LECTURE 1: ELEMENTS OF GRAMMER.
1. MAKE A DISTINCTION BETWEEN OPEN – CLASS ITEMS AND
CLOSED – SYSTEM ITEMS. GIVE EXAMPLES.
Open – class items Closed – system items
Includes content words such as: Includes functional words such
as:
- Noun: boy, tree, road,…
- article: a, an, the
- Verb: sing, jump, go,..
- demonstratives: this, that,
- Adjective: beautiful, long,
these, those
ugly,..
- pronouns: he, she, you, it,
- Adverb: hard, kindly,..
they,..
- prepositions: of, in, on….
- conjunction: and, that, when,
although…
- interjections: oh, ah, ugh,
phew,..
- quantifiers: some, any, much
- Features: indefinitely - can not normally be extended
extendable by the creation of additional
members
- have the same grammatical - reciprocally exclusive
properties and structural
ex: we say: some oranges /
possibilities as other member of
many oranges, but not many
the class
some orange
Ex: long silky black hair.
2. STRUCTURALLY, WHAT IS THE DIFFERENCE BETWEEN A
FINITE AND A NON – FINITE CLAUSE? / MAKE DISTINCTION
BETWEEN FINITE AND NON – FINITE CLAUSES? GIVE
EXAMPLES?
Finite clause Non-finite clause
-Its verbal element is a finite -Its verbal element is a non-
verb, which shows the tense finite verb form (V, to-V, Ved,
Ving) which does not show the
and the mood of the verb tense and the mood of the verb
-The subject is normally that of
the whole sentence
-Has a subject of its own
Ex: I love reading comic book.
Ex: I go to school everyday.
LECTURE 2: BASIC NOUN PHRASE
1. NAMES TYPES OF PRONOUNS?
- pronouns: are a major subclass of nouns/ The pronouns have the
same reference as the nouns which they replace.
- Personal pronouns:
+ Subjective case: I, you, he, she, it, we, they
Ex: I love her
+ Objective case: my, your, him, her, its, their, our
Ex: I love her
- Reflexive pronouns: myself, yourself, himself, herself, itself,
oneself, ourselves, yourselves, themselves
Ex: She called herself an ambulance.
- Reciprocal pronouns: each other, one another
Ex: I and Lan talk to each other regularly.
- Possessive pronouns: mine, yours, his, hers, ours, theirs
Ex: His pen is blue and mine is red.
- Relative pronouns: that, which, who, whose, whom, where, when
Ex: The woman who is talking to my teacher is Hoa’s mother.
- Interrogative pronouns: who, what, why, where, when, whatever
Ex: What do you need?
- Demonstrative pronouns: this, that, these, those.
Ex: This is an interesting comic book.
- Indefinite pronouns: anything, anybody, anyone, something,
somebody, someone, no one,nothing, nobody, none:
Ex: Nobody understands what he is doing.
2. STRUCTURE OF A BASIC NOUN PHRASE?
- A basic noun phrase consists of a head noun and closed – system
pre – modifiers
Ex: My last question
Pre – modifier N
3. WHAT ARE THE PRE-DETERMINERS OF A BASIC NP
MAINLY REALIZED BY?
4. WHAT ARE THE CENTRAL DETERMINERS OF A BASIC NP
MAINLY REALIZED BY?
5. WHAT ARE THE POST DETERMINERS OF A BASIC NP
MAINLY REALIZED BY?
6. WHAT ARE SYNTACTIC FUNCTIONS OF A NP?
- Subject: My mother is a beautiful woman
- Direct object: My teacher gives me some exercises
- Indirect object: He gives his girlfriend some flowers
- Subject complement: Her father is a teacher
- Object complement: They chose him the new CEO
- Prepositional complement: I put your bool on the table
- Appositive: John, a successful businessman, is my friend.
- Adverbial: I saw him last week
- Adjective complement: She is worth her position
LECTURE 3: COMPLEX NOUN PHRASE
1.STRUCTURE OF A COMPLEX NOUN PHRASE?
A complex noun phrase includes:
+ Pre-modifiers
+ Post-modifiers
+ Head Noun
Ex: The intelligent girl who is presenting about protecting environment
Pre N Post
2. WHAT ARE THE PRE-MODIFIERS OF A COMPLEX NP
MAINLY REALIZED BY?
- ‘S genitive: This is a her boyfriend’s gift.
- Ing/ ed participles: When she came, I was watching an
exciting movie
- Noun: She is a marketing manager
- Adjectives: Sofa is necessary furniture for the living room.
- Adverbials: Environment pollution is an extremely serious
problem
- Sentence:
+ She has I – don’t – care manner with all problem;
+ We hate his I-don't-remember-anything explanation
- Prepositional phrase: She is always on - time person.
3. WHAT ARE THE POST MODIFIERS OF A COMPLEX NP
MAINLY REALIZED BY?
1. Of genitive: the cover of the book
2. Noun phrase: I am watching the romantic film “ 20th Century
Girl”.
3. Adjective phrase: (anybody/something/anything/N+relative
clause)
+ She want to choose the children intelligent
+ I saw someone beautiful
4. Adverbial phrase: Explain the example below, please
5. Prepositional phrase: We ate at a restaurant on Kim Ma street.
6. Finite clause: Nghean is the province where I was born.
7. Non – finite clause: The sentence bolded is the lead – in
sentence.
LECTURE 5: VERB & ITS COMPLEMENT
1.NAME TYPES OF MULTI-WORD VERBS?
● Phrasal verb: consist of a verb and a particle, which is an
adverb
Ex: make out, call up, put on, take off, give up, back up, sit
down,….
● Prepositional verbs: consist of a verb and a particle, which is
an preposition
Ex: look up, look at, clear up, rely on
● Phrasal- prepositional verbs: consist of a verb and 2 particles,
adverb followed by a preposition: come up with, make up for,
stand in for,…
2.WHAT CAN COMPLEMENT IN AN INTENSIVE SENTENCE BE
REALIZED BY? (SVCS)
Cs = Basic noun phrase
- My father is a soldier.
Cs = Complex noun phrase
- John is an intelligent boy.
Cs = Adjective phrase
- I am disappointed with her manner.
Cs = Nominal clause
- The problem is that we cannot complete the essay before
Monday.
3.MAKE DISTINCTION BETWEEN A PHRASAL VERB AND A
PREPOSITIONAL VERB?
PHRASAL PREPOSITIONAL
Movement Doesn’t accept a relative Accept a relative pronoun
pronoun after the adverb after the preposition
Ex: Smoking up which he Ex: The girl at whom we
gave ( wrong ) look ( right )
Insertion of Doesn’t allow an adverb to Allow an adverb to be
adjuncts be placed between the verb placed between the verb
and adverb and preposition
Say “give up completely” Ex: Ann relied completely
not “give completely up” on her parents
Reverse The adverb in phrasal verb The preposition in the
order of can be placed before or prepositional verb always
adverb and after Od except when it is a precedes the Od
Od in the pronoun
phrasal verb
Ex: Put on your jacket or
Ex: say “rely on her
Put your jacket on
person” not “rely her
person on’’
4.IN AN ADJ PHRASE, WHAT CAN ADJ BE COMPLEMENTED
BY? / WHAT CAN THE ADJ AS SUBJECT COMPLEMENT (CS) BE
COMPLEMENTED BY?/ WHAT CAN BE CADJ?
Cadj = a prepositional phrase
- She is satisfied with her score
Cadj = to infinitive clause
- I am very glad to prepare for the trip
Cadj = ing participle clause
- My mother is busy cooking the meal
Cadj = that clause
- She is anxious that she will get bad mark.
Cadj = wh – clause or whether/ if clause
- I am not sure who the girl is
5.WHAT CAN BE OBJECT IN A MONO TRANSITIVE
SENTENCE?/ (SVOD) = WHAT CAN FUNCTION AS DIRECT
OBJECT?
Od = Noun phrase
- She has a lovely cat
Od = A finite that clause
- We expect that we will get good marks for the final exams.
Od = A finite Wh Clause
- I don’t understand why I got a poor mark on the speaking
test.
Od = A non – finite clause
- She forgot locking the door.
6.WHAT CAN BE COMPLEMENT IN A COMPLEX TRANSITIVE
SENTENCE. (SVOCO) = WHAT CAN FUNCTION AS CO?
Co = Adjective phrase
- Her manner makes me disappointed.
Co = Noun phrase
- We elected him the class monitor.
Co = To – infinitive
- The CEO chose Anna to be the new marketing manager.
Co = Bare – infinitive
- You shouldn’t let her interfere your decision.
Co = Ing clause
- I caught him climbing on your wall.
Co = Ed clause
- I found the watch stolen.
LECTURE 8: SIMPLE SENTENCE
1.NAME CLAUSE TYPES/ PATTERNS?
1. SV : She is crying
2. SVA : I was born in Nghean
3. SVC : Her mother is a beautiful woman
4. SVO : I am cleaning the floor
5. SVOO : She makes me some cakes
6. SVOA : I put your book on the table
7. SVOC : She calls me sister
2. WHAT CAN FUNCTION AS ADVERBIALS? = WHAT CAN
ADVERBIALS ARE REALIZED BY?
Adverbials can be realized by:
- Adverb phrase: I put your book here.
- Noun phrase: I will have speaking test next week
- Prepositional phrase: I put the letter under your book
- Finite clause: When we came, the match had finished
- Non – finite clause: To graduate, you must get IELTS 7.0
- Verbless: When in my room, don’t touch my computer
LECTURE 11: COMPLEX SENTENCE
1.STRUCTURAL CLASSIFICATION OF DEPENDENT CLAUSES IN
A COMPLEX SENTENCE? GIVE EXAMPLES.
- Finite clause is a clause whose verbal element is a finite verb,
which shows the tense & mood of the verb.
Ex: I have studied English for ten years.
- Non-finite clause is a clause whose verbal element is a non-finite
verb, which does not show the tense & mood of the verb.
Ex: It is easy for him to do this test
Verbless is a clause whose verbal element is absent. The predicate
can be realized by items of different parts of speech.
Ex: when in her room, I saw a letter under the pillow
2. MAKE A DISTINCTION BETWEEN A COMPLEX SENTENCE
AND A COMPOUND SENTENCE. GIVE EXAMPLES.
Complex sentence Compound sentence
-A complex sentence is made up -A compound sentence is made
of an independent clause and up of two independent clauses
one or more dependent clauses connected to one another with a
connected to it coordinators
- Subordinators: after, before, -Coordinators: for, and, nor,
since, as, if, although, that, but, or, yet, so
until, because,…
- ex: I am cooking the meal and
- ex: When we came, she was my sister is cleaning the floor
watching TV
3. WHAT FUNCTION NOMINAL THAT-CLAUSE CAN HAVE IN
SENTENCES? GIVE EXAMPLES.
- Subject: That I failed my final exam makes my mother
disappointed
- Direct object: I think that the weather will be fine tomorrow.
- Subject complement: The truth is that the sun rises in the East
- Appositive: The fact, that I failed the final exam, makes me
disappointed.
- Adjectival complement: I was very disappointed that I failed the
final exam
4. WHAT FUNCTION NOMINAL WH-INTERROGATIVE CLAUSE
CAN HAVE IN SENTENCES? GIVE EXAMPLES.
- Subject: Where my lock is remains a mystery
- Direct object: I don’t remember where my notebook is
- Subject complement: The question is what caused environment
pollution
- Appositive: The problem, what caused the explosion, has not
been answered
- Adjectival complement: I am not certain who she is
- Prepositional complement: She is explaining about why she
came late
5. NOMINAL RELATIVE CLAUSE?
- Subject: What I really want is the high score for speaking test
- Direct object: I want to see whoever can help him deal with this
problem
- Indirect object: They gave whoever participated in the talk show
a small gift
- Subject complement: This street is where I met him
- Object complement: You can sign your name wherever you want
- Appositive: Let us know your dream, that is, what university you
want to study after graduating 12
- Prepositional complement: You can present about whichever
topic you like
6. NOMINAL TO-INFINITIVE CLAUSE?
- Subject: To be a successful businessman is his dream
- Direct object: They intend to go abroad next year
- Subject complement: My hope is to become a teacher
- Object complement: They advised me to become a singer
- Appositive: My dream, to be an AOF student, became true
- Adjectival complement: It is important to complete this text
before Monday
7. NOMINAL –ING CLAUSE?
- Subject: Doing exercises in page 10 is your homework
- Direct object: I love traveling with my friends
- Subject complement: Her hobby is collecting stamps
- Appositive: His hobby, climbing the mountains, is very dangerous
- Prepositional complement: I fond of listening to music
- Adjectival complement: I am busy completing my reading test.
