Power System II (3150911) 1

Experiment - 1

Aim :To write computer program for plotting instantaneous voltage, current and
power in a single phase ac circuit.

Requirements : Matlab software (any version).

THEORY :

Figure 1.4 shows a single-phase AC circuit. Let the instantaneous voltage be

Vt =Vm cos(ωt+ θv)

and the let instantaneous current be given by

i(t) = Im cos (wt + θi )

the instantaneous power P(t) is the product of V(t) & i (t)

p(t) = v(t) . I(t)

= Vm Im cos ( wt + θv ) cos (wt + θi)

we know that

cos α . cos β = 1/2 cos (α- β ) + ½ cos (α + β )

let us take

α =wt + θv

β = wt + θi

which result in

p(t) = ½ Vm .Im cos [ wt + θv – wt – θi ] + cos [ wt + θv + wt + θi ]

= ½ Vm Im [ cos (θv – θi ) + cos (2wt + θv + θi ) ]

= ½ Vm Im { cos (θv – θi ) +cos [2 (wt + θv ) – (θv + θi )]}

= ½ Vm Im [ cos (θv- θi ) + cos 2 ( wt + θv ) cos (θv+ θi) + sin2 (wt + θv)

sin (θv- θi)

the root means – square ( rms) valu of v(t) is |V| = Vm /√2 and the rms value of i(t) is

| I| = Im / √2 , let (θv – θi ).

ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT GEC DAHOD

Power System II (3150911) 2

substitute the above value in equation we get

p(t) = |V | | I | cos θ [ 1+ cos 2 ( wt + θv ) ] + |V| |I| sin θ sin2 (wt + θv )

Prt (t) P x(t)

Energy flow into the circuit Energy borrowed and returned by the
circuit

from the equation energy flow into the circuit is

Pr(t) =|V| |I| cos θ [ 1+ cos 2 (wt + θv ) ]

=|V| |I| cos θ + |V| |I| cos θ cos 2 (wt +θv )]

the second component of equation is depend on frequency . by putting various values

of wt , we find that the average value of the variable power component over a
component over a cycle is zero

average power P = |V| |I| cos θ

the second component of equation is

Px (t) = sin θ sin 2 ( wt + θv )

in equation , sin 2 ( wt + θv ) ,< < sin θ , so sin 2 ( wt + θv ) is very small so kindly
ignore it.
now equation become
Px(t) = |V| |I| sin θ
above equation is also called reactive power and it is denoted by Q

Q = |V| |I| SIN θ

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Power System II (3150911) 3

Matlab Code :
%plotting P Q S V and I in single phase ac circuit
%f=50Hz, pf angle varying from -90 to 0 to +90
Vm=1;
Im=0.5;
f=50;
theta=[-pi/2:.1:pi/2];
t=[0:0.001:.02];
wt=2*pi*f.*t;
pdc=((Vm*Im)/2).*cos(theta)

% v=Vm*sin(wt)
% i=Im*sin(wt-theta(i))
% plot(t,v,t,i)
for j=1:length(theta)
v=Vm.*sin(wt)
i=Im*sin(wt-theta(j))
s=v.*i
p=(((Vm*Im)/2).*cos(theta(j)))*(1-cos(2.*wt))
q=((((Vm*Im)/2).*sin(theta(j))).*sin(2.*wt))
pdc=((Vm*Im)/2).*cos(theta(j))
pdc=pdc*(ones(length(v)))
plot(t,v,t,i,t,s,t,p,t,q,t,pdc)
grid on
legend('V','I','S','P','Q','DC')
pause()
end

Output Plot :

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Power System II (3150911) 4

ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT GEC DAHOD

Power System II (3150911) 5

Conclusion :

Experiment - 2

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Power System II (3150911) 6

Aim : To write computer program and obtain voltage regulation and efficiency of short
transmission line for different specified set of receiving end quantities (different load at
leading, unity and lagging power factor)

Requirements : Matlab software (any version).

THEORY :

Short Transmission Line :-

As stated earlier, the effects of line capacitance are neglected for a short transmission
line. Therefore, while studying the performance of such a line, only resistance and
inductance of the line are taken into account. The equivalent circuit of a single phase
short transmission line is shown in Fig.

I = load current
R= loop resistance i.e, resistance of both conductors
XL= loop reactance
VR= receiving end voltage
cosΦr = receiving end power factor ( lag)
VS = sending end voltage
cosΦs = sending end power factor

Phasor diagram of the line for lagging load power factor is shown in fig
( 0C )2 = ( 0D )2 + ( DC )2
V2S = ( 0E+ ED )2 + ( DB + BC )2
= ( VR cosΦR + IR )2 + ( VR sin ΦR + IXL )2
= √ [ (VR cosΦR + IR2 ) + ( VR sin ΦR + IXL )2 ]

(1) % voltage regulation = V S – V R/V R∗100

(2) Sending end p.f cod Φs = 0D /0C = ( VR cos ΦR + IR ) / VS
(3) Power delivered = VR IR cos ΦR

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Power System II (3150911) 7

Line losses = I2R

Power sent out = VR IR cos ΦR + I2R

%age Transmission efficiency = ( power delivered / Power sent out ) * 100

= ( VR IR cos ΦR / VR IR cos ΦR + I2R ) *100

0C = 0F = 0A + AF = 0A + AG + GF
= OA + AG + BH
VS= VR + IR cos ΦR + I XL sin ΦR

Exp =1.
A 3 – phase 50 Hz , 20 km long overhead line supplies 1000kw at 11kv ,
0.8p.f lag . the line resistance is 0.03 Ω per phase per km and line inductance
is 0.7 mh per phase per km. Calculate the sending end voltage , voltage regulation
and efficiency of transmission.

Solution:

R = 0.03 * 20 = 0.6 Ω
XL = 2 π fL * 20 = 4.4 Ω
VR= 11*103 / √ 3 = 6351
cos ΦR = 0.8 lag
I = 1000* 103 /( 3* 6351 *0.8) =65.6A
VS =
(VR + cosΦR + I R ) + ( sin ΦR + I XL )

6351+ 0.8+(65.6)(0.6) + (0.6) + ( 65.6 ) ( 4.4 ) = 6680 V

Line to line = 6680.4 * √ 3 = 11556 V = 11.5 kV

% age Regulation = V S – V R/V R∗100

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Power System II (3150911) 8

( 6680– 6315 / 6351 ) * 100

= 5.18%
line losses = 3I2R = 3 * 65.62 * 0.6 = 7.7* 103 W = 6.2 kW

Transmission efficiency= 1000 / 1007.7* 100 = 99.23 %

EXP = 2
A 3 – phase 50 Hz , 16km long overhead line supplies 1000kw at 11kv ,
0.8p.f lag . the line resistance is 0.03 Ω per phase per km and line inductance
is 0.7 mh per phase per km. Calculate the sending end voltage , voltage regulation
and efficiency of transmission .

R = 0.003 * 16 = 0.48 Ω
XL = 2 π fL * 16 = 3.52
VR= 11*103 / √ 3 = 6351
cos ΦR = 0.8 lag
I = 1000* 103 /( 3* 6351 *0.8) =65.6A
VS =
(VR + cosΦR + I R ) + ( sin ΦR + I XL )

6351+ 65.6 + 0.48 * 0.8 + 65.6 * 3.52 * 0.6 = 6515 V

Line to line voltage = 6515*√ 3 =11270 V= 11.2 kV

% age Regulation = V S – V R/V R∗100

( 6515 – 6315 / 6351 ) * 100
= 2.58%
line losses = 3I2R = 3 * 65.62 * 0.48 = 6.2 * 103 W = 6.2 KW

Transmission efficiency= 1000 / 1006 .2 * 100 = 99.38 %

Matlab Code :

ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT GEC DAHOD

Power System II (3150911) 9

%% Short Tranmission Line

clc;
clear all;
L=input('Length of transmission line in km\n ');
Vl=input('receiving end voltage in kv\n ');
r=input('Per km resistance in ohm\n ');
l=input('Per km inductance in mH\n ');
P=input('Receiving power in MW\n ');
Fi=input('Lagging power factor\n ');
S=(P/Fi)*(10^6);
Vl=Vl*(10^3);
l=l*(10^-3);
ind=L*(l);
R=r*(L);
Vr=Vl/sqrt(3);
Z=complex(R,2*pi*50*ind);
j=sqrt(-1);

A=1;
B=Z;
C=0;
D=A;

Ir=S/((sqrt(3)*Vl));
IR =((Ir))*complex(cos(-acos(Fi)),sin(-acos(Fi)));
VS=A*Vr+B*IR;
IS=C*Vr+D*IR;
Ps=3*real(VS*(conj(IS)));
VR=(((abs(VS))-(abs(Vr)))/(abs(Vr)))*100;
Pr=S*0.8;
EF=(Pr/Ps)*100;
Qs=3*imag(VS*(conj(IS)));
F=cos(atan(Qs/Ps));
fprintf('\n')
disp('Receiving end Line Voltage in kV');
disp(((abs(Vr)*(sqrt(3))))/1000);
disp('Receiving end current');
disp(abs(IR))
disp('Sending end Line Voltage in kV');
disp(((abs(VS)*(sqrt(3))))/1000);
disp('Receiving end current');
disp(abs(IS))
disp('Sending end p.f.');
disp(F)
disp('Voltage Regulation of the line');
disp(VR)
disp('Transmission Efficiency of the line');
disp(EF)
Output :

Example 1 :

ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT GEC DAHOD

Power System II (3150911) 1
0

Length of transmission line in km

20
receiving end voltage in kV
11
Per km resistance in ohm
.03
Per km inductance in mH
.7
Receiving power in MW
1
Lagging power factor
.8

Receiving end Line Voltage in kV

11

Receiving end current

65.6080

Sending end Line Voltage in kV

11.3601

Receiving end current

65.6080

Sending end p.f.

0.7806

Voltage Regulation of the line

3.2736

Transmission Efficiency of the line

99.2312

Example 2:

Length of transmission line in km

16
receiving end voltage in kV
11
Per km resistance in ohm
.03
Per km inductance in mH
.7
Receiving power in MW
1
Lagging power factor
.8

ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT GEC DAHOD

Power System II (3150911) 1
1

Receiving end Line Voltage in kV

11

Receiving end current

65.6080

Sending end Line Voltage in kV

11.2872

Receiving end current

65.6080

Sending end p.f.

0.7845

Voltage Regulation of the line

2.6108

Transmission Efficiency of the line

99.3840

Experiment - 3

ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT GEC DAHOD

 Power System II (3150911) 1
2

Aim : To write computer program and obtain voltage regulation and efficiency of a
Medium transmission line T model for different specified set of receiving end
quantities.

Requirements : Matlab software (any version).

THEORY :

MEDIUM TRANSMISSION LINES :

In short transmission line calculations , the effect of the line capacitance are neglected
because such lines have smaller lengths and transmit power at relatively low voltage
(< 20 kV >). However ,as the length and voltage of the line increase ,the capacitance
gradually becomes of greater importance.since medium transmission line have
sufficient length ( 50- 150 km ) and usually operate at voltages greater than 20kv ,the
effect of capacitance cannot be neglected . therefore ,in order to obtain reasonable
accuracy in medium transmission line calculations, the line capacitance must be
taken into consideration .

the capacitance is uniformly distributed over the entire length of the line . however ,
in order to make the calculation simple , the line capacitance is assumed to be lumped
or concentrated in the from of capacitor shunted across the line at one or more points .
such treatment of localizing the line capacitance gives reasonably accurate results .
the most commonly used methods for the solution of medium transmission lines are ;

(1) End condenser method

(2) Nominal T method
(3) Nominal π method

In this method the capacitance of the line is lumped or concentrated at the receiving or
load end as shown in fig .this method of localizing the line capacitance at the load end
overestimates the effects of capacitance . 3 – phase transmission line is shown as it is
more convenient to work in phase instead of line to line values .

ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT GEC DAHOD

Power System II (3150911) 1
3

IR = load current per phase

R = resistance per phase
XL= inductive reactance per phase
C = capacitance per phase
cosΦR= receiving end power factor ( lag)

VS = sending end voltage per phase

phasor diagram for the circuit is shown in fig.

VR = VR + j0
IR= IR (cosΦR - j sin ΦR )
IC = j VR w C = J 2 π f C VR

%voltage Regulation = V S – V R/V R∗100

% voltage transmission efficiency = VR IR cosΦR / VR IR cosΦR + I2S R * 100

Nominal T Method :

in this method , the whole line capacitance is assumed to be concentrated at the

middle points of the line and half the line resistance and reactance are lumped on its
either side as shown fig . therefore , in this arrangement , full charging current flows
over half the line . in fig . one phase of 3- phase transmission line is shown as it is
advantageous to work in phase instead of line to line values

IR = load current per phase ; R = Resistance per phase

XL= inductive reactance per phase ; C = Capacitance per phase
cosΦR = receiving end power factor (lag) VS = sending end voltage /phase
V1 = voltage across capacitor C

ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT GEC DAHOD

Power System II (3150911) 1
4

the phasor diagram for the circuit is shown in fig

Receiving voltage VR = VR + j0

load current IR= IR (cosΦR - j sin ΦR )

Voltage across C, V1 = = VR + IR Z /2

Capacitive current , IC = j w C V1 = j 2 π f C V1

Sending end current IS = IR + IC

Sending end voltage = VS = V1 + IS Z/2 =V1 + IS ( R/2 + J ( XL/2))

EXP = 10.11

ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT GEC DAHOD

 Power System II (3150911) 1
5

A 3- phase , 50Hz overhead transmission line 100km long has the following
constants:

resistance/km/phase = 0.1 Ω
inductive reactance /km/phase = 0.2 Ω
Capacitive susceptance /km/phase = 0.04 * 10-4 Siemens

Determine 1. the sending end current , 2. sending end voltage , 3. sending end power
factor , 4. transmission efficiency when supplying a balanced of 10000 kw at 66kv ,
p.f. 0.8 lag . use nominal T method .

R = 0.1 * 100 = 10 Ω
XL= 0.2 * 100 = 20 Ω
Y = 0.04 * 10-4 * 100 = 4 * 10-4 S
VR = 66000 / √3 = 38105 V

load current = 10000 * 103 / ( √3 * 66 * 103 * 0.8 ) = 109A

cosΦR = 0.8 ; sinΦR = 0.6

Z = R + j XL = 10+ j 20

1. Taking receiving end voltage as the reference phasor

Receiving end voltage , VR = VR + j0 = 38105 V

load current IR = IR (cosΦR - j sin ΦR )
= 109 ( 0.8 – j 0.6 ) = 87.2 - j 65.4

voltage across c , V1 = VR + IR Z /2

= 38105 + ( 87.2 – j 65.4 ) ( 5 + j 10 )

= 39195 + j 545

charging current = IC = j y V1 = j4 * 10 -4 ( 39195 + j 545 ) = -0.218 + j 15.6

Sending end current IS = IR + I C = ( 87.2 –j 65.4 ) + (-0.218 + j 15.6 )

= 100 A

(2) Sending end voltage = , Vs = V1 + Is Z /2

= ( 39195+j545) + ( 87.0 –j 49.8 ) ( 5 + j 10 )
= 40145 1º40′V
line value of sending end voltage = 40145 * √3 = 69533 v = 69. 533 kv

(3) sending end power = 3 VSIS cosΦR = 3 40145 * 100 * 0.853

= 10273.105 kW

ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT GEC DAHOD

Power System II (3150911) 1
6

power delivered = 10000kw

transmission efficiency = 10000 / 10273.105 * 100 = 97.34 %

EXP= 10.12

A 3- ph 50 Hz transmission line 100 km long delivers 20Mw at 0.9 p.f. lag and at
110kv . the resistance and reactance of the line per phase per km are 0.2 Ω and 0.4 Ω
respectively ,while capacitance admittance is 2.5 * 10-6 siemens /km/phase calculate ,
1. the current and voltage at the sending end , 2. efficiency of transmission . use
nominal T method

R= 0.2 *100 =20 Ω

XL= 0.4 * 100 = 40 Ω
Y = is 2.5 * 10-6 * 100 = 2.5 * 10-4 S
Z = 20 + j40

VR =110 * 103 / √3 = 63508V

IR = 20 * 10^6 / √3*110 *10^3 * 0.9 = 116.6 A

cosΦR = 0.9 ; sinΦR = 0.435

VR = VR + J0 = 63508 V

load current IR = IR (cosΦR - j sin ΦR ) = 116.6 (0.9 –J 0.435) = 105- J 50.7

voltage across c , V1 = VR + IR Z /2= 63508 +(105-j50.7 ) ( 10+ j20 )

= 65572 + j 1593

charging current = IC = j y V1 = j 2.5 * 10 ^-4 (65572 + j 1593 )= - 0.4 + j 16.4

Sending end current IS = IR + I C = ( 105 –j50.7 )+ ( -4 + j 16.4 )= 110 A

Sending end voltage = , Vs = V1 + Is Z /2
= ( 65572 +j1593 ) + ( 104.6 –j 34.3 ) ( 10 +j 20)
VS = 67387 V

line value of sending end voltage = 67387 * √ 3 = 116717 kv

2. total line losses for the three phases = 3 I2S R/2 + 3IR2 R/2
= 3* 110^2 *10 + 3 * 116^2 *10

ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT GEC DAHOD

Power System II (3150911) 1
7

=0.770 MW

Transmission efficiency = 20 / 20 + 0.770 = 96.29 %

Experiment - 4

ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT GEC DAHOD

Power System II (3150911) 1
8

Aim : To write computer program and obtain voltage regulation and efficiency of a
Medium transmission line π model for different specified set of receiving end
quantities

Requirements : Matlab software (any version).

THEORY :

NOMINAL π METHOD :

In this method ,capacitance of each conductor is divided into two halves ; one half
being lumped at the sending end and other half of at the receiving end as shown in
fig . it is obvious that capacitance be added to line current in order to obtain the total
sending end current

IR= load current per phase

R= resistance per phase
XL = Inductive reactance per phase
C = Capacitance per phase
cosΦR= receiving end power factor ( lag)
VS = sending end voltage per phase

VR = VR + J0
load current IR = IR (cosΦR - j sin ΦR

IC1 = j W (C/2) VR = j π f C VR

ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT GEC DAHOD

Power System II (3150911) 1
9

line current IL = IR + IC1

Sending end voltage VS = VR + IL Z = VR + I L ( R + j XL )

Charging current at the sending end I = IC2 = jw (C /2) VS = j π f c VS

Sending end current IS= IL + IC2

Matlab Code :

ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT GEC DAHOD

Power System II (3150911) 2
0

%% Medium Line by Pi model

clc;
clear all;
L=input('Length of transmission line in km\n ');
Vl=input('receiving end voltage in kv\n ');
r=input('Per km resistance in ohm\n ');
l=input('Per km inductance in mH\n ');
P=input('Receiving power in MW\n ');
Fi=input('Lagging power factor\n ');
S=(P/Fi)*(10^6);
Vl=Vl*(10^3);
l=l*(10^-3);
ind=L*(l);
R=r*(L);
Vr=Vl/sqrt(3);
Z=complex(R,2*pi*50*ind);
j=sqrt(-1);
c=input('Per km capacitance in uF\n ');
c=c*(10^-6);
Y=2*pi*50*c*L*j;

A=(Y/2)*Z+1;
B=Z;
C=Y*(((Y/4)*Z)+1);
D=A;

Ir=S/((sqrt(3)*Vl));
IR =((Ir))*complex(cos(-acos(Fi)),sin(-acos(Fi)));
VS=A*Vr+B*IR;
IS=C*Vr+D*IR;
Ps=3*real(VS*(conj(IS)));
VR=(((abs(VS))-(abs(Vr)))/(abs(Vr)))*100;
Pr=S*0.8;
EF=(Pr/Ps)*100;
Qs=3*imag(VS*(conj(IS)));
F=cos(atan(Qs/Ps));
fprintf('\n')
disp('Receiving end Line voltage in kV');
disp(((abs(Vr)*(sqrt(3))))/1000)
disp('Receiving end current');
disp(abs(IR))
disp('Sending end Line voltage in kV');
disp(((abs(VS)*(sqrt(3))))/1000)
disp('Receiving end current');
disp(abs(IS))

ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT GEC DAHOD

Power System II (3150911) 2
1

disp('Sending end p.f.');

disp(F)
disp('Voltage Regulation of the line');
disp(VR)
disp('Transmission Efficiency of the line');
disp(EF)

EXP 10.13

A 3 PH 50 Hz , 150 km line has a resistance , inductor reactance and capacitive shunt

admittance of 0.1 ohm , 0.5 ohm and 3* 10^ -6 s per km per phase . if the line delivers

ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT GEC DAHOD

Power System II (3150911) 2
2

50 MW at 110 kV and 0.8 p.f lag , determine the sending end voltage and current .
assume a nominal π circuit for the line

R= 0.1 * 150 = 15Ω

XL= 0.5 * 150 = 75Ω
Y = 3* 10 ^ -6 * 150 = 45 * 10^ -5 S

VR = 110 * 10^3 / √ 3 = 63508 V

IR = 50 * 1066 / √ 3 *110 *10 ^3 * 0.8 = 328 A

cosΦR = 0.8 ; sinΦR = 0.6

VR= VR J0 = 63508 V

Load current IR = IR (cosΦR - j sin ΦR )=328 ( 0.8 –j 0.6)= 262.4 –j182.5

IC1= VR+ j y/2 = 63508 * j 45 * 10^-5 /2 = 14.3

IL= IR + IC1 ( 262.4 –j 196.8 ) + j 14.3 = 262.4 – j 182 .5

Sending end voltage VS = VR + IL Z = VR + I L ( R + j XL )

= 63508+(262.4-j182.5)(15+j75)
=143.55kv

charging current at the sending end is

IC2= j VS Y/2 = (81131+j16942.5) j 45*10^5/2=-3.81+j18025

sending end current = IS =IL+IC2= (262.4-j 182.5) +(-3.81 + j 18.25 )=306.4A

EXP 10.14
A 100km long 3 phase , 50 Hz transmission line has following line constants
if the line supplies loss of 20Mw at 0.9 p.f lag at 66kv at the receiving end ,calculate
by nominal π method

R = 0.1Ω = 0.1 *100=10 Ω

XL= 0.5 Ω =0.5*100=50Ω
Y= 10 *10^-6 S=10*10^-6*100=10*10^-4 S
VR = 66*10^3/√ 3= 38105 V

IR = 20*10^6/√ 3*66*10^3*0.9 = 195A

cosΦR = 0.9 ; sinΦR = 0.435

ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT GEC DAHOD

Power System II (3150911) 2
3

VR= VR J0 = 38105 V

Load current IR = IR (cosΦR - j sin ΦR )= 195(0.9-j85) +j19 =176 – j66

Sending end voltage VS = VR + IL Z = VR + I L ( R + j XL )

= 38105+(176-j66) (10+j50)

=76kV

charging current at the sending end is

IC2= j VS Y/2 = (43165+j8140 ) j10*10^-4 / 2 =-4.0+ j 21.6

sending end current = IS = IL + IC2 = (176- J66) +(-4.0+ J21.6 ) =172 –J44.4

ANGLE BETWEEN VR AND VS = 10.65° AND VR AND IS ANGLE IS -14.5°

ΦS= 14.5+10.65=25.15°

sending end p.f =cos 25.15° = 0.905 lag

% voltage regulation = 43925 – 38105 /38105 *100 = 15.17%

sending end power = 3 VS IS cosΦS = 3*43925 *177.6 .0.905 = 21.81MW

Transmission efficiency = ( 20 / 21 .18 ) *100 = 84 %

Output :

Exp 10.13:
Length of transmission line in km

ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT GEC DAHOD

Power System II (3150911) 2
4

150
receiving end voltage in kv
110
Per km resistance in ohm
.1
Per km inductance in mH
1.59
Receiving power in MW
50
Lagging power factor
.8
Per km capacitance in uF
.00955

Receiving end Line voltage in kV

110

Receiving end current

328.0399

Sending end Line voltage in kV

143.5325

Receiving end current

306.3886

Sending end p.f.

0.7168

Voltage Regulation of the line

30.4841

Transmission Efficiency of the line

91.5776

Exp 10.14:

Length of transmission line in km

100
receiving end voltage in kv
66
Per km resistance in ohm
.1
Per km inductance in mH
1.59
Receiving power in MW
20
Lagging power factor
.9
Per km capacitance in uF

ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT GEC DAHOD

Power System II (3150911) 2
5

.0318

Receiving end Line voltage in kV

66

Receiving end current

194.3940

Sending end Line voltage in kV

76.0147

Receiving end current

176.5284

Sending end p.f.

0.9056

Voltage Regulation of the line

15.1738

Transmission Efficiency of the line

84.4639

EXPERIMENT - 5

AIM : To Analyse the performance of long transmission line for specified load
impedance.

ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT GEC DAHOD

Power System II (3150911) 2
6

Requirement : Matlab software (any version).

THEORY :

> Exact equivalent circuit of a long transmission line is show in fig

>here we consider infinitely small length dx of the line at a distance x from receiving
end .
>consider a small element in the line of length dx situated at a distance x from the
receiving end.
>let, z = series impedance of the line per unit length
> y = shunt admittance of the line per unit length
> v = voltage at the end of element to wards receiving end
> v = voltage at the end of element towards sending end
> I=di = current entering the element dx
> I= current leaving the element dx
> for the small element dx
> z dx = series impedance
> y dx = shut admittance
> rise in voltage over the element length in the direction of increasing x,
dv = I. Z dx
dv/dx = I.Z
> the current entering the element is ( I+dI) where as the current leaving the element
is I. the dIfference in the current dI flow through the shunt admittance of the line,
DI = v.y dx, current drawn by element,
di/dx = v.y
> differentiating equation
d^2V/dx^2 = z dI/dx =z(vy)
d^2V/dx^2 = YZV
> the solution of this differential equation is
V = k1 cosh(x√ yz )+k2 sinh(x√ yz )
> differentiating equation w.r.t x, we have,
dv/dx=k1√ yz sinh (x√ yz )+ k2 √ yz cosh (x√ yz )
dv/dx= I.z
I.z = k1 √ yz sinh (x√ yz )+ k2√ yz cosh (x√ yz )
I = √ y / z [k1 sinh (x √ yz ) + k2 cosh (x√ yz )
Equation and give the expressions for V and I in the form of unknown constants k1
and k2. The values of k1 can be found by applying end conditions as under:

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Power System II (3150911) 2
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At x = 0, V=R and I =IR

VR = receiving end voltage
IR = receiving end current
Putting these values in equation we have
VR = k1 cosh 0 +k2 sinh 0 =k1 + 0
VR= k1
Putting x =0 v =vr and I = Ir in equation we have
IR= √ y / z [k1 sinh 0 + k2 cos h 0] = √ y / z [0+k2]
K2 =√ z / y Ir
Substituting the value of k1 and k2 in equation we get,
V=Vr cosh (x√ yz )+√ z / y Ir sinh (x√ yz )
And I =√ yz Vr sinh (x√ yz ) + Ir cosh (x√ yz )
The sending end voltage (Vs) and sending end current (Is) are obtained by putting x=
in the above equation I.e.,

Vs=Vr cosh (l√ yz )+√ z / y Ir sinh (l√ yz )

Is = √ y / z Vr sinh (√ yz )+ Ir cosh (√ yz )

> Now from equation

Zc = √ z / y and Y =√ yz
Where, Zc is known as characteristic impedance and
Y is the propagation constant.
The equation
Is=Vs = Vr cosh yl + Ir Zc sinh
y = Vr/Zc sinh yl + Ir cosh yl
>These two equations relate the sending end voltage and current with the receiving
end quantities.

> Comparing question with the general voltage and current equation of the line, we
have
A = cosh yl
B = Zc sinh yl
C = 1/Zc sinh yl
D = cosh yl

> From this it is clear that, A = D = cosh yl

And, AD – BC = cosh^2 yl – Zc sinh yl * 1/Zc sinh yl = 1.

EX 1

A 3 Phase transmission line 160 km long has the following constants

Resistance / phase /km = 0.2 Ω
Reactance / phase / km = 0.3127 Ω
Shunt admittance / phase /km = 1.875 * 10^-6 S

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Power System II (3150911) 2
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Determine voltage regulation and efficiency at 25 MVA and 0.8 lag . the receiving
end voltage is 110 KV

3 – phase
L = 160
R = 0.2*160=32 Ω
XL = 0.3127 * 160 = 50.030 Ω
PR = 20000 KW
COS Φ R = 0.8 , SIN Φ R = 0.6

⃗
A = D = cosh √ (YZ)
⃗
B = √ Z/Y sinh √ YZ
⃗
C = √ Y/Z sinh √ YZ

VS = VR .A + IR B
VS = ( 3 * 10 ^ -4 ∠ 90 ) * ( 59.36 ∠ 57.38 )
= 0.0178 ∠ 147 .38
Y2 Z2 = 3.168 *10^ -4 ∠ 29.76
A = 1 + V2 /2 = V2 * Z2 / 24

= ( 1+0.0178 ∠ 147.38 ) /2 + ( 3.168 * 10^ -4 ∠ 249 .76 ) /24

= 1+ 0.0069 ∠ 148 + 0.0000133 ∠ 29.6

= 1 – 7.547 * 10 ^ -3 + j 4.71 * 10 ^ -3 + 6.830 * 10 ^ 6 - 31.195 * 10 ^-3

= 0.992 + j 0.00460

= 0.992 ∠ 0.26

B = sinh √ (YZ)
= √ (YZ)+ (√ (YZ))3/2 / 6
= 0.133 ∠ 74+ 0.0004 ∠ 222 / 6
= 0.133 ∠ 74 + 0.0004 ∠ 222
= ( 0.0367 + j 0.127 ) + ( -2.27 * 10 ^ -4 -02.67 * 10 ^ -4 )
= 0.362 + j 0.1275
= 0.1325 ∠ 74.6
IR = VR *A + IR * B

= ( 63508 .52 * 0.992 ∠ 0.76 ¿ + 131 *445 ∠−160∗0.1325∠ 74.6 ¿

= ( 63000 ∠ 0.26+ 7724 ∠ 68.6

= 62.999 .35 + j 285 .88 + 40.24 + j 65.92

= 67018 + j 6840

= 67366 ∠ 5.50 V

ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT GEC DAHOD

Power System II (3150911) 2
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VC ( LINE ) = √ 3∗67360=116.6 kv

IS = V R C + I R D

C =√ (Y ¿ ¿ Z)¿ sinh √ YZ

= √ (Y ¿ ¿ Z)¿ = √ 0.0003 ∠ 90/50.4 ∠ 5.8 = 0.00224 ∠ 16°

= sin √ (YZ) = 0.1325 ∠ 74.6

IS = V R C + I R D

= 63508 * 2.948 *10 ^ -4 ∠ 90.6 + 131 * 0.992 ∠ 0.76

= 18.84 ∠ 20.6 + 129.95 ∠ 0.26

= -0.197 + j 18.83 + 129.95 + j58

= 129 .74 + j 19.41

= 131 .1 A

% VOLTAGE REGULATION = VS – VR / VR *100

= 67366 – 63508 / 63508 *100

= 6.074 %

LINE LOSS = 3 I2 R

= 3* ( 131.1 )^2 * 32
= 1649972 .16 W
PS *3 * 67366 * 131.1 * 0.972
= 25726691 .41 W

LINE LOSS = 3 I2 R
= 77.74 %

EX = 2
A 3 – PHASE transmission line 200 km long has fpllowing constant
Resistance / phase /km = 0.16 Ω
Reactance / phase / km = 0.25 Ω

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Power System II (3150911) 3
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Shunt admittance / phase /km = 1.5 * 10^-6 S

when line is delivering a load of 20 MW at 0.8 p.f , the receiving end voltage is kept
constant at 110 kv .

R = 0.16 * 200 = 32
XL = 0.25 *200 = 50
Y = 1.5* 10^-6 *200 = 0.0003 ∠ 90 °
Z = R + j XL = 32 + j 90 = 50 ∠ 56

VS = VR .A + IR B
ZS = ( 0.0003 ∠ 90 ) ( 50.4 ∠ 58 ¿

(√ (YZ)) = 0.133 ∠ 74

V2 Z2 = 0.00032 ∠ 96

√ Z/Y = √ ¿ / 0.0003 ∠ 56 ) = 445 ∠−16 °

√ Y/Z = √ ¿ ∠ 90 / 50.4 ∠ 56 ¿ = 0.00224 ∠ 16

A = cos √ YZ
= 1 + ZY /Z + Y2Z2 /24
= 1+0.0178/2 ∠ 148 + 0.00032 /24 ∠ 269
= 1+0.089 148 + 0.000123 ∠ 269
= 1 – 7.547 * 10*^-3 + 94.71 * 10 ^ -3 + 5.830 * 10^ -6 – j 1.135 *10 – 3
= 0.992 ∠ 0.26
B = √ Y/Z sinh √ YZ
sin √ (YZ)= √ (YZ) + ( (YZ))^3/2 / 6
= 0.133 ∠ 74 + 0.0024 ∠ 222
= 0.133 ∠ 74 + 0.0004 ∠ 222
= ( 0.0367 + j 0.127 ) + ( -2.97 *10 ^-4 -2.67 * 10 ^ -4 )
= 0.1325 ∠ 74.6
B = 495 ∠−16 * 0.1325 ∠ 74.6
= 58.96 ∠ 58.6
IR = 20* 10^ 6 / √ 3 * 110000*0.8 = 131 A
VS = VRA + IR B

VS = 63508 * 0.992 ∠ 0.26 + 131 * 58.96 ∠ 58.6

= 62999.35 + j 285 .88 + 40.24 + j 65.92
= 67366 ∠ 5.50 V
VS LINE = √ 3 * 67366 = 116 .67 kv

IS = VRC + IRD
C = √ V / Z sinh √ YZ
= 0.00224 ∠ 16 * 0.1325 ∠ 74.6
= 2.968 * 10 ^ -4 ∠ 90.6

IS = V S C + I R D

= ( 63508 * 2.968 * 10 ^-4 ∠ 90.6 + 131 ) ( 0.992 ∠ 0.26 ¿

= 18.85 ∠ 90.6+ 130∠ 0.26 ¿

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Power System II (3150911) 3
1

= -0.197 + j 18.83 + 12995 + j 0.58

= 131.1 A

% VOLTAGE REGULATION = VS – VR / VR *100

= 67366 – 63508 / 63508 *100

= 6.074 %

LINE LOSS = 3 I2 R
= 3 * ( 131 .1 ^2 ) *32
= 1649972.16 W
N% = PR / PS *100

= 20/25.72 *100
= 77.76 %

Matlab Code :
%% Long Transmission Line

clc;
clear all;
L=input('Length of transmission line in km\n ');
Vl=input('receiving end voltage in kV\n');
r=input('Per km resistance in ohm\n');
l=input('Per km inductance in mH\n');
P=input('Receiving power in MW\n');
Fi=input('Lagging power factor\n');

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Power System II (3150911) 3
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S=(P/Fi)*(10^6);
Vl=Vl*(10^3);
l=l*(10^-3);
ind=L*(l);
R=r*(L);
Vr=Vl/sqrt(3);
Z=complex(R,2*pi*50*ind);
j=sqrt(-1);
c=input('Per km capacitance in uF\n ');
c=c*(10^-6);
Y=2*pi*50*c*L*j;
K=sqrt(Y*Z);
M=sqrt(Y/Z);
A=cosh(K);
B=sinh(K)/M;
C=M*sinh(K);
D=A;

Ir=S/((sqrt(3)*Vl));
IR =((Ir))*complex(cos(-acos(Fi)),sin(-acos(Fi)));
VS=A*Vr+B*IR;
IS=C*Vr+D*IR;
Ps=3*real(VS*(conj(IS)));
VR=(((abs(VS))-(abs(Vr)))/(abs(Vr)))*100
Pr=S*0.8;
EF=(Pr/Ps)*100;
Qs=3*imag(VS*(conj(IS)));
F=cos(atan(Qs/Ps));
fprintf('\n')
disp('Receiving end Line voltage in kV');
disp(((abs(Vr)*(sqrt(3))))/1000)
disp('Receiving end current');
disp(abs(IR))
disp('Sending end Line voltage in kV');
disp(((abs(VS)*(sqrt(3))))/1000)
disp('Receiving end current');
disp(abs(IS))
disp('Sending end p.f.');
disp(F)
disp('Voltage Regulation of the line');
disp(VR)
disp('Transmission Efficiency of the line');
disp(EF)

Output :

ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT GEC DAHOD

Power System II (3150911) 3
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Ex 1:

Length of transmission line in km

160
receiving end voltage in kv
110
Per km resistance in ohm
.2
Per km inductance in mH
.995
Receiving power in MW
20
Lagging power factor
.8
Per km capacitance in uF
.0059

VR =

10.8163

Receiving end Line voltage in kV

110

Receiving end current

131.2160

Sending end Line voltage in kV

121.8979

Receiving end current

119.9700

Sending end p.f.

0.8494

Voltage Regulation of the line

10.8163

Transmission Efficiency of the line

92.9596

Ex 2:

Length of transmission line in km

200
receiving end voltage in kv
110
Per km resistance in ohm

ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT GEC DAHOD

Power System II (3150911) 3
4

.16
Per km inductance in mH
.796
Receiving power in MW
20
Lagging power factor
.8
Per km capacitance in uF
.0047

VR =

10.8195

Receiving end Line voltage in kV

110

Receiving end current

131.2160

Sending end Line voltage in kV

121.9014

Receiving end current

120.0129

Sending end p.f.

0.8491

Voltage Regulation of the line

10.8195

Transmission Efficiency of the line

92.9573

Experiment - 6

Aim : To simulate transient in series R-L circuit with special attention to change in
DC offset current for application of excitation at different instant.

Required: Matlab any version.

Theory:

ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT GEC DAHOD

Power System II (3150911) 3
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Transient Response of Series RL Circuit having DC Excitation is also called as First

order circuit. In this article we discuss about transient response of first order circuit
i.e. series R-L circuit, its derivation with example.

Derivation of Transient Response of Series RL Circuit having DC Excitation :

Let a d.c. voltage V be applied suddenly (i.e., at t=0) by closing a switch K in a series
R-L circuit as shown in figure 1.

Applying KVL yields,

or

or

Equation 2 is a non-homogeneous differential equation and the forced response is

obtained from its solution; the solution is given by

where ic is the complementary function that always goes to zero value in a relatively
short time (transient solution) and is given by being a constant; ip is the particular
solution of i that provides the steady state response.

Hence the net solution i is given by

An inductance, due to its “electrical inertia” does not allow sudden change of current
through it following the rules of electromagnetic induction and hence at current
through it just before switching is same to the current just after the switching. This is
represented as

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Power System II (3150911) 3
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However, before switching, there was no current through the inductor and hence at
time t=0+ (i.e., just after switching) the current through the inductor will also be zero.
i.e.,
with the initial condition, equation (3) at t=0+ becomes

This gives,

or

Expression (4) clearly shows the exponential rise of current i charging the inductor.
The profile i vs t has been shown in figure 2.

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Power System II (3150911) 3
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Transient Analysis of RL series circuit design

Resistance value input

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Power System II (3150911) 3
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Inductance value input

Step value input

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Power System II (3150911) 3
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Voltage source input

Scope output

ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT GEC DAHOD

Power System II (3150911) 4
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EXPERIMENT NO.:07

Aim : To develop program for formulation of ZBUS matrix through ZBUS building
algorithm.

Requirement : Matlab software.

Theory :

By inventing Ybus
Jbus = Ybus Vbus
Or Vbus = [Ybus]^-1 Jbus = Zbus Jbus
Or Zbus = [Ybus]^-1
The sparsity of Ybus, may be retained by using an efficient inversion technique [1]
and nodal impedance matrix can then be calculated directly from the factorized
admittance matrix. This is beyond the scope of this book.

Current Injection Technique:

Equation can be written in the expanded form

V1= Z11I1 +Z12I2+…+Z1nIn
V2= Z21I1 +Z22I2+…+Z2n1n
--------------------------------------
Vn= Zn1I1 + Zn2I1 +…+ZnnIn
It immediately follows from Eq. that
Zij =Vi\Ij [limit I1=I2=I3=…..=In=0]
Also Zij - Zji (Zbus is a symmetrical matrix).
As per Eq. if a unit current is injected at bus (node) 7, while the other buses ere kept
open circuited, the bus voltages yield the values of the Tth column of Zuur. However,
no organized computerizable techniques are possible for finding the bus voltages. The
technique had utility in AC Network Analyzers 'where the bus voltages could be read
by a voltmeter.

Zbus Building Algorithm

It is a step-by-step programmable technique which proceeds branch by branch. It has
the advantage that any modification of the network does not require complete
rebuilding of Zbus.
Consider that Zbus has been formulated up to a certain stage and another branch is
now added. The

Zb=branch impedance
Zbus (old) Zbus
Upon adding a new branch, one of the following situations is presented.

ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT GEC DAHOD

Power System II (3150911) 4
1

Matlab Code :
clear all;
clc
disp('------Formulation Z-bus Matrix-------')
n=input('enter total number of busses including Ref
busses = ');
zbus=zeros(n,n);
t=1;
while t==1
zbus;
s=menu('specify case no','new bus to reference
bus','existing bus to new bus','between existing
busses','existing bus to reference
bus','print','quit');
switch s
case{1}
zb=input('enter impedance value = ');
zbus=zb;
case{2}
k=input('enter starting bus number = ');
n=input('enter new bus number = ');
zb=input('Enter impedance value = ');

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Power System II (3150911) 4
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for i=1:n
if i==n
zbus(n,n)=zbus(k,k)+zb;
else
zbus(i,n)=zbus(i,k);
zbus(n,i)=zbus(k,i);
end
end
case{3}
a=input('enter first bus number = ');
b=input('enter second bus number = ');
zb=input('enter impedance value = ');
m1=zb+zbus(a,a)+zbus(b,b)-(2*zbus(a,b));
ztemp=(1/m1)*((zbus(:,a))-
(zbus(:,b)))*((zbus(a,:))-(zbus(b,:)));
zbus=zbus-ztemp;
case{4}
k=input('enter the old bus no = ');
zb=input('enter the impedance value = ');
m2=zbus(k,k)+zb;
ztemp=(1/m2)*zbus(:,k)*zbus(k,:);
zbus=zbus-ztemp;
case{5}
zbus;
case{6}
'end program';
t=0;
end
end

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Power System II (3150911) 4
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Experiment - 8

Aim : To simulate short transmission line using simulink\matlab.

Requirements : Matlab software (any version).

THEORY :

Short Transmission Line :

As stated earlier, the effects of line capacitance are neglected for a short transmission
line. Therefore, while studying the performance of such a line, only resistance and
inductance of the line are taken into account. The equivalent circuit of a single phase
short transmission line is shown in Fig.

I = load current
R= loop resistance i.e, resistance of both conductors
XL= loop reactance
VR= receiving end voltage
cosΦr = receiving end power factor ( lag)
VS = sending end voltage
cosΦs = sending end power factor

Phasor diagram of the line for lagging load power factor is shown in fig
( 0C )2 = ( 0D )2 + ( DC )2
V2S = ( 0E+ ED )2 + ( DB + BC )2
= ( VR cosΦR + IR )2 + ( VR sin ΦR + IXL )2
= √ [ (VR cosΦR + IR2 ) + ( VR sin ΦR + IXL )2 ]

(4) % voltage regulation = V S – V R/V R∗100

(5) Sending end p.f cod Φs = 0D /0C = ( VR cos ΦR + IR ) / VS
(6) Power delivered = VR IR cos ΦR

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Power System II (3150911) 4
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Line losses = I2R

Power sent out = VR IR cos ΦR + I2R

%age Transmission efficiency = ( power delivered / Power sent out ) * 100

= ( VR IR cos ΦR / VR IR cos ΦR + I2R ) *100

0C = 0F = 0A + AF = 0A + AG + GF
= OA + AG + BH
VS= VR + IR cos ΦR + I XL sin ΦR

Exp =1.
A 3 – phase 50 Hz , 20 km long overhead line supplies 1000kw at 11kv ,
0.8p.f lag . the line resistance is 0.03 Ω per phase per km and line inductance
is 0.7 mh per phase per km. Calculate the sending end voltage , voltage regulation
and efficiency of transmission.

Solution:

R = 0.03 * 20 = 0.6 Ω
XL = 2 π fL * 20 = 4.4 Ω
VR= 11*103 / √ 3 = 6351
cos ΦR = 0.8 lag
I = 1000* 103 /( 3* 6351 *0.8) =65.6A
VS =
(VR + cosΦR + I R ) + ( sin ΦR + I XL )

6351+ 0.8+(65.6)(0.6) + (0.6) + ( 65.6 ) ( 4.4 ) = 6680 V

Line to line = 6680.4 * √ 3 = 11556 V = 11.5 kV

% age Regulation = V S – V R/V R∗100

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Power System II (3150911) 4
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( 6680– 6315 / 6351 ) * 100

= 5.18%
line losses = 3I2R = 3 * 65.62 * 0.6 = 7.7* 103 W = 6.2 kW

Transmission efficiency= 1000 / 1007.7* 100 = 99.23 %

Simulation Model of Short Transmission Line :

Series RL branch data input :

Voltage source data :

ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT GEC DAHOD

Power System II (3150911) 4
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Sending End quantities output : Receiving End quantities output :

Receiving End Load data input :

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Power System II (3150911) 4
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Experiment - 9

ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT GEC DAHOD

 Power System II (3150911) 4
8

Aim : To simulate Medium transmission line using simulink\matlab.

Requirements : Matlab software (any version).

THEORY :

MEDIUM TRANSMISSION LINES :

In short transmission line calculations , the effect of the line capacitance are neglected
because such lines have smaller lengths and transmit power at relatively low voltage
(< 20 kV >). However ,as the length and voltage of the line increase ,the capacitance
gradually becomes of greater importance.since medium transmission line have
sufficient length ( 50- 150 km ) and usually operate at voltages greater than 20kv ,the
effect of capacitance cannot be neglected . therefore ,in order to obtain reasonable
accuracy in medium transmission line calculations, the line capacitance must be
taken into consideration .

The capacitance is uniformly distributed over the entire length of the line .
however , in order to make the calculation simple , the line capacitance is assumed to
be lumped or concentrated in the from of capacitor shunted across the line at one or
more points . such treatment of localizing the line capacitance gives reasonably
accurate results . the most commonly used methods for the solution of medium
transmission lines are ;

1) End condenser method

2) Nominal T method
3) Nominal π method

In this method the capacitance of the line is lumped or concentrated at the receiving or
load end as shown in fig .this method of localizing the line capacitance at the load end
overestimates the effects of capacitance . 3 – phase transmission line is shown as it is
more convenient to work in phase instead of line to line values .

IR = load current per phase

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Power System II (3150911) 4
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R = resistance per phase

XL= inductive reactance per phase
C = capacitance per phase
cosΦR= receiving end power factor ( lag)

VS = sending end voltage per phase

phasor diagram for the circuit is shown in fig.

VR = VR + j0
IR= IR (cosΦR - j sin ΦR )
IC = j VR w C = J 2 π f C VR

%voltage Regulation = V S – V R/V R∗100

% voltage transmission efficiency = VR IR cosΦR / VR IR cosΦR + I2S R * 100

EXPERIMENT - 10

ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT GEC DAHOD

Power System II (3150911) 5
0

AIM : To Analyse the performance of long transmission line for specified load
impedance.

Requirement : Matlab software (any version).

THEORY :

> Exact equivalent circuit of a long transmission line is show in fig

>Here we consider infinitely small length dx of the line at a distance x from receiving
end .
>Consider a small element in the line of length dx situated at a distance x from the
receiving end.
>Let, z = series impedance of the line per unit length
> y = shunt admittance of the line per unit length
> v = voltage at the end of element to wards receiving end
> v = voltage at the end of element towards sending end
> I=di = current entering the element dx
> I= current leaving the element dx
> for the small element dx
> z dx = series impedance
> y dx = shut admittance
> rise in voltage over the element length in the direction of increasing x,
dv = I. Z dx
dv/dx = I.Z
> The current entering the element is ( I+dI) where as the current leaving the element
is I. the dIfference in the current dI flow through the shunt admittance of the line,
DI = v.y dx, current drawn by element,
di/dx = v.y
> Differentiating equation
d^2V/dx^2 = z dI/dx =z(vy)
d^2V/dx^2 = YZV
> The solution of this differential equation is
V = k1 cosh(x√ yz )+k2 sinh(x√ yz )
> Differentiating equation w.r.t x, we have,
dv/dx=k1√ yz sinh (x√ yz )+ k2 √ yz cosh (x√ yz )
dv/dx= I.z

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Power System II (3150911) 5
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I.z = k1 √ yz sinh (x√ yz )+ k2√ yz cosh (x√ yz )

I = √ y / z [k1 sinh (x √ yz ) + k2 cosh (x√ yz )
Equation and give the expressions for V and I in the form of unknown constants k1
and k2. The values of k1 can be found by applying end conditions as under:
At x = 0, V=R and I =IR
VR = receiving end voltage
IR = receiving end current
Putting these values in equation we have
VR = k1 cosh 0 +k2 sinh 0 =k1 + 0
VR= k1
Putting x =0 v =vr and I = Ir in equation we have
IR= √ y / z [k1 sinh 0 + k2 cos h 0] = √ y / z [0+k2]
K2 =√ z / y Ir
Substituting the value of k1 and k2 in equation we get,
V=Vr cosh (x√ yz )+√ z / y Ir sinh (x√ yz )
And I =√ yz Vr sinh (x√ yz ) + Ir cosh (x√ yz )
The sending end voltage (Vs) and sending end current (Is) are obtained by putting x=
in the above equation I.e.,

Vs=Vr cosh (l√ yz )+√ z / y Ir sinh (l√ yz )

Is = √ y / z Vr sinh (√ yz )+ Ir cosh (√ yz )

> Now from equation

Zc = √ z / y and Y =√ yz
Where, Zc is known as characteristic impedance and
Y is the propagation constant.
The equation
Is=Vs = Vr cosh yl + Ir Zc sinh
y = Vr/Zc sinh yl + Ir cosh yl
>These two equations relate the sending end voltage and current with the receiving
end quantities.

> Comparing question with the general voltage and current equation of the line, we
have
A = cosh yl
B = Zc sinh yl
C = 1/Zc sinh yl
D = cosh yl

> From this it is clear that, A = D = cosh yl

And, AD – BC = cosh^2 yl – Zc sinh yl * 1/Zc sinh yl = 1.

Example :

ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT GEC DAHOD

Power System II (3150911) 5
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A three 3 phase , 60 Hz , 500 kV transmission line is 300 km long . The line

inductance is 0.97mH / km per phase and its capacitance is 0.0115 µF / km per
phase . assume a lossless line .
the receiving end rated load is 800 MW , 0.8 power factor lagging at 500 kv .
Determine the sending end voltage , current , active , reactive and apparent power .
Determine the percentage voltage regulation as well as efficiency of the transmission
line.

inductance and capacitance of transmission line

L = 0.97 mH / km
C = 0.115 µF / KM = 11.5 * 10 ^ -9 F / km

Receiving end active , reactive and apparent power .

SR (3-Φ ) = ( 800 MW + j 600 M var

PR (3-Φ ) = 800 MW

QR(3-Φ ) = 600M var

Receiving end voltage and current

VR = 500kv
the receiving end per phase voltage will be
VR = 500kv / √ 3 = 288 .675 kV
The current per phase is given by
IR = SR ( 3 – Φ ) / 3 * VR = ( 1000 * 10 ^ 6 ∠ -36.87 ° / 3 * 288.675 * 10 ^ 3 )= 1154
.7 ∠ -36.87° A

Sending end current

IS = j * sin β * L * VR + cos β * L * IR
IS = j * 1 / 290.43 * (0.3688 ) * ( 288.675 * 10^3 ) + ( 0.9295) * ( 1154 .7 ∠ -36.87° )
= 902.3 ∠ - 17.9 °
sending end phase voltage and line voltage
VS = cos β * L * VR + j ZC sin β * L * IR
VS = ( 0.9295 *288.675 ∠0° + j ( 290 .43 ) * ( 0.3688 ) * ( 1154 .7 ∠-36.87° ) * 10 ^-
3
= 356.53 ∠16.1° kV

the sending end line to line voltage is

VS(L-L) = √ 3 * VS ( PHASE ) = √ 3 *356 .53 ∠16.1 ° KV = 617.53 kv

Sending end apparent , active and reactive power .

= SS ( 3 – Φ ) = 3* VS(PH) * IS(ph) = 3*356.53 10 ^3 ∠16.1° * 902 .3 ∠-17.9°
SS ( 3 – Φ ) = 800 MW + j539.672 M var = 965.1 ∠34° MVA
PS ( 3 – Φ ) = 800 MW
QS ( 3 – Φ ) = 539 .672 M var
SS ( 3 – Φ ) = 965 .1 ∠41.8°

Percentage Voltage Regulation

% VR = ( VS / cos β * L ) – VR / VR * 100
= ( 356.53 / 0.9295 ) – 288.675 \ 288.675 *100 = 32.87 %

ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT GEC DAHOD

Power System II (3150911) 5
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Transmission Efficiency

n = Pr ( 3 – Φ ) / PS ( 3 – Φ ) *100 = 800/800 *100 = 100%

Simulation of Long Transmission Line :

ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT GEC DAHOD

Power System II (3150911) 5
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Three phase source input :

Line Parameters input :

ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT GEC DAHOD

Power System II (3150911) 5
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ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT GEC DAHOD

Power System II (3150911) 5
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Three Phase RL Load :

Sending End Quantities Output :

Receiving End Quantities Output :

ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT GEC DAHOD