB.indd 39 09/08/05 13:57:26
Actions Bilateral Development Cooperation
Sector Programmes
Raising the
policy prole
of climate
change
Share information/documents to highlight importance of
climate change with relevant sector ministry.
Support development of climate change screening tools
and other climate change assessment tools for the
sector.
Adaptation to
climate change
Include climate change concerns in ToR of sector plan-
ning and review missions.
Screening (climate-proong) of sector programmes
for adaptation to climate change. Include the climate
change screening together with the mandatory environ-
mental screening.
Assess the Danish sector programme support in context
of national adaptation policies and identify scope for
support
40
climateGB.indd 40 09/08/05 13:57:26
Actions Bilateral Development Cooperation
Sector Programmes
Mitigation of
climate change
Include climate change concerns in ToR of sector plan-
ning and review missions.
In sector programme support, identify options for
mitigation of climate change, i.e. reduced emission of
GHG in line with the development objective of poverty
reduction (e.g. renewable energy or carbon sequestra-
tion through afforestation and reforestation).
In selected CDM priority countries, identify scope
for CDM projects and, if relevant, options for Danish
purchase of CDM credits.
Capacity
development
in developing
countries
Include elements of relevant capacity development in
relation to climate change related activities.
Involvement of counterparts in project development and
assessment.
41
climateGB.indd 41 09/08/05 13:57:26
8.
BILATERAL DEVELOPMENT COOPERATION:
MIXED CREDIT PROJECTS
Target
Responsibility is with the Mixed Credit Unit in the Ministry of Foreign
Affairs.
Entry points
Climate change screening together with the mandatory environmen-
tal screening of proposed projects.
Basic principles
Project investments must be climate-proofed as part of the invest-
ment feasibility assessment to mitigate risks from climate change and
extreme weather events.
In addition to historic climate information, climate risk assessments
should take projected climate variability into account.
Initial screening points
Include climate change risk assessment in ToR for project appraisal/
feasibility.
Identify information relevant for climate change in national sector
policies and strategies.
Identify relevant information, if any, in national communications to
UNFCCC.
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climateGB.indd 42 09/08/05 13:57:27
Actions Mixed Credit Projects
Raising the
policy prole
of climate
Climate change issues to be highlighted, when relevant,
during consultations with host country and project
developer.
Adaptation to
climate change
Include climate change and extreme weather as part of
the assessment of the appraisal and feasibility of infra-
structure investments (climate proong).
Mitigation of
climate change
Promote investment in mitigation projects, e.g.
renewable energy, transport projects, and landll gas
extraction.
Consider CDM potential of projects, as part of project
feasibility.
Capacity
development
in developing
countries
Climate change issues to be highlighted during discus-
sions with host country.
Involvement of counterparts in project development and
assessment.
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climateGB.indd 43 09/08/05 13:57:27
9.
IMPLEMENTATION OF THE CLIMATE AND
DEVELOPMENT ACTION PROGRAMME
This section outlines the roll-out of the Climate and Development
Action Programme. Successful implementation of the Action Pro-
gramme will improve the effectiveness of Danish development coopera-
tion and reduce risks. Through Danida Aid Management Guidelines
(AMG), the Action Programme is integrated into existing development
aid procedures and policies, in order to ensure that climate change, where
relevant, is addressed as one of several critical development factors.
9.1 Early Lessons, Good Practice, and Benchmarks
Linking the Climate and Development Action Programme to the AMG
will help ensure that Danish development cooperation is climate proofed
at critical stages of strategy, programme and project development, and
implementation.
In addition to the requirements of the AMG, new specic policy require-
ments for implementation of the Action Programme are not introduced.
However, given existing resource constraints, there is a risk that imple-
mentation of the Action Programme may be given insufcient priority
and that lessons and good practice may not spread fast enough. There-
fore, a targeted approach will be taken to ensure follow-up and early
action.
Benchmarks for rolling out the Action Programme include a minimum
of three bilateral (national or sector level) or multilateral actions in 2005,
and a minimum of ve annual bilateral or multilateral actions in 2006-
2007. If needed, additional assistance for targeted actions may be made
available.
44
climateGB.indd 44 09/08/05 13:57:27
Actions
Climate change screening to be linked to the mandatory environ-
mental screening process of the AMG and aligned with the existing
Environmental Screening Note.
Early lessons and good practice on integrating climate change con-
siderations, to be obtained from dialogues with partner countries and
multilateral partners and from selected sector programmes (new or
on-going), particularly on adaptation.
Additional assistance to be offered to assist partner countries in early
actions, stocktaking, and national climate change screening
(ref. para. 4.3).
9.2 Aid Management Guidelines, Internal Capacity Development,
Knowledge Sharing
The Climate and Development Action Programme is designed as an
integral part of the Danida Aid Management Guidelines, linked to the
Guidelines for Programme Management.
15
An operational website on climate change and development is developed
as part of the Danida environmental professional network established by
Danidas Centre for Competence Development (DCCD).
16
The website
is a living instrument. Based on chapters 5-8 of this Action Programme,
the website contains simple screening and action tools. As experience
with the Action Programme is gained, the website will include examples
from Danida policy dialogue, adaptation and mitigation in sector and
country programmes, CDM activities, and climate proong of mixed
credit projects.
By including climate change and development as an element in relevant
DCCD training courses, Danish development practitioners will be
familiarised with the Climate and Development Action Programme.
This will happen in Copenhagen as well as in the eld. The aim of such
training is to ensure that best use is made of the Action Programme and
the associated tools.
15
) Danida Aid Management Guidelines: www.amg.um.dk
16
) Professional network to be accessed at: www.danida-networks.dk
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climateGB.indd 45 09/08/05 13:57:27
Knowledge sharing is important. Therefore, dialogue on climate change
and development will continue with a wide range of stakeholders in Den-
mark and abroad, including development practitioners, the Danish
Research Network for Environment and Development, and the UNEP
Ris Centre on Energy, Climate Change, and Sustainable Development.
Actions
Based on user feed-back, regularly update the environmental profes-
sional network website on the Climate and Development Action
Programme, including the screening toolbox.
DCCD internal training as part of the roll-out of the Climate
Change and Development Action Programme.
Dialogue on Action Programme and toolbox with partner countries,
other donors, development practitioners, and research institutions.
9.3 Feed-back and Review
Through implementation of the Action Programme and by making use
of the screening tools, experience will be gained. In order to develop the
Action Programme further, feed-back from Danish embassies and
development practitioners, partner governments, other stakeholders in
partner countries, and from other donors is important.
Although general feed-back is welcome at all times, it is not expected that
Danish embassies and other stakeholders carry out separate reporting on
the use of the Action Programme and toolbox. By using established
channels of communication, feed-back, therefore, should be included as
part of normal reporting related to annual planning processes, consulta-
tion meeting, technical missions etc.
A review of the Action Programme will be made in year 2008. The
objective of the review will be to assess the usefulness of the Action
Programme and the toolbox, collect and disseminate best practice, and
make adjustments in the Action Programme and the toolbox as necessary.
Furthermore, experience from implementing the Action Programme and
the toolbox will be shared with EU partners as part of the overall review
of the implementation of the three-year EU Action Plan on Climate
Change in the Context of Development Cooperation. Thereby, Danish
46
climateGB.indd 46 09/08/05 13:57:27
experience will feed into EU considerations on further action beyond
2008.
Actions
Feed-back from Danish embassies and other stakeholders to Danida
Copenhagen on use of the Action Programme and
lessons learned.
17
Review the Action Programme and toolbox by 2008.
Share lessons with EU partners for developing further action.
17
) Feedback to [email protected]
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climateGB.indd 47 09/08/05 13:57:27
10.
GLOSSARY
Adaptation: A process by which strategies to moderate, cope with, and
take advantage of the consequences of climate events are enhanced,
developed and implemented.
Adaptive capacity: The ability of people and systems to adjust to climate
change.
Carbon sinks/carbon sequestration: Carbon sinks are organic matter
that allows storing or sequestration of carbon dioxide. Sinks include soils
and biomass, particularly trees.
Certied Emission Reductions (CER): Reductions of greenhouse gases
achieved by a Clean Development Mechanism (CDM) project also
referred to as CDM credits. CERs can be sold or counted towards
industrialized countries reduction commitments. Reductions must be
additional to any that would otherwise occur.
Clean Development Mechanism (CDM): One of the three exible
mechanisms established by the Kyoto Protocol. The instrument is
exible, because it allows industrialized countries to invest in emission
reduction projects in developing countries with potential for cost-
effective emission reductions (see box 5).
Climate Change: Any change in climate over time whether due to
natural variability or because of human activity. Human activity leading
to climate change primarily includes emission of greenhouse gases into
the atmosphere, leading to less radiation of heat and global warming.
48
climateGB.indd 48 09/08/05 13:57:28
Climate Proong: Actions to ensure that development efforts are protected
from negative impacts of climate change, climate variability, and extreme
weather events and to ensure that climate-friendly development strategies
are pursued to delay and reduce damages caused by climate change.
Climate Variability: Reects shorter-term extreme weather events, such as
tropical hurricanes and the El Nio Southern Oscillation (ENSO), and
North Atlantic Oscillation (NAO).
Coping: The immediate actions in the face of an event or changes, and
ability to maintain welfare (in contrast to adaptation, which refers to long-
term adjustments to the framework within which coping takes place).
Disaster: A serious disruption of the functioning of a society, causing
widespread human, material, or environmental losses. These may exceed
the ability of the affected society to cope, using its own resources.
Extreme Event: Event departing markedly from the average values or
trends, and that is exceptional. Mostly, the return period substantially
exceeds 10 years.
Fuel Switching: Reduce greenhouse gas emissions by switching from
high-carbon to lower-carbon emitting energy sources, for example from
coal to gas.
Global Warming: Human activity leading to climate change primarily
includes emission of greenhouse gases (e.g. carbon dioxide and methane)
into the atmosphere, leading to less radiation of heat and global warming.
Greenhouse Gases: Principally carbon dioxide (CO
2
). Other gases are
methane (CH
4
), nitrous oxide (N
2
O), hydrouorcarbons (HFCs),
peruorcarbons (PFCs), and sulphurhexauoride (SF
6
).
Low-carbon Development Path: Climate-friendly energy policies with
emphasis on renewable energy, clean energy, energy efciency, and other
measures to reduce reliance on fossil fuels (coal, oil, and gas).
Mitigation: A human intervention to reduce or store anthropogenic
emission of greenhouse gases and thereby lessen climate change.
49
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National Adaptation Programme of Action (NAPA): National Adapta-
tion Programmes of Action are intended to communicate priority
activities addressing the urgent and immediate needs and concerns of
Least Developed Countries (LDCs), relating to adaptation to the adverse
effects of climate change.
National Communication: The requirement to prepare a national
communication is stipulated in article 12 of the UNFCCC. Preparation
of national communications is mandatory for all parties to the Climate
Convention except for Least Developed Countries. Generally, national
communications are prepared at intervals of 3-5 years and must include
information such as inventories of emissions, policies and measures, and
proposed projects for nancing.
Precautionary Principle: As per Article 15 of the Rio Declaration
(1992), ...where there are threats of serious or irreversible damage, lack
of full scientic certainty shall not be used as a reason for postponing
cost-effective measures to prevent environmental degradation.
Resilience: The amount of change a system can undergo without
changing state.
Risks: The expected number of lives lost, persons injured, damage to
capital stock, and disruption of economic activity due to a particular
natural hazard. The expected losses are consequently the product of a
specic risk.
United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change
(UNFCCC): The international response to climate change, whose
objective is to stabilize greenhouse gas concentrations in the atmosphere
at a level that would prevent dangerous anthropogenic interference with
the climate system in this text referred to as the Climate Convention
(see box 2).
Vulnerability: The combination of the sensitivity of people and natural
systems to adverse socio-economic and environmental effects of climate
change and the ability to cope with them.
50
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Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Denmark
Danida
DANISH CLIMATE AND DEVELOPMENT
ACTION PROGRAMME
August 2005
Publisher
Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Denmark
Asiatisk Plads 2
DK-1448 Kbenhavn K
Denmark
Phone: +45 33 92 00 00
Fax: +45 32 54 05 33
E-mail: [email protected]
Internet: www.um.dk
Design
Designgrak.dk
Print
Schultz Grask
The publication can be downloaded or ordered from:
www.danida-publikationer.dk
The text of this publication can be freely quoted
ISBN 87-7667-284-0 (print version)
ISBN 87-7667-285-9 (internet version)
climateGB.indd 52 09/08/05 13:57:28
DANISH CLIMATE AND
DEVELOPMENT ACTION
PROGRAMME
A TOOL KIT FOR CLIMATE PROOFING
DANISH DEVELOPMENT COOPERATION
Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Denmark
Danida
Asiatisk Plads 2
DK-1448 Kbenhavn K
Denmark
Phone: +45 33 92 00 00
Fax: +45 32 54 05 33
E-mail: [email protected]
Internet: www.um.dk
ISBN 87-7667-284-0 (print version)
ISBN 87-7667-285-9 (internet version)
omslag GB.indd 1 09/08/05 13:55:06