Magnetic Force

Points to Remember:
● Magnets have an invincible magnetic field. Magnets will not attract all kinds of metals. Only objects made of iron, cobalt,
and nickel will be attracted to magnets.

● There are several types of magnets like ring magnets,

rectangular magnets, horseshoe magnets and bar magnets.

● The ends of the magnets are called poles. One pole is called north pole (N), the other is south pole
(S). A magnet has always both north pole and south pole though you break it. So, when we cut a
magnet into two parts, two new magnets are formed each with a north pole and a south pole (magnetic dipole).

● When the poles of the two magnets are placed near each other, they have a force that will
either pull them together or push them apart. The push and pull of a magnet is called the
magnetic force.

● If the poles of a magnet are the same and placed near each other, then they will be pushed
away or will repel each other. Either both south poles or both north poles will result to
repulsion (like poles repel).
● If the poles of a magnet are different and placed near each other, then they will be pulled
together or will attract each other. Thus, a nearby south pole and a north pole will result to
attraction (unlike poles attract).

● The force of attraction of a magnet is greater at its poles than in the middle.
● The following illustrations shows the north and south poles of magnets attracting metallic
objects.

● The magnetic field is the area around the magnet where the magnetic force of attraction or repulsion exists. It is strongest
near the poles and its strength decreases with distance.

Directions: Choose the letter of the correct answer. Write your

answers in your notebook.
1. Which of the following cannot be attracted by magnets?
a. cobalt b. gold c. iron d. nickel
2. Which of the following can be attracted by magnets?
a. nickel coin b. copper wire c. gold bar d. aluminum pole
3. Earth is considered a giant magnet. How is Earth’s magnetic field similar to that of a magnet?
a. It is made in Earth’s core. c. It has North and South poles.
b. It is shaped like a horseshoe. d. It is hundreds of kilometers long.
4. It is a magnet that is shaped like the letter “U.”
a. ring magnet b. bar magnet c. rectangular magnet d. horseshoe magnet
5. What is the area around a magnet where a magnetic force is
found?
a. North Pole b. magnetic field c. South Pole d. magnetic axis
6. Which of the following statement is correct?
a. Magnets do not have force.
b. Papers are attracted by magnets.
c. All metals are attracted by magnets.
d. The push and pull of magnets is called magnetic force.
7. Which of the following is NOT true about magnetic force?
a. Like poles of two magnets repel each other.
b. The force of attraction is greater at the middle.
c. Opposite poles of two magnets attract each other.
d. Magnets attract objects made up of iron, cobalt and nickel.
8. Which of the following pairs refer to magnetic poles?
a. east and west c. north and west
b. north and south d. east and south
9. When the same poles of two magnets whether North or South
are placed to each other, they ________________.
a. do not move. c. touch each other.
b. pull each other. d. are not attracted to each
other.
10. Which of the following statements is TRUE?
a. All magnets have two north poles.
b. All magnets have two south poles.
c. Magnets can attract an object made of paper.
d. Most objects with iron are attracted to magnets.
11. What substance is attracted to a magnet?
a. iron b. lead c. silver d. water
12. What characteristics to magnetic substances have?
a. They are always black and cold to touch.
b. They can give a “shock” when you touch them.
c. They can push or pull objects they are not touching.
d. They fall faster than other objects when you drop them.
13. What happens when opposite poles of two magnets are place
near each other?
a. They do not move. c. They push each other.
b. They break each other. d. They attract each other.
14. If you break a magnet into pieces, what will happen to the force
that will be exerted by the magnet when in use?
a. Force will be doubled.
b. Force remains the same.
c. Force exerted will decrease.
d. Force of each magnet will not be affected.
15. Which statement correctly describes the picture?
a. The two poles are attracted to each other.
b. The iron filings formed a shape around the magnet.
c. The iron filings show that magnetic field is strongest at both poles.
d. The North pole of one bar magnet attracts the south pole of another bar
magnet.
How Heat Transferred in Solid Materials

Conduction transfers heat within a body or between two bodies that are touching. It is a point-by -point process of heat
transfer. You can demonstrate this by rubbing your hands together very fast for 30, then touch them to your ears. You can
feel the heat transfer from your hands to your ears. As your ears warm, your hands will cool until the particles in each are
moving at the same speed.

If one part of a body is heated by direct contact with a source of heat, the neighboring parts become heated successively.
One good example is when the fire heats the metal rod and transfers the heat directly to the bare hand. Another example is
a metal strip with small pieces of wax is placed into a lighted candle, the flow of heat from a lighted candle to metal strip
melts the wax from the hot end to the cold end.

Some other examples of conduction are when ironing cloth, the iron is heated by electricity and the heat is transferred to the
cloth. Next is a metal pan on the stove. The stove is heated by gas or electricity, then the metal pan gets hot. And the metal
pan on the stove is heated by gas or electricity, the heat moves fast to the metal pan then to the fish. Substances that
transfer heat better than others are conductors. Metals are good conductors, that’s why we use them for cooking. Can you
think of other examples of conductors?
Cooking pans or utensils with wooden, rubber or plastic handles are examples of insulators.

Direction: Choose the letter of the best answer.

1. What is the direction of heat transfer?

A. from cold to hot C. from hot to cold
B. from side to side D. from bottom to top
2. How is heat transferred in solid materials?
A. through vacuum C. through radiation
B. through convection D. through conduction
3. What happens to a solid when heated?
A. It remains the same.
B. It increases in volume.
C. It increases its water level.
D. It increases its temperature.
4. What may happen to a solid when it is continuously exposed to heat?
A. it may expand C. it may become heavier
B. it may evaporate D. it may decrease in volume
5. Which of the following will you use to protect your hands from getting burn when cooking?
A. bare hands C. handkerchiefs
B. face towels D. pot holders

How Heat Transferred in Liquid Materials

Convection is the transfer of heat from one place to another by movement of fluids. Fluids include liquids and
gases. Convection involves the motion of fluids in currents. When water is heated in a kettle, hot water rises, and cold water
sink until all the water is at the same temperature and you see bubbles. When boiling water, the heat passes from the
burner stove into the pot, heating the water at the bottom. Then this hot water rises, and cooler water moves down to
replace it, causing a circular motion. This motion is due to density differences that result from temperatures differences.
Another example is a hot air balloon, a heater inside the balloon heats the air and so the air moves upward. This
causes the balloon to rise because the hot air gets trapped inside. When the pilot wants to descend, he releases some of
the hot air and cool air takes it place, causing the balloon to lower.
This is also true in winds and breezes. Warm air rises, expands and cools. Cool air sinks. Convection is the reason
why we have wind movements and local breezes. During daytime, the air over the land is heated. It rises and expands. Cool
air over the sea moves towards the land. That’s why you feel a refreshing breeze by the seaside during daytime. Cool air
sinks because it is heavier than warm air.
Heat convection is very important in your life. You have often observed it in day-to-day life, like the steaming
beverage, hot air popper, using air hand dryer, in air-conditioner, refrigerator, air rising and falling near a heater, these are
all examples of heat convection.

Direction: Choose the letter of the best answer.

1. What happens to a liquid when heated?
A. It remains the same.
B. It increases in volume.
C. It increases its water level
D. It increases in temperature.
2. Which of these statements does NOT explain how convection works?
A. hotter fluids rise above colder fluids
B. colder fluids sink below hotter fluids
C. less dense fluids rise above denser fluid
D. less dense fluids sink below denser fluids
3. What is present when the heat is moving in a glass of hot coffee?
A. conduction C. insulation
B. convection D. radiation
4. Which of the following is an example of convection?
A. a hair dryer drying up your hair
B. a car engine turns hot after being turned on
C. an aircon or heater changes its temperature
D. making soup and the water is rising and lowering
5. Why handles of most cooking wares are made of rubber?
A. for fast cooking
B. for easy handling
C. for the cooking ware to look nice
D. to protect your hands from getting burn when cooking

How Heat Transferred Through Air

Heat can move from one object to another in three ways. Aside from conduction and convection, heat can also be transferred through
radiation. Look at the picture below. Do you go camping? Why do you usually build a fire to sit around at night? How is heat transferred
in this example?
Radiation happens when heat transmitted across empty space or vacuum. Radiation does not depend on the
presence of matter to transfer heat. It is the transfer of heat through space in the form of waves. The heat we receive from
the sun is radiant heat. Radiant heat travels as waves through space. Heat waves hit Earth and cause warming. Our
atmosphere traps the warmth. Your house gets warm when the sun’s waves or rays travel through a window and are
trapped in your house, warming it. Heat waves are invisible. All warm objects radiate or give off heat waves.
Some other examples of heat transfer by radiation are: the heat you feel when you are near a fire source. Then in
the heat given off by an electric heater.
And also the heat near a hot oven. The transfer of electromagnetic waves occurs at a distance through air inside
the microwave oven. When the electromagnetic waves come in contact with food, waves transfer heat to the food, which is
also example of radiation. Below are also other examples of heat transfer through radiation that you encounter in your day
to day living. The ultraviolet light from the sun, a campfire, visible light from a candle, x-ray from an x-ray machine,
microwaves from a microwave oven, and electromagnetic radiation from your cell phone. All life on Earth depends on the
transfer of energy from the Sun, and this energy is transferred to the Earth over empty space.

Direction: Choose the letter of the best answer.

1. All life on Earth depends on the transfer of energy from the
_________.
A. air C. water
B. sun D. wind
2. Radiation moves through _________.
A. current C. vibration
B. thermal D. waves
3. A _____ surface or material is an excellent emitter and absorber of radiation.
A. black B. silver C. white D. transparent
4. When the electromagnetic waves come in contact with food, waves transfer heat to the food, which is an example of
________.
A. conduction C. radiation
B. convection D. thermal energy
5. When the temperature of an object is lower than its surroundings, then______.
A. it is not radiating heat
B. it is radiating but not absorbing
C. it is radiating less heat than it is absorbing
D. it is radiating more heat than it is absorbing
 How Light Travels
The sun is the earth’s main source of light. The sun’s light travels through space to reach the earth. How does light
travel? Light always travels in a straight line through a single medium.

The picture above shows that when the holes of the three sheets of the cartolina are in line, the beam of light from
the flashlight will be able to pass through the holes (Fig. 1).
However when you move the third cartolina and the holes are no longer in a straight line, the light is no longer
visible on the last cartolina (Fig. 2). This activity has shown you that light travels in a straight line.
As light travels, it passes through some objects. It passes through objects made of clear glass like glass window,
drinking glass, eyeglass, etc. Objects through which light can pass are transparent.
Some materials allow some light to pass through but scatter them in many directions. These kinds of materials are
called translucent. You cannot see clearly the objects behind a translucent material. Examples of these materials are frosted
glasses and tracing paper.
Can light pass through a closed door? Objects through which light cannot pass are opaque. You cannot see
anything behind these materials. Wood and cardboard are examples of opaque materials.
When light cannot pass through an object, a dark area behind the object is formed. This area is called the shadow.
Opaque objects form shadows because they block the light.

Direction: Choose the letter of the correct answer.

1. Which of the following is an opaque material?
A. drinking glass B. eyeglasses C. paper cup D. window glass
2. What is formed when light cannot pass through an object?
A. echo B. light C. shadow D. sound
3. What will happen when you block the light with a cardboard?
A. The light will disappear. C. The light can pass through the cardboard.
B. The light will bounce into space. D. The light cannot pass through the cardboard.
4. Which of the following materials light can pass through?
A. opaque materials C. transparent materials
B. translucent materials D. none of the above
5. Why do you hide behind a wall or a big tree trunk when playing hide and seek?
A. because they are blurred C. because they are translucent
B. because they are opaque D. because they are transparent

How Sound Travels in Different Materials

Our world is filled with sounds. Listen to the sounds around you. Can you tell where the sounds come from? Do you
know how sound is produced? Do these sounds travel to different materials? You will know the answers as you go through
this lesson.
Sound may come from different materials. Look at the pictures below. They all produced sound. When objects
make sound, they move back and forth. This movement is called vibration. When objects vibrate, sound is produced.
The vibrations of the sticks when struck together produced sound. The same thing happens when you pluck the
strings of a guitar. The string vibrates and produces sound.
There are imaginary waves produced when an object vibrates. We call these sound waves. When a sound is
produced, sound waves are also produced.
 The waves produced by the rope as seen on the figures are compared to the sound waves of a vibrating object.
When a vibration is slow, slow-moving waves are produced. When the vibration is fast, fast-moving waves are produced
until such time that the vibration stops.
Sound waves can travel in different materials such as solid, liquid and gas.
Sound is produced when someone taps on the table. The surface of the table vibrates, and sound waves are
produced. This sound wave travels through the table to your ears. This shows that sound can travel to solid materials.
The same thing happens with liquid materials. When you pluck the metal spoons under the water, it will vibrate and
produce sound. The sound wave travels through the water.
The sound can also travel through air. The sound produced when we talk will reach the ears near you because of
the sound wave that travels in the air.
Direction: Choose the letter of the correct answer. Write your answer on a sheet of paper.
1. Which of the following statements is correct about sound and light?
A. Sound cannot travel, but light can. C. Light travels faster than sound.
B. Light cannot travel, but sound can. D. Sound travels faster than light.
2. Which of the following materials can sound be heard?
A. rubbing two stones C. clapping your hands
B. falling leaves D. A and C are correct
3. What do you think will happen when someone knocks on the door and your ear is on the other side of the door?
A. There will be no sound.
B. The sound will be carried by the wind.
C. You will hear sound because it travels through air.
D. You will hear sound because it travels through the door.
4. Animals like whales and dolphins communicate with each other by producing sound underwater. What does this show?
A. Sound can travel to air. C. Sound can travel to liquid.
B. Sound can travel to solid. D. Sound cannot travel to liquid.
5. Which of the following shows proper use of sound?
A. loud music at night C. shouting to someone near you
B. reciting oratorical piece D. tapping the table during class hour

How Sounds Travel in Solid, Liquid and Gas Materials

Sound travels in the form of waves through a medium. It can only travel through solid, liquid and gas at different
speeds.
Sound travels by particles bumping into each other as they vibrate. It’s likes a relay race where each runner holds
information and when they make contact with the next runner, they pass the information on.
In water the particles are not attracted as strongly to each other as those in solid particles. Sound waves tend to
travel more slowly in liquid than in most solids but faster than in air.
The sound produced by tapping the two stones travelled through the water particles as shown in the figure 3 above.
In gas such as air, sound waves travel most slowly. The particles of gas are not attracted to each other as strongly
as the particles in liquid, thus sound waves travel slowly.

In solid, the particles are closer together so the wave travels even faster than it does in either liquid or air. This
could be illustrated through a can telephone (Figure 2). The sound travels faster through the string.
 In water the particles are not attracted as strongly to each other as those
in solid particles. Sound waves tend to travel more slowly in liquid than in most
solids but faster than in air.
The sound produced by tapping the two stones travelled through the
water particles as shown in the figure 3 above.
In gas such as air, sound waves travel most slowly. The particles of gas
are not attracted to each other as strongly as the particles in liquid, thus sound waves travel slowly.
When the dog barks, the sound waves travel through the air particles and reach the human ear (Fig. 4).
Sound can move through the air, water, or solids as long as there are particles to bounce off on. However if there
are no particles to bounce off on, it can’t move. There is no sound in the vacuum of space, because there is nothing to
vibrate the sound.
Direction: Choose the letter of the correct answer.
1. Which of the following statements is correct about sound?
A. Sound cannot travel through solid. C. Sound travel faster in liquids than in solid.
B. Sound travel faster in solids than in air. D. Sound travel faster in air than in liquids.
2. When sound travels through air. How do the vibrations of the particles behave?
A. It vibrates fast. C. It vibrates moderately
B. It vibrates slowly D. Cannot be determined.
3. Where does sound travel the fastest?
A. on air B. on water C. on gas D. on wood
4. Jose taps his desk while Pedro taps two stones together under the water. They do these at the same time. Which sounds
will you hear first?
A. The sound made by the stones under the water because sound travels fastest in water.
B. The sound made by the stones under the water because sound travels slower in water.
C. The sound made from tapping the table because sound travels fastest in solid materials.
D. The sound made from tapping the table because sound travels slower in solid material.
5. Which of the following situations show the proper use of sounds?
A. ring of a cell phone at midnight
B. loud music from live band during night
C. noise from your seatmate seated behind you
D. talking to someone at moderate voice when someone is sleeping

Reflection of Light
Light is a form of energy that moves in straight lines. We can see things because of light. Most light comes from the
sun, light bulbs, and lasers.
It also reflects off things, and that reflected light enters our eyes, allowing us to see. Light bounces back into the
direction of the source. And this is called reflection. Some objects reflect light very well, like mirrors and white paper. Other
objects, like brown construction paper, do not reflect much light.
Light can reflect in different ways by changing the way objects look. Light reflects more in light-colored surfaces
than dark-colored ones. You also see different types of reflection when you see images reflected such as in a mirror or
spoon. A flat mirror reflects an exact, though reversed, object because the reflected light rays travel at parallel paths. But a
convex surface, like the outside of a spoon, causes light rays to spread out, distorting the reflected image.
Water is good at reflecting light on its surface. If you have ever been near a pool on a sunny day, your eyes may
have hurt from too much light reflected from the water, that is why we use hats to block sunlight, but not the light that is
reflected on the surface of water.
Let’s have another example. When you throw a ball in a wall in front of you, and if you throw a ball at an angle, what
do you think will happen? Does the ball bounce back to you or not?
The way light bounces back is very much like the way a ball bounces back on a hard smooth surface. When you
throw a ball in front of you, it will bounce straight back at you. While you throw a ball at an angle, it will bounce off at the
same angle away from you.
It is important to know that light is essential. Without the different sources of light, we wouldn’t be able to see things.
Light helps us in our daily activities, especially when you are studying your lessons.