Introduction

Soil liquefaction may cause rigid structures, like buildings and bridges, to
tilt or sink into the liquefied deposits. For example, in the 1964 Alaska
earthquake, soil liquefaction caused many buildings to sink into the
ground, eventually collapsing upon themselves.
Earthquakes are one of the most destructive natural hazards that cause
huge amount of loss of life and property. Nearly 10,000 people were killed
every year because of these hazards. Moreover, annual economic loss is in
the billions of dollars. In the last quarter century, severe earthquakes on
the world like 1995 Kobe, Japan, 1998 Afghanistan, 1999 Kocaeli,
Turkey, 2001 Gujarat, India, 2003 Bam, Iran, 2004 Indian Ocean, 2008
Wenchuan, China, 2009 L’Aqulia, Italy, 2010 Haiti, 2010 Chile, and 2011
Van earthquakes experienced construction industry to take severe
measures to prevent collapse and to decrease damages of the structure; for
example, after 1995 Kobe, Japan earthquake, it was reported that more
than 6434 people lost their lives; nearly 4600 of them were from Kobe. In
1999 Kocaeli earthquakes, more than 17,000 people were killed and more
than 40,000 people were injured and 300,000 people became homeless. In
the year 2008, an earthquake hit the Sichuan China. Measured magnitude
of earthquake from surface is 8.0. It was reported that nearly 70,000
people were dead, 95% of this death toll is in Sichuan province. In
addition, more than 370,000 injured and 18,000 people missing. In Italy,
308 people were killed and more than 1500 people were injured after
L’Aquila earthquake in 2009. However, total economic loss was 16 billion
dollars during this earthquake. Many historical structures were collapsed
and heavily damaged. The last earthquake tragedy for Turkey, very close
to present time, is Erciş (Van) and Edremit (Van) earthquakes. These
earthquakes struck Erciş (Van) district and Edremit (Van) district on 2011.
After these earthquakes, 604 people were killed and 4852 people were
injured, among of them 1301 people were seriously injured.

Pawan dupare contact for this project 9595575951

 Part A
Aim Of Project
“structural damage due to earthquake”

Course Outcome:-
Out-of-plane mechanism may appear from the combination of
several deficiencies. A lack of bond beams, poor connections
among the walls and the roofs, and large unsupported wall lengths
cause the separation of walls and cause damage to occur via the of
out-of-plane mechanism. Thus, the whole or the significant parts
of the wall fall down during the earthquake. Wooden logs that
bear the weight of the floor of the building are generally placed on
load-bearing walls in only one direction. Thus, earthquake loads
are transferred to perpendicular walls by wooden logs. Therefore,
the walls that are not supported by the wooden logs may easily
overturn to out-of-plane direction during the earthquake

Pawan dupare contact for this project 9595575951

Purpose Of Methodology
In this Section, a novel strategy to simulate the decrease of
natural frequency in masonry buildings damaged by earthquakes
is proposed. The methodology exploits the integration between
experimental vibration measurements in the form of permanent
monitoring systems and computational modelling for nonlinear
simulations. Such an approach, which could be referred to as
model-driven and data-based, aims at building a seismic chart of
the structure to support the decisional processes in the post-
earthquake scenario—regarding the assessment of the building
short-term usability and safety, as well as the forecast of the long-
term structural behaviour during aftershocks. The focus is put on
the simulation and identification of the permanent post-seismic
natural frequency reduction, to define the relationship with the
corresponding level of structural damage

ACTUAL RESOURES USED

Sr. No. Description Resouce Qty
1 Internet As Per Requirement 01
2 Laptop / Desktop HP / Lenovo 01
3 Book EST 01

Pawan dupare contact for this project 9595575951

 Part B
Aim Of Project
“Structural Damage Due To Earthquake”

RATIONALE
In case of a severe earthquake: The building may become
unusable, but collapse has to be prevented. Lower strength results
in smaller force on structure. The structure can survive the earth
excitation if it possesses ductility.

Course Outcome:-
Out-of-plane mechanism may appear from the combination of
several deficiencies. A lack of bond beams, poor connections
among the walls and the roofs, and large unsupported wall lengths
cause the separation of walls and cause damage

Pawan dupare contact for this project 9595575951

LITERATURE REVIEW:
Earthquake is an unpredictable natural phenomenon that
create a vast amount of damage, affecting communities and their
environment. To reduce the effects of such hazards, frameworks
like building resilience have emerged. Earthquakes are natural
disasters that have been researched for many years now. Humans
have been able to identify the phenomena of tectonic plates,
epicenters, and the causes of their movement. But, till today we
cannot accurately predict the occurrence of earthquakes. The
disaster is sudden and unexpected. Saving human lives is the
priority after a disaster and most of the deaths occur due to poor
performance of the built structures.

Pawan dupare contact for this project 9595575951

ACTUAL METHODOLOGY FOLLOWED:
Earthquakes happen when there is a sudden movement of the
rocks along a fault inside the Earth. As the rocks on either side of
the fault move past each other, they send seismic waves through
the Earth, radiating outwards like the ripples produced when a
stone is dropped into a pond.

We discuss on the topic.

We took guidance form subject teacher about the project.
We have prepared proposal of project.
We collected required resources related to project.
We had prepared a report.
Finally, we summated report of the project.

ACTUAL RESOURES USED

Sr. No. Description Resouce Qty
1 Internet As Per Requirement 01
2 Laptop / Desktop HP / Lenovo 01
3 Book EST 01

Pawan dupare contact for this project 9595575951

Geological and geotechnical
Elazığ is located in a tectonically active region. Therefore, many
geological studies were carried out and its geological cross-
sections were created . In this geological formation, a
continuous tectonic movement has been observed since the
beginning of the Mesozoic period. The origin of this activity is the
beginning of the formation of the Tethys Ocean with rifting. This
formation separated the Anatolian Plate and the Arabian Plate
from each other in the Late Triassic. The development of this
ocean started from the Late Triassic, reached its maximum
opening at the beginning of the Late Cretaceous, and then it began
to close to the north with a subduction inclined towards the
bottom of the Eurasian Plate In order to make a proper evaluation
of the Elazığ earthquake, the Eastern Anatolian Fault (EAF),
which is the cause of the active earthquake source of the region,
should be defined first. The Eastern Anatolian Fault Zone (EAFZ)
is divided into different parts according to the geometric
characteristics of the faults and the slip status. The eastern part of
the EAF exhibits a 295 km long narrow deformation zone. Except
for jog structures, this zone takes the form of a single fault trace.
However, to the west it is divided into southerly and northerly
fault strands and becomes a 65 km wide deformation zone. The
main fault is the southerly strand. The main EAF zone is 580 km
long between Antakya and Karlıova which is divided into the 7
fault segments and Based on the geological studies and
investigations on the historical process of the seismic activity, it
was seen that Elazığ is located in the impact area of the active
fault lines on the EAF, and major earthquakes are expected here in
the future like the ones in the past

Pawan dupare contact for this project 9595575951

According to the epicenter determination and fault investigation
studies, it was determined that the earthquake developed on the
Sivrice-Pütürge segment of the East Anatolian Fault, which is a
left-lateral strike-slip fault, and the rupture occurred in an area of
40 km . After the main shock of the earthquake, 23 aftershocks
with magnitudes ranging from 4 to 5.1 were recorded . There have
been 299 earthquakes of Mw≥ 4.0 in the region since 1900, the
largest of which was 6.8. In addition, there are 40 historical
earthquake records for the region before 1900

Pawan dupare contact for this project 9595575951

Strong ground motions and response spectra

Pawan dupare contact for this project 9595575951

Inadequate transverse reinforcement in columns and beams-
column joints. Consequently, special attention should be paid to
constructionand design of beam column joints and columns.
Seismic design requiresincreasing of ductility of structures for
performance-based design approach.
In particular, columns of buildings can be having insufficient trans
versereinforcement in the plastic hinge region. Therefore,
structural elements whichhave such details show low performance
against to dynamic loads and lost theirshear and axial load
carrying capacity.

Short column-
This type of mechanism can be developed due to structural
adjustmentsand/or to continuous openings at the top of infill walls
between columns. Lateralforces that occurred by an earthquake
are carried by columns and shear [Link] of column is
an important factor for dissipation of these loads. When thelength
of column decreases, the column becomes stiffer and brittle than
theother columns and this column attracts more shear forces.
Thus, shear failurewhich is a critical type of concrete c

Pawan dupare contact for this project 9595575951

Types of natural hazards
Natural hazards fall into four main categories depending upon
the driving forces of the event: geological hazards, atmospheric
hazards, hydrological hazards, and biological hazards.
Geological hazards occur because of geological processes such
as movement in the tectonic plates and volcanic activity. These
events include earthquakes, volcanic eruptions, and landslides.
Meteorological hazards occur as a result of processes in the
atmosphere.
Meteorological hazards include extreme temperatures,
hurricanes, tornadoes, droughts, and severe storms. Hydrological
hazards are hazards involving water processes. Examples include
floods, droughts, and tsunamis.
Biological hazards occur due to the biological processes of the
earth and primarily involve the spread of diseases and pests.
Epidemics, pandemics, and insect swarms all fall into the
biological hazards category.
Sometimes, natural hazards can fit into more than one category.
For example, an earthquake in the middle of the ocean can also
cause a tsunami; this would be a geological and a hydrological
disaster because the earthquake (a geological event) caused the
tsunami (a hydrological event). Another example is when a
volcanic eruption (a geological event) spews ash and dust into the
atmosphere to cause lower temperatures (a meteorological
event). Natural hazards also fit into three categories that describe
the speed and extent of a hazard: catastrophic hazards, rapid onset
hazards, and slow onset hazards.

Pawan dupare contact for this project 9595575951

Catastrophic hazards are large-scale that effect large numbers of
people or have worldwide effects. Pandemics, large volcanic
eruptions, and worldwide droughts are all examples of
catastrophic natural hazards.
Rapid onset hazards occur quickly and with little warning.
Volcanic eruptions, earthquakes, flash floods, and landslides are
examples of rapid onset hazards.
Slow onset hazards occur slowly and may take years to develop.
Epidemics, insect infestations, and droughts are all slow onset
hazards

Human responses to natural hazards

Humans have always had to deal with natural hazards; whether
through preparing for them or responding when a disaster occurs.
One of the most important ways humans respond to natural
hazards is by preparing for their occurrence. As technology has
improved, so has the ability to prepare, predict, and forecast future
natural disasters.
Hazard assessment is when scientists study natural hazards to
determine characteristics of various hazards. A hazard assessment
differs from a risk assessment primarily because and hazard
assessment focuses mainly on the natural processes of a possible
event while a risk assessment includes a hazard’s possible effects
on a society. Hazard assessment generally determines the location
and timing of past hazardous processes, the severity and frequency
of past hazardous processes, probable effects of different
processes depending upon the magnitude (severity) of a possible

Pawan dupare contact for this project 9595575951

event, and organizing the information into a usable form for
officials and policy makers.
Risk assessment incorporates the information from a hazard
assessment, but also includes possible socio-economic effects. A
risk assessment includes locations of buildings and infrastructure
in hazardous areas, the potential for exposure due to the physical
effects of a hazard, community vulnerability in the event a hazard
becomes a disaster, and a hazard assessment.
A prediction is a statement of probability that an event will occur.
In terms of natural hazards, predictions are made through various
scientific observations. A common observation that could lead to
a prediction is the identification of a precursor event. A precursor
event is a smaller event that usually precedes a larger event, such
as tropical depression leading to a tropical storm before becoming
a hurricane or numerous small earthquakes around a volcano
indicating an imminent eruption.
Forecasting is similar to a prediction and is often used
synonymously; however, in certain instances a forecast can be
slightly different from a prediction. The term forecast is usually
used as a short-term prediction of the severity, location, and
timing of weather related events. It can also be used for long-term
probabilities of an event occurring within a certain time frame.
This long term forecasting is not as precise as a weather forecast.

Pawan dupare contact for this project 9595575951

Conclusions
In this book chapter, reasons of damages for reinforced concrete
and masonry structures arose From earthquakes are presented.
According to information that obtained from investigated
Buildings, the main reasons of failures of are presented below. For
reinforced concrete structures, The reason of soft storey collapse
is occurred due to low rigidity of reinforced concrete Structural
members at ground floor. In case of the absence of the in all wall,
the rigidity of the ground floor is lower than the upper storeys.
Thus, this failure mechanism is triggered by earthquake. This type
of failure is prevented during design phase by designing with
more detail instead of brick infill walls, partition walls are
constructed above from this storey for separating rooms for the
residential usage.

This brittle failures at the end of the columns.

In midise reinforced concrete buildings, the most common failure
mode is soft-storey mechanism, particularly at the first storey.
Failures can be concentrated at any story called as weak storey in
which the lateral strength changes suddenly between adjacent
stories due to lack of or removing of partition walls or decreasing
of cross section of columns. Thus, during an earthquake, partial
and total collapses occur in these storeys. Figure shows
unexpected inter-storey drift due to soft storey during the
earthquake-

Pawan dupare contact for this project 9595575951

References

[Link]
[Link]
[Link]
2421007049

Pawan dupare contact for this project 9595575951