STINFO COPY

AFRL-HE-WP-TR-2003-0093

UNITED STATES AIR FORCE

RESEARCH LABORATORY

E-3 In-flight Acoustic Exposure Studies

and Mitigation Via Active Noise
Reduction Headset

Frank Mobley
John Allan Hall
Donald Yeager

December 2002

Final Report for the Period 1 October to 31 October 2002

Human Effectiveness Directorate

Crew System Interface Division
Approved for public release; distribution is unlimited. 2610 Seventh Street
Wright-Patterson AFB OH 45433-7901

'AAf
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TECHNICAL REVIEW AND APPROVAL

AFRL-HE-WP-TR-2003-0093

This report has been reviewed by the Office of Public Affairs (PA) and is releasable to
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required by Air Force Instruction 40-402.

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FOR THE COMMANDER

//Signed//

MARIS M. VIKMANIS
Chief, Crew System Interface Division
Air Force Research Laboratory
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I December 2002 Interim for the period 1-31 Oct 02
4. TITLE AND SUBTITLE 5. FUNDING NUMBERS

E-3 In-flight Acoustic Exposure Studies and Mitigation Via Active Noise Reduction PE - 62202F
Headset PR - 7184
6. AUTHOR(S) TA - 718416
Frank Mobley WU - 71841607
John Allan Hall
Donald Yeager
7. PERFORMING ORGANIZATION NAME(S) AND ADDRESS(ES) 8. PERFORMING ORGANIZATION
Air Force Research Laboratory, Human Effectiveness Directorate REPORT NUMBER
Crew Systems Interface Division
Aural Displays and Bioacoustics Branch AFRL-HE-WP-TR-2003-0093
Air Force Materiel Command
Wright-Patterson AFB OH 45433-7901
9. SPONSORINGIMONITORING AGENCY NAME(S) AND ADDRESS(ES) 10. SPONSORINGIMONITORING
AGENCY REPORT NUMBER

11. SUPPLEMENTARY NOTES

12a. DISTRIBUTION AVAILABILITY STATEMENT 12b. DISTRIBUTION CODE

Approved for public release; distribution is unlimited.

13. ABSTRACT IMaximum 200 words)

Recordings of the noise environment aboard an E-3 AWACS aircraft were made. The measurements were accomplished
according to standard procedures of AFRL Aural Displays and Bioacoustics Branch. The measurements were made at
various locations in the aircraft during a training sortie. The measurements were accomplished with the current hearing
protection device (a David Clark H1076 headset) and an Active Noise Reduction (ANR) headset (a David Clark H1076-XL).
It was determined that the maximum acoustic dose per day for each location was not reached in typical mission durations.
But it was found that the ANR headset did provide attenuation comparable to the current headset. The "Net 4" condition,
where one ear cup is worn off of the ear to allow person-to-person communication, made the aircrew reach the daily acoustic
exposure in less than 16 hours for most of the positions.

14. SUBJECT TERMS 15. NUMBER OF PAGES

71
active noise reduction, ANR, in-flight noise 16. PRICE CODE

17. SECURITY CLASSIFICATION 18. SECURITY CLASSIFICATION 19. SECURITY CLASSIFICATION 20. LIMITATION OF
OF REPORT OF THIS PAGE OF ABSTRACT ABSTRACT

UNCLASSIFIED UNCLASSIFIED UNCLASSIFIED UL

Standard Form 298 (aev.2-89) (EG)
PrescribedbyANSIStd.23t18
Oct94
DesignedusingPerformPro,WHSIDIOR,
This page intentionally left blank.
 SUMMARY
The purpose of this initiativewas to survey representativeacoustic exposures encountered by
aircrews aboardthe E-3 Sentry (A WA CS) and evaluate the ability of active noise reduction
headset technology to mitigate aircrewexposure. Aviation noise associatedwith engines,
aerodynamics, avionics, communications,power units, and other subsystems aboardthe aircraft
has long been a source of occupationalhearingloss within the militaryflying community.
Hearingloss can negatively impact criticalphases of any flying mission, and this is particularly
true of the E-3 since it is a primary airbornecommand and controlplatformfor the U.S. military
and NATO.

E-3 sorties can be long duration, averaging8 to14 hours or more. Continuous exposure at the
ear to acoustic noise above 85 dBA for 8 hours poses a risk to human hearing that can be
calculatedin terms of Total Daily Exposure (TDE), which should not exceed one (1.0). This
metric can also be presented as noise "dose" not to exceed 100% (see Air Force Occupational
Safety and Health Standard48-19 on HazardousNoise, and thefederal OSHA Noise Standardin
the FederalRegister, Volume 48 No. 46).

This project surveyed representativesamples of in-flight noise experienced by the aircrew

throughout the E-3 at cruise by use of sub-miniaturemicrophones worn on the human ear,
connected to a digitalrecordingdevice. The microphones were worn under the most common
USAF aviation headset (David ClarkH1076) and under an active noise reduction (ANR) headset
(DavidClark H1076-XL). Data were analyzed at the Air ForceResearch Laboratory, Wright-
PattersonAFB, Ohio.

Results indicated that the active noise reduction headset would significantly reduce the total
daily acoustic exposure at the ear of the individualwearing the ANR headset in a variety of
locations aboardthe E-3 at cruise.

iii
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iv
 PREFACE

This project was conducted by the Air Force Research Laboratory's Human Effectiveness
Directorate, (Crew System Interface Division) (AFRL/HEC). The project coordinator was LtCol
Brian Donnelly. The measurements, analysis, and report where accomplished by Mr. Frank
Mobley, Mr. John Allan Hall, and TSgt Don Yeager. Mr. Ken Johnson provided equipment and
technical support for AFRL. Mr. Sam Seagle provided technical support from the Electronic
Systems Center (ESC) and Mrs. Shirley Godsil provided technical support at the 552 Air Combat
Wing. This research is designated within the 6.2 Program "Bioacoustics and Hearing
Protection," under Work Unit Number 71841607.

The field research was conducted on 7 October 2002 at Tinker Air Force Base, OK. The
subsequent analysis occurred at Wright-Patterson Air Force Base, OH.
This page intentionally left blank.

vi
 TABLE OF CONTENTS
LIST O F EQU A TION S ................ I........................................................................................................................... IX

IN TROD U CTIO N ....................................................................................................................................................... I

BA CKGRO UN D ....................................................................................................................................................... I
PU RPO SE .................................................................................................................................................................. 1
M ETH O D ..................................................................................................................................................................... 2
D ESCRIPTION OF TEST A IRCRA FT ..................................................................................................................... 2
TEST CON DITION S ................................................................................................................................................ 3
EQUIPM EN T ............................................................................................................................................................ 3
A NA LY SIS ............................................................................................................................................................... 4
R ESU LTS ..................................................................................................................................................................... 5
In-FlightSpectral Data For David Clark 1076 Headset (ConventionalHeadset)................................................ 5
Maximum Time Aircrew Can Remain in an Environment, ForDavid Clark 1076 Passive Headset.............. 15
In-Flight Spectral Data ForDavid Clark 1076-XL ANR Headset.................................................................. 16
Exposure Levels ForDavid Clark 1076-XL ANR H eadset............................................................................. 29
D ISCU SSIO N ............................................................................................................................................................. 29

C O NC LU SION S ........................................................................................................................................................ 31
CA V EA TS ............................................................................................................................................................... 31
CO M PA RISON ....................................................................................................................................................... 31
RECO M M END ATION S ......................................................................................................................................... 31
APPENDIX A - IN-FLIGHT NOISE TIME HISTORIES ............................................................................... 32

APPENDIX B - PROCEDURE FOR CALCULATION OF TIME FOR TOTAL DAILY EXPOSURE ......... 55

APPENDIX C - CALCULATION OF EXPOSURE IN EACH EAR DUE TO NET 4 CONDITION ...... 57

APPENDIX D - APPROXIMATION OF GROUND CREW LEVELS USING HEADSET ATTENUATION

D A TA .......................................................................................................................................................................... 59

APPENDIX E - REFERENCES FOR NOISE MEASUREMENT ................................................................... 61

RE FEREN CES ........................................................................................................................................................ 61
REQ U IREMEN TS .................................................................................................................................................. 61

vii
 LIST OF FIGURES

Figure 1 i.Line D raw ing of the E-3 ................................................................................................................................. 2

Figure 2. In-flight R ecording System........................................................................................................................... 4
Figure 3. Internal and External Spectral Data for Condition 2 (Conventional Passive Headset) ............................ 5
Figure 4. Internal and External Spectral Data for Condition 2 (Conventional Passive Headset) ............................ 6
Figure 5. Internal and External Spectral Data for Condition 3 (Conventional Passive Headset) ............................ 7
Figure 6. Internal and External Spectral Data for Condition 4 (Conventional Passive Headset) ............................ 8
Figure 7. Internal and External Spectral Data for Condition 5 (Conventional Passive Headset) .............................. 9
Figure 8. Internal and External Spectral Data for Condition 6 (Conventional Passive Headset) ............................ 10
Figure 9. Internal and External Spectral Data for Condition 7 (Conventiofhal Passive Headset) ............................ III
Figure 10. Internal and External Spectral Data for Condition 8 (Conventional Passive Headset) .......................... 12
Figure 1I. Internal and External Spectral Data for Condition 9 (Conventional Passive Headset) .......................... 13
Figure 12. Internal and External Spectral Data for Condition 10 (Conventional Passive Headset) ....................... 14
Figure 13. Internal Spectral Data for Condition I I (David Clark 1076-XL ANR Headset), showing ANR On and
O ff...................................................................................................................................................... ................. 16
Figure 14. External Spectral Data for Condition II (David Clark 1076-XL ANR Headset) ................................ 17
Figure 15. Internal Spectral Data for Condition 12 (David Clark 1076-XL ANR Headset), showing ANR On and
O ff........................................................................................................................................................................ 18
Figure 16. External Spectral Data for Condition 12 (David Clark 1076-XL ANR Headset) ................................ 19
Figure 17. Internal Spectral Data for Condition 13 (David Clark 1076-XL ANR Headset), showing ANR On and
O ff........................................................................................................................................................................ 20
Figure 18. External Spectral Data for Condition 13 (David Clark 1076-XL ANR Headset) ................................ 21
Figure 19. Internal and External Spectral Data for Condition 14 (David Clark 1076-XL ANR Headset) ............. 22
Figure 20. Internal Spectral Data for Condition 15 (David Clark 1076-XL ANR Headset), showing ANR On and
O ff ....................................................................................................................................................................... 23
Figure 21. External Spectral Data for Condition 15 (David Clark 1076-XL ANR Headset) ................................ 24
Figure 22. Internal Spectral Data for Condition 16 (David Clark 1076-XL ANR Headset), showing ANR On and
O ff........................................................................................................................................................................ 25
Figure 23. External Spectral Data for Condition 16 (David Clark 1076-XL ANR Headset) ................................ 26
Figure 24. Internal Spectral Data for Condition 17 (David Clark 1076-XL ANR Headset), showing ANR On and
O ff........................................................................................................................................................................ 27
Figure 25. External Spectral Data for Condition 17 (David Clark 1076-XL ANR Headset) ................................ 28
Figure 26. An Exam ple of the Net4 Condition ...................................................................................................... 30
Figure 27. Another Example of the Net4 Condition ............................................................................................ 30

Figure A-i. Internal and External A-Weighted Time Histories for Condition I ................................................... 32
Figure A-2. Internal and External A-Weighted Time Histories for Condition 2 ................................................. 33
Figure A-3. Internal and External A-Weighted Time Histories for Condition 3 ................................................. 34
Figure A-4. Internal and External A-Weighted Time Histories for Condition 4 ................................................. 35
Figure A-5. Internal and External A-Weighted Time Histories for Condition 5................................................. 36
Figure A-6. Internal and External A-Weighted Time Histories for Condition 6 ................................................. 37
Figure A-7. Internal and External A-Weighted Time Histories for Condition 7 ................................................. 38
Figure A-8. Internal and External A-Weighted Time Histories for Condition 8 ................................................. 39
Figure A-9. Internal and External A-Weighted Time Histories for Condition 9 ................................................. 40
Figure A-10. Internal and External A-Weighted Time Histories for Condition 10 ............................................... 41
Figure A- 11. A-Weighted Time History for Condition 11, Internal ANR On and Off Spectra ........................... 42
Figure A- 12. A-Weighted Time History for Condition 11, External Spectra .................................................... 43
Figure A- 13. A-Weighted Time History for Condition 12, Internal ANR On and Off Spectra ........................... 44
Figure A- 14. A-Weighted Time History for Condition 12, External Spectra .................................................... 45
Figure A- 15. A-Weighted Time History for Condition 13, Internal ANR On and Off Spectra ........................... 46
Figure A- 16. A-Weighted Time History for Condition 13, External Spectra .................................................... 47
Figure A- 17. A-Weighted Time History for Condition 14, Internal and External Spectra ................................... 48
Figure A- 18. A-Weighted Time History for Condition 15, Internal ANR On and Off Spectra ........................... 49
Figure A- 19. A-Weighted Time History for Condition 15, External Spectra ...................................................... 50

viii
Figure A- 20. A-Weighted Time History for Condition 16, Internal ANR On and Off Spectra ............................ 51
Figure A- 21. A-Weighted Time History for Condition 16, External Spectra ...................................................... 52
Figure A- 22. A-Weighted Time History for Condition 17, Internal ANR On and Off Spectra ............................ 53
Figure A- 23. A-Weighted Time History for Condition 17, External Spectra ...................................................... 54

Figure B-1. Time of Allowable Exposure as a Function of Level ......................................................................... 56

Figure C -I. The Net4 Condition ................................................................................................................................. 57

Figure D-1. Spectral Comparison of the Noise Levels for E-3A Ground Crew, Engine 1 Start ............................ 60
Figure D-2. Spectral Comparison of the Noise Levels for the E-3A Ground Crew, Wing Marshal, Engines 85%....60

LIST OF TABLES
Table 1. Test Conditions for E-3 In-flight Measurements Using Current Hearing Protection Device .................... 3
Table 2. Test Conditions for E-3 In-flight Measurements Using Proposed Hearing Protection Device ................. 3
Table 3. Internal Measured Levels and Maximum Times for the David Clark 1076 Passive Headset .................. 15
Table 4. Internal Measured Levels and Maximum Times for the David Clark 1076-XL ANR Headset ............... 29

Table C-I. Calculations for the Maximum Time an Aircrew Member Can Spend in Net4 ................................... 57
Table C-2. Calculations for the Maximum Time an Aircrew Member Can Spend in Net4 ................................... 58

Table D- I. Measured and Calculated Levels for E-3A Ground Crew .................................................................. 59

LIST OF EQUATIONS
Equation 1. This Equation is used to determine the maximum time a human may stay in a noise environment .......... 4

Equation D-1. Equation to Calculate the A-weighted Level at the Ear .................................................................. 59

ix
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 INTRODUCTION

BACKGROUND

The purpose of this acoustic measurement is to lay out the requirements, needed to evaluate the
noise characteristics of the E-3 aircraft, for occupational and environmental noise documentation
required by the United States Air Force (USAF). In-flight noise data were acquired at Tinker Air
Force Base. These data were used to update the database on aircraft noise and effects on flight
crew and maintainers of the E-3 aircraft. Air Force Research Laboratory Human Effectiveness
Directorate (AFRL/HECB) standard procedures for in-flight data acquisition and analysis were
followed to insure that the resultant one-third octave band data are accurate to at least +2 dB over
the frequency range of 50 to 5000 Hz and +3 dB over the frequency range of 6,300 to 10,000 Hz.
The A-weighting (dBA) is a standard filter (ANSI Std. S 1.4-1971) applied to one-third octave
band sound pressure levels (dB-SPL) that most closely correlate to damage risk to human
hearing according to international standards.

Continuous exposure at the ear to acoustic noise above 85 dB (A-weighting) for 8 hours poses a
risk to human hearing that can be calculated in terms of Total Daily Exposure (TDE) which
should not exceed one (1.0). This metric can also be presented as noise "dose" not to exceed
100% (see Air Force Occupational Safety and Health Standard 48-19 on Hazardous Noise, and
the federal OSHA Noise Standard in the Federal Register, Volume 48 No. 46). AFRL research
indicates the 3dB exchange per doubling of time rule holds for durations over 8 hours. Therefore
82.56 dB (A-weighting) is the level not to exceed for a 14-hour mission sortie.

PURPOSE

The purpose of this effort was to measure noise generated by the E-3 aircraft during selected
flight operating conditions. The data will be utilized to address noise exposure risk to
crewmember hearing. The data will also determine the relative benefit of Active Noise
Reduction (ANR) headset technology to mitigate crew acoustic exposure. Two types of headsets
were worn for this test. One was representative of the current hearing protection devices, the
David Clark H1076; the other was an ANR headset, the David Clark H1076-XL.
 METHOD
DESCRIPTION OF TEST AIRCRAFT

Figure 1. Line Drawing of the E-3.

The E-3 Sentry is an airborne warning and control system (AWACS) aircraft that provides all-
weather surveillance, command, control and communications needed by commanders of U.S.,
NATO and other allied air defense forces. As proven in Operation Allied Force, it is the premier
air battle command and control aircraft in the world today. This flight was a typical eight-hour
training mission. The profile took the aircraft East from Tinker AFB out to an orbit in the
Atlantic just off the coast of Maryland. The E-3 crews practiced air control of "Red" and "Blue"
sorties from Langley AFB who were sparing against each other. Following two "fights" the E-3
returned to Tinker AFB, OK.

Primary Function: Airborne surveillance, command, control and communications

Builder: Boeing Aerospace Co.
Power Plant: Four Pratt and Whitney TF33-PW-100A turbofan engines
Thrust: 21,000 pounds (9,450 kilograms) each engine
Length: 145 feet, 6 inches (44 meters)
Wingspan: 130 feet, 10 inches (39.7 meters)
Height: 41 feet, 4 inches (12.5 meters)
Rotodome: 30 feet in diameter (9.1 meters), 6 feet thick (1.8 meters),
mounted 11 feet (3.33 meters) above fuselage
Speed: Optimum cruise 360 mph (Mach 0.48)
Ceiling: Above 29,000 feet (8,788 meters)
Maximum Takeoff Weight: 347,000 pounds (156,150 kilograms)
Endurance: More than 8 hours (non-refueled)
Unit Cost: $123.4 million (fiscal 98 constant dollars)
Crew: Flight crew of four plus mission crew of 13-19 specialists
(mission crew size varies according to mission)

2
TEST CONDITIONS

All E-3 Crew Position Numbers are designated as in the Aircrew Aids, pp. A-01, dated 1
Dec 96.

Table I. Test Conditions for E-3 In-flight Measurements Using Current Hearing Protection Device.

Condition Power Setting

1 Taxi, Seat 5
2 Takeoff, Seat 5
3 Climb, Seat 5
4 Cruise, Seat 5
5 Cruise, Seat 7
6 Cruise, Seat 11
7 Cruise, Seat 14
8 Cruise, Seat 25
9 Cruise, Below Deck
10 Cruise, Bed Bunks

Table 2. Test Conditions for E-3 In-flight Measurements Using Proposed Hearing Protection Device.

Condition Power Setting

11 Climb, Back Bay
12 Cruise, Back Bay
13 Cruise, Seat 25
14 Cruise, Lower Deck
15 Cruise, Seat 11
16 Cruise, Seat 7
17 Cruise, Seat 24

EQUIPMENT

Cockpit noise data collection equipment was developed by AFRL (the Crew System Interface
Division's Aural Displays & Bioacoustics Branch) to evaluate aircraft noise reaching the ear
canal opening of crewmembers. The instrumentation consists of a small lightweight digital
recorder, a specialized miniature microphone worn at the entrance to the ear, and another
microphone to be secured on the outside of the wearer's helmet or headset. The system in no
way interferes with avionics, flight controls, life support equipment, or communications. The
equipment has been thoroughly tested in accordance with Mil Std. 461 for electromagnetic
interference (radiated emissions), all connections have been "break-away" tested for emergency
egress conditions, and all instrumentation has been evaluated in an explosive atmosphere. The
recorder is worn inside the pocket of the crewmember's flight suit. The recorder system (to
include microphones) is calibrated to a 94 dB-SPL calibration signal at 1 kHz.

3
 Figure 2. In-flight Recording System.

ANALYSIS

The recordings were analyzed using a Hewlett Packard 35665A 2-channel dynamic signal
analyzer. The internal and external microphone data are analyzed at the same time to provide a
correlation between the ambient and ear microphone. The data are output into an Excel file with
charts generated to display the dBA as a function of time and the spectra for the maximum and
minimum A-weighted value. The A-weighted time histories are presented in Appendix A.
Mission representative spectral samples are presented in the next section. More spectral samples
than necessary were collected for the purpose of gathering sufficient samples to validate the data
collection.

Max Time 8 hr x 2 - (L A - 85 dBA) 3dBA

Equation 1. This Equation is used to determine the maximum time a human may stay in a noise
environment.
Exposures were calculated based on an average level that was found through an energy average
of the selected time histories. This level was then inserted into Equation 1 as the LA to determine
the maximum time that an aircrew member can remain in this environment using a specific
headset. This equation is based on Air Force Occupational Safety and Heath Standard 48-19.

The following graphs are presented in accordance with the following convention:

SLectral graph explanation:

"* The overall unweighted ('flat ") Sound PressureLevel (dB-SPL) is denoted by "F'
"* The overall A-weighted level (dBA) is denoted by "A"
* The overall C-weighted level (dB-C) is denoted by "C
* The 1/3"' octave band centerfrequenciesfollowing F, A, C
* The lightershaded bars are the 1/3r'I octave band levels ofthe sample correspondingto maximum A-
weighting
* The darker shaded bars are the 1/3•"' octave band levels of the sample correspondingto the minimum A-
weighting
* The graphs labeled "Internal"depict data collected via the ear mounted mic under the headset
* The graphs labeled "External"depict data collected via the mic mounted on headset externally

4
 RESULTS

In -FlightSpectral Data For David Clark 1076 Headset (Conventional Headset)

E-3C 1951 ,Observer Seat 5 - Taxi

Internal

'21 C,- \ b C

E-3C~~11
Set'1 191,bee
Tx

150

1350
1340
125
120
115
110
105
100
95
90

60
755
40

15"
60
55
50A
40)

55
 E-3C 1981,Observer Seat 5 - Takeoff
Internal

Frequency

E-3C 1981 ,Observer Seat 5 - Takeoff

External

Frequency

Figure 4. Internal and External Spectral Data for Condition 2 (Conventional Passive Headset).

6
 E-3C 1981 ,Observer Seat 5 - Climb
Internal

Frequency

E-3C 1981 ,Observer Seat 5 - Climb

External

Frequency

Figure 5. Internal and External Spectral Data for Condition 3 (Conventional Passive Headset).

7
 E-3C 1981 ,Observer Seat 5 - Cruise
Internal

Frequency

E-3C 1981 ,Observer Seat 5 - Cruise

External

(C 0 '

Frequency

Figure 6. Internal and External Spectral Data for Condition 4 (Conventional Passive Hleadset).

8
 E-3C 1981,Seat 25 -Cruise
Internal

~<'b C,
(o Ab A

Frequency

E-3C 1981,Seat 25 - Cruise

External

Frequency

Figure 7. Internal and External Spectral Data for Condition 5 (Conventional Passive Headset)

9
 E-3C 1g81,Seat 11 -Cruise
Internal

50

'<~~~I . , q

Frequency

E-3C 1981,SeatlII -Cruise

External

Frequency

Figure 8. Internal and External Spectral Data for Condition 6 (Conventional Passive Headset)

10
 E-3C 1981 ,Seat 7 - Cruise
Internal

(<~
\ ~~ 0 - 03C

Frequency

E-3C 1981 ,Seat 7 - Cruise

External

ek 0b, R A q 'Nb A

Frequency

Figure 9. Internal and External Spectral Data for Condition 7 (Conventional Passive Headset)
 E-3C 1981,Seat 14 - Cruise
Internal

Frequency

E-3C 1981,Seat 14 - Cruise

External

07

o<C.
,b. ~,• •,•••• •,. , ,:,••,o •• ,•-

Frequency

Figure 10. Internal and External Spectral Data for Condition 8 (Conventional Passive Headset)

12
 E-3C 1981, Below Deck - Cruise
Internal

Frequency

E-3C 1981,Below Deck - Cruise

External

0, z

Frequency

Figure 11. Internal and External Spectral Data for Condition 9 (Conventional Passive Headset)

13
 E-3C 1981 ,Bed bunks (back bay) -Cruise
Internal

Frequency

E-3C 1981,Bed bunks (back bay) - Cruise

External

Frequency

Figure 12. Internal and External Spectral Data for Condition 10 (Conventional Passive Headset)

14
 Maximum Time Aircrew Can Remain in an Environment, ForDavid Clark 1076 PassiveHeadset

Table 3. Internal Measured Levels and Maximum Times for the David Clark 1076 Passive Headset.
Level Time (hr)
Condition # Condition Description Max. Min. Avg. Max. Min. Avg.
1 Observer Seat 5 - Taxi 84.9 70.0 74.9 8.2 256.0 81.8
2 Observer Seat 5 - Takeoff 70.3 68.9 69.6 238.9 333.9 283.8
3 Observer Seat 5 - Climb 71.7 68.7 69.7 173.6 342.5 271.7
4 Observer Seat 5 - Cruise 69.9 67.3 68.2 260.8 477.7 384.7
5 Seat 7- Cruise 83.1 69.0 75.3 12.4 319.6 74.9
6 Seat 11 - Cruise 84.9 72.6 77.1 8.3 139.7 49.2
7 Seat 14 - Cruise 83.1 67.2 74.8 12.4 485.5 84.7
8 Seat 25 - Cruise 70.1 68.6 69.2 251.3 354.6 311.2
9 Below Deck - Cruise 85.1 81.2 83.2 7.9 19.4 12.1
10 Bed bunks (back bay) - Cruise 78.6 70.4 71.9 34.9 236.1 165.2

15
 In-Flight Spectral Data ForDavid Clark 1076-XL ANR Headset

E-3C 1981,RJ-Climb-Back Bay. ANR On

Internal

50

Frequency

E-3C 198 1,RJ.-Climb-Back Bay- ANR Off

Internal

ca

4 C, A.
b~\ qb

Frequency

Figure 13. Internal Spectral Data for Condition I1I (David Clark 1076-XL ANR Headset), showing ANR On
and Off.

16
 E-3C 1981,RJ-Climb-Back Bay- ANR Off
External

Frequency

Figure 14. External Spectral Data for Condition I1I (David Clark 1076-XL ANR Headset).

17
 E-3C 1981,RJ-Cruise-Back Bay- ANR Off
Internal

Frequency

E-3C 1981,RJ-Crulse-Back Bay- ANR On

Internal

Frequency

Figure 15. Internal Spectral Data for Condition 12 (David Clark 1076-XL ANR Headset), showing ANR On
and Off.

18
 E-3C 1981,RJ-Cruise-Back Bay- ANR On
External

Frequency

Figure 16. External Spectral Data for Condition 12 (David Clark 1076-XL ANR Headset).

19
 E-3C 1981,RJ-Cruise-Seat 25- ANR On
Internal

Frequency

E-3C 1981,RJ.-Cruls e-Seat 25- ANR Off

Internal

~< C. bo A 4z eO

Frequency

Figure 17. Internal Spectral Data for Condition 13 (David Clark 1076-XL ANR Headset), showing ANR On
and Off.

20
 E-3C 1981,RJ-Cruise-Seat 25- ANR Off
External

kAc b r i A q

Frequency

Figure 18. External Spectral Data for Condition 13 (David Clark 1076-XL ANR Headset).

21
 E-3C 1981,RJ-Crulse-BelowDeck- ANR Off

Internal

Frequency

E-3C 1981,RJ-Crulse-BelowDeck- ANR Off

External

4C o' Zr'

Frequency

Figure 19. Internal and External Spectral Data for Condition 14 (David Clark 1076-XL ANR Headset)

22
 E-3C 1981,RJ-Cruise-Seat 11 -ANR On
Internal

Frequency

E-3C 1981,RJ-Cruise-Seat I1I- ANR Off

Internal

1< C) ~

Frequency

Figure 20. Internal Spectral Data for Condition 15 (David Clark 1076-XL ANR Headset), showing ANR On
and Off.

23
 E-3C 1981,RJ-Crulse-Seat 11 - ANR 0
External

Frequency

Figure 21. External Spectral Data for Condition 15 (David Clark 1076-XL ANR Headset).

24
 E-3C 1981,RJ-Cruise-Seat 7- ANR On
Internal

1< 0__AC__Ch__A _z ___L

Frequency

E-3C 1981,RJ-Crulse-Seat 7- ANR Off

Internal

Frequency

Figure 22. Internal Spectral Data for Condition 16 (David Clark 1076-XL ANR Headset), showing ANR On
and Off.

25
 E-3C 1981,RJ.-Cruise-Seat 7-ANR On
External

Frequency

Figure 23. External Spectral Data for Condition 16 (David Clark 1076-XL ANR Headset).

26
 E-3C 1981 ,RJ.-Cruise-Seat 24- ANR On

Internal

14b 41 4,
Frequency

E-3C 1981 ,RJ-Cruise-Seat 24- ANR Off

Internal

Frequency

Figure 24. Internal Spectral Data for Condition 17 (David Clark 1076-XL ANR Headset), showing ANR On
and Off.

27
 E-3C 1981,RJ.-Crulse-Seat 24- ANR Off
External

C. ..
...

Frequency

Figure 25. External Spectral Data for Condition 17 (David Clark 1076-XL ANR Headset).

28
 Exposure Levels ForDavid Clark 1076-XL ANR Headset

Table 4. Internal Measured Levels and Maximum Times for the David Clark 1076-XL ANR Headset.
Level (dBA) Time (hr)
Condition # Description Max. Min. Avg. Max. Min. Avg.
11 Climb-Back Bay- ANR Off 90.4 85.4 87.0 2.3 7.3 5.0
11 Climb-Back Bay- ANR On 74.5 71.8 73.4 89.7 167.3 118.0
12 Cruise-Back Bay- ANR Off 86.2 83.8 85.2 6.1 10.6 7.6
12 Cruise-Back Bay- ANR On 78.0 72.1 73.1 39.9 159.0 125.3
13 Cruise-Seat 25-ANR Off 82.2 79.3 81.1 15.2 29.8 19.8
13 Cruise-Seat 25- ANR On 74.3 70.4 71.7 95.4 235.6 171.6
14 Cruise-Below Deck- ANR Off 93.1 82.2 87.3 1.2 15.1 4.7
15 Cruise-Seat 11-ANR Off 78.4 75.6 76.7 36.9 70.0 54.0
15 Cruise-Seat 11- ANR On 71.0 69.3 70.1 202.7 299.6 250.6
16 Cruise-Seat 7- ANR Off 76.0 73.6 74.8 63.6 110.4 83.8
16 Cruise-Seat7-ANROn 71.8 71.1 71.5 170.1 199.5 179.7
17 Cruise-Seat 24-ANR Off 74.1 72.6 73.5 99.7 140.4 114.3
17 Cruise-Seat 24- ANR On 71.1 70.1 70.7 196.7 253.1 219.1

DISCUSSION

The taxi, takeoff, and climb conditions were found to not be a significant factor in the exposure
for the crewmember at observer seat 5. The exposure for these events was low due to the short
duration of the condition. It was deemed unnecessary to obtain the noise levels for these
conditions at other locations in the aircraft because of the low exposure.

The data in Table 3show that there is only one location where the current hearing protection, the
David Clark 1076, does not permit the aircrew to fly for 24 hours of cruise. This is the area
below the deck. From conversations that followed the collection of the data, it was mentioned
that the aircrew would spend very little time in this area during a flight. In the case of the David
Clark 1076-XL ANR Headset, Table 4shows that the aircrew may not be located at seat 24,
below the deck, or in the Back Bay for an entire 24-hour flight with just the passive attenuation
of the headset. It is noticed that the time was significantly increased when the ANR circuit was
turned on.

Data were collected for both headsets at seats 7, 11, and 25. For seats 7 and 11 the average
values for the ANR off and the passive headset are similar. In this case the ANR circuit
provided protection that increased the maximum time for the aircrew by two to four times.

29
 N11
Figure 26. An Example of the Net4 Condition.

Figure 27. Another Example of the Net4 Condition.

It is important to point out that during data collection the headsets were worn over the ear with
the internal microphone throughout the entire mission. However, during actual E-3 sorties many
mission crewmembers temporarily remove the headset from one ear to better hear neighboring
crewmembers. This phenomenon would result in increased exposure (look in Appendix C for
calculations of this "Net 4" condition and how it affects the exposure). From the data in
Appendix C it is clear that the ear not protected is exposed to much more noise that can cause
auditory damage. The limiting item, then, is the shortest time.

30
Finally, the non-auditory effects of noise such as increased fatigue and ambient noise impact on

voice communications and situational awareness were not studied in this project.

CONCLUSIONS

CAVEATS

Since two separate man-mounted recording devices were used, the data recorded by the devices
in corresponding locations showed some variance. This is due to dynamic acoustic changes in
the in-flight noise signature for similar locations when data were captured at different times in
the mission (each recording device was not at the exact same time and condition in the mission).
One example is flying with the wind on the outward leg and into the wind on the return leg of the
mission. The noise levels were not corrected to ensure that the response of the Knowles BL-
1785 microphone is flat. Furthermore, these data were captured on only two individuals during a
specific mission profile. The recordings are therefore a "snapshot" of what we believe is the
typical in-flight noise environment aboard a typical E-3.

COMPARISON

Tables 3 and 4 show that there are a few places in the aircraft where the crewmember is exposed
to the maximum allowed dose within the mission (exposures over 1.0 are bolded). These tables
show that the exposures were reduced through the use of the David Clark 1076-XL ANR
headset. The reduction was significant for many crew locations.

RECOMMENDATIONS

With the variation that was seen on the external data collected, it was determined that these
recording systems are not sufficient to comprehensively characterize the ambient noise aboard
the E-3 aircraft at all locations for all mission phases. AFRL/HECB recommends the aircraft be
instrumented with a system that places microphones throughout the aircraft and records the noise
levels synchronously. These data will be collected in a manner that will insure sufficient
accuracy to predict the effect of the ANR headsets using the ANR attenuation data collected by
ARFL/HECB (in accordance with ANSI Std. S 12.42-1995) on commercially available ANR
military headsets from a variety of manufacturers.

31
 Appendix A - In-flight Noise Time Histories

E-3C 1981,Observer Seat 5 -Taxi

Internal

0~~ _------ - -
-__ - - -_ - _ -

- - - -- -y -o -\ -b-J - -' - - - - - - - - - - -
-~~ ~~ ~
------- ~ ~ ~ ~ -------
~-(sec)
~ Tm
- -- -- - -- 3- 1- ,-b-e-
-- r- Seat 5- Taxi-- - - -- -- -
External --- - --- - --

- - -- --

Time (sec)

Figur
Intrnal
A-I nd EternlEAteigtdTmeHsoieaoloniinI

&32
 E-3C 1981,Observer Seat 5 - Takeoff
Internal

-- -- -- -- -- - - - - --- - - - - - -
-- - - - - - -- - -- - - - - -- - - -- - -- - --- - -
-- -----~~
---- -- - - T--
im - e-
- -- -- - - -- - - -- - - -

---------------- E-3C 1981 ,Observer SeatS Takeoff-- --- -----

------
--- --- --- --- --- --- Exter n--
al-- --- --- -- - --

-- - - - - - - - - - - - -- - - - - - - - - - - -- - - - - - - - -
---------------T -- - im-e --c)-
-------- - - - -- - - --- -- - - -

Figure--- - nter-------and--External--
---- -- A-Wihe Tim-Hstris-orCodiio-2
--

----
--
---- -- -- ---- 33-
-- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -
 E-3C 1981 ,Observer Seat 5 -Climb
Internal

0 ~
- _ _~ ~~~ -- - - - - --- - - -- -
--- -__ --
-- --

-
-- - _ _ _- --- _ _ --- -__
- --
--
---------... ___----_

... . .. . .....
N.O.~

Time (sec)

E-3C 1981,Observer Seat 5 -Climb

External

4R 1 1 .. R

Time (sec)

Figure A-3. Internal and External A-Weighted Time Histories for Condition 3.

34
 E-3C 1981 ,Observer Seat 5 - Cruise
Internal

- - - --- -- -- - - - - - - - -- --
-~@
-- - -- -- --
-------
-- - --
- ---
-- - - -- -- -
--~~ ~ ~ --~ - ~- ~- ~- -~ --
~ Tm
- -(sec)--
- - - -- - - - - - -- - - - - -

------ E-3C-1981-----er--r-Seat-5---Cruise
--- --- -- --- --- ----
------
-- --- --- - -- ---Ex-- terna---
l- - --- --- -- -- --

--- --- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -
--------
----------- ~T- - -- -im- - --e-
-- -- - - - -- - - -- - - -

Figure A-4.---tr-- -and-External--Wihe

-- Time -Histories-for-Condition-4.

----
----
-- -- - -- -- --3-- - -- -- -- -- -- -- -- --
 E-3C 1981,Seat 25 - Cruise
Internal

w ----- - -- -_-_--- -_ - - - _

~~~
0~ -- - -~ - ~- - - -O r O -

Time (sec)

Figur
Intrnal
A-S nd EternlEA-eigtdTreHsoieaoloniin5

36- - - -- -
 E-3C 1981 ,Seat 11 - Cruise
Internal

-E----3 - 198 Sat

- Cris
- ---
-- --- - -- -- --External --- -- -- -- -- - -

-~
-- -~ --- -- -- -- --- --- --
- -- -- - - - - -- -- --- -- Tim
- -e - - -- - - -- - -(se--c)- -

- A-6
Figure - Exera A Wihe Tim Hitre fo Codto
nera an -------- 6

--- ---
---- -- --- 37- --- --- --- -- - -
 E-3C 1981,Seat 7 - Cruise
Internal

1981-
3 7-Cris
-- - -Sea -
External- -- - - - -- --

- -N- -N-N

Time (sec)

Figur
Intrnal
A-7 nd EternlEA-ergtdTmeHsoieaoloniin7

-----
- --- - -- --- -- - ----
 -55

E-3C 1981 ,Seat 14 -Cruise

Internal

0 U~In WO LO U') In) LO (0 U) U)j In M U) w) M~ Oq( U) CV) OR U) c!) (0 lf0 C

V? CR-
r1_-: N r-.: 4-gCJ
C N 1- l l 4M't U)( l oC
6 CN c~) U)O (D 0 0)- - - - - - - - N
Time (sec)

E-3C 1981,Seat 14 - Cruise

External

0a

...... ~~~ ~im (sec)---

--- - - -

Figure A-----
... 8.. Interna and. Extenal--Wihe Time. Historie for----
Conditio 8.-------

....... -----
......
.. 39-
---....
... -
 E-3C 1981,Below Deck - Cruise
Internal

Time (sec)

E-3C 1981,Below Deck - Cruise

External

AM M

Time (sec)

Figure A-9. Internal and External A-Weighted Time Histories for Condition 9.

40
 E-3C 1981,B3ed bunks (back bay) - Cruise
Internal

50

- - L - - -0J
.- -0
- ~ - - - - - - - -0 - - - - ) - - - - ---- - NJ-- - - - -
0~ -
-J -~ - -o -O - - -) - -- J - -

o~ ~~~ - Co -C- -o -JCo

- - N-
- - - Co
- - Co 0- Co - 0 - - -010
-J - - -

- -J - - -0~
-0 -- -) - Co 0 -

Time (sec)

FigueIternl
A-. an Exerna A-Eigtedr ieHitrenfrCnitol0

441
 E-3C 1981,RJ-Clim b-Back Bay. ANR On
Internal

Time (sec)

E-3C 1981 ,RJ-Climb-Back Bay- ANIR Off

Internal

mA

N A"
, A

Time (sec)

Figure A- 11. A-Weighted Time History for Condition 11, Internal ANR On and Off Spectra.

42
 E-3C 1981,RJ.-Climb-Back Bay- ANR Off
External

130
125

13

620
415
410

10-

Fiur -A--12.- A-Wihe Tim Hitr fo Condition----

-- ,-External-Spectra

5 -----
- -- - -- -- - -- 4
--
3- - -- -- -- -- - - -- -- - -
 E-3C 1981 ,RJ-Crulse-Back Bay- ANR Off
Internal

0~~~~- t I, D o ~ - r - - -- - -

- - - - -- -
-_ - _

Time (sec)

Figre -Weghtd
- 1. TmeHisoryforCoditon 2,Internal ARO n f pcr

. ... .. ..
44-R R
 E-3C 1981,RJ-Cruise -Back Bay- ANR On
External

Time (sec)

Figure A- 14. A-Weighted Time History for Condition 12, External Spectra.

45
 E-3C 1981,RJ-Cruise-Seat 25- ANR On
Internal

Time (sec)

E-3C 1981 ,RJ-Cruise-Seat 25- ANR Off

Internal

~,'~'*, ~
0- -V- - -y- '~-~-~ b
-\-b - 0
~ q~ 0)J
----

Time (sec)

Figure A- 15. A-Weighted Time History for Condition 13, Internal ANR On and Off Spectra.

46
 E-3C 1981 ,RJ-Cruise-Seat 25- ANR Off
External

- -

- - --- - - - - - - - - - -
-~~ ~ - ~- -~- --(sec)
~- T- m - - - -- - - -

Figure~~~~~~~~~~
Tim Hitr
A- 16 A-eghe
fo Codto 13 ExenlSeta

4-7 ----- - - -- --
 E-3C 1981,RJ.-Cruise-BelowDeck- ANR Off
Internal

150
1 405 ----- ----- ~-- _____________

13
40 -------- --- - -_________
125 - ------ - - ------ __________

805

100
950

90~
T8e(5e

E-C180JCus-Blwek N f
75era

448
 E-3C 1981,RJ-Cruise-Seat I I-ANR On
Internal

-- - - - - - - -- - - - - -- - -

- --- - -- - -- - - - - -- - - - - - -- - - - - - -- - - - - -
-------
- --- ---- --- ---- ---Tim----
e- e- --- -- -- -- -- --

----
-- --- -- --- E-3
---
C- ---- ----------------------------
O- -
------
-- ---- --- ---- ---- te-
---- --- -- - -In -- ---

Time (sec)

Figre-Weghtd
- 1. TmeHisoryforCoditon 5,Internal ARO n f pcr

J4 J -- -- -
 E-3C 1981,RJ-Cruise-Seat 11-ANR 0
External

J _ .. .

Tim -(sec)- --

A- 19 A-eghe Tim Hitr fo-5Codto

Figure Exera Spectra.

-- ---
- -- --- -- -- - -- -- --- - -0
 E-3C 1981,RJ.-Cruise-Seat 7-ANR On
Internal

.5

-V - - - - -- -
~ -(s--
~ Tm
- ~ ~ -ec---)

E--3C
191R
-- -Cris-S 7-A Of-

Time (sec)

Figre
AWeihte
- 2. Tie Hstoy fr Cndiion16,Internal ARO n pcr

J51 A
 E-3C 1981 ,RJ-Crulse-Seat 7-ANR On
External

- -z-1- -.- - -

Time (sec)

Figure A- 21. A-Weighted Time History for Condition 16, External Spectra.

52
 E-3C 1981,RJ-Cru ise -Seat 24- ANR On
Internal

- - D- - , -
- - -\ -~ -D - - -

Time (sec)

E-3C 1981 ,RJ-Cruise-Seat 24- ANR Off

Internal

0 ___ ___ __ __ ___j

Time
(sec) ---

Figure -22 A-Wgte

-itr -7Tim fo Codto Inera
-n- AN On Spetr

---- - --
-- - --
-3
 E-3C 1981,RJ-Crulse-Seat 24- ANR Off
External

~
. . . . . .) .o . . . .b .
- - -s - - -- - - - - - - - - -
Tim -(se--c)---

Fiur ----
A 23 A-Wihe -7
Tim Hisor fo Codto
-- Exera Spe-tra.--

-54 ----
 Appendix B - Procedure for Calculation of Time for Total Daily Exposure

Equations and Methods for Calculating Maximum Time of Expsure due to a noise level. These
calculations are based on the Air Force regulation that sets the limits at 85 dB for 8 hours.

refievel := 85 MT := 8hr TDE:= 1

The Total Daily Exposure is calculated from the following formula:

Li-85

TDE = 8- .2
i=l

This is a sum of all levels that a person is exposed to. These calculations then should be
understood to give the exposure for a perso n in a single noise environment that does not varry more
than 3 dB over the time that the individual is in the envrionment. If the noise level does exceed this
3 dB limit the time is cut in half. To calculate the time for a single level we remove the summation
and invert the equation.
L-refleveI L-reflevel

TDE t TDE-MT =t.2

MT

L-refieveI
3
TDE.MT-2 3 t

Now we will give a few examples:

L-refleve]

t(L) := TDE.MT.2

t(125) = 3 s t(l 15) = 28 s

t(105) = 5 min t(95) = 48 min

t(85) = 8hr t(75) = 81 hr

55
 Exposure Time
8

105dB for5 min

2 -- --- --
85 d'B for 8 Hr

0 -- -- -- _ _ _

50 75 100 125 150

Level (dBA)
Figure B-i. Time of Allowable Exposure as a Function of Level

56
 Appendix C - Calculation of Exposure In Each Ear Due to Net 4 Condition

Figure C-1. The Net4 Condition.

It was determined that the majority of the E-3 crewmembers will wear the headsets in a condition
called 'Net 4'. This is a configuration where one ear cup is worn off the ear. This is to afford
easier communication with other crewmembers. This will cause a different exposure for each
ear. The ear that is exposed to the ambient level will have a lower exposure time and a higher
exposure. Table C-I shows the calculations based on the 10 conditions using the ambient levels
to compute the exposure for the right ear (the unprotected ear) and the left ear (the protected ear)
for the current headset, the David Clark 1076. Table C-2 shows the 7 conditions for the David
Clark 1076-XL headset.

Table C-I. Calculations for the Maximum Time an Aircrew Member Can Spend in Net4.
Left Ear Right Ear
Max Time Max Time
Condition Avg. Level (hr) Avg. Level (hr)
Observer Seat 5 - Taxi 74.9 81.8 81.9 16.5
Observer Seat 5 - Takeoff 69.6 283.8 83.3 11.8
Observer Seat 5 - Climb 69.7 271.7 82.1 15.6
Observer Seat 5 - Cruise 68.2 384.7 80.3 23.4
Seat 25 - Cruise 69.2 311.2 78.6 34.8
Seat 11 - Cruise 77.1 49.2 84.9 8.2
Seat 7 - Cruise 75.3 74.9 78.4 36.8
Seat 14 - Cruise 74.8 84.7 78.1 39.2
Below Deck - Cruise 83.2 12.1 94.7 0.9
Bed bunks (back bay) - Cruise 71.9 165.2 80.1 24.9

57
Table C-2. Calculations for the Maximum Time an Aircrew Member Can Spend in Net4.
Left Ear Right Ear
Max Time Max Time
Condition Avg. Level (hr) Avg. Level (hr)
Climb-Back Bay- ANR Off 87.0 5.0 98.9 0.3
Climb-Back Bay- ANR On 73.4 118.0 98.9 0.3
Cruise-Back Bay- ANR Off 85.2 7.6 95.3 0.7
Cruise-Back Bay- ANR On 73.1 125.3 95.3 0.7
Cruise-Seat 25- ANR Off 81.1 19.8 96.4 0.6
Cruise-Seat 25- ANR On 71.7 171.6 96.4 0.6
Cruise-Below Deck- ANR Off 87.3 4.7 106.9 0.1
Cruise-Seat 11- ANR Off 76.7 54.0 92.9 1.3
Cruise-Seat 11- ANR On 70.1 250.6 92.9 1.3
Cruise-Seat 7- ANR Off 74.8 83.8 91.6 1.7
Cruise-Seat 7- ANR On 71.5 179.7 91.6 1.7
Cruise-Seat 24- ANR Off 73.5 114.3 88.0 4.0
Cruise-Seat 24- ANR On 70.7 219.1 88.0 4.0

58
 Appendix D - Approximation of Ground Crew Levels Using Headset Attenuation Data

AFRL/LIECB has characterized the attenuation of the David Clark 1076-XL headset. Using this
data, the attenuated noise levels that a person is exposed to may be approximated. To
appropriately calculate the new A-weighted values, use Equation D-1.

LA
L 1=OlOglog 42 10 SPL i-MIRE1 -A~ j01
i=lO

Equation D-1. Equation to Calculate the A-weighted Level at the Ear.

The calculated values are found in Table D-I and two spectral representations follow.

Table D- 1. Measured and Calculated Levels for E-3A Ground Crew.

Level (dBA)
Position Condition Measured Calculated
Engine #4 Start Engine #4 Idle 111.00 80.68
Engine #3 Start Engines #3 and 4 Idle 113.10 82.92
Engine #2 Start Engines #2, 3, and 4 Idle 110.10 79.87
Engine #1 Start All Engines Idle 113.30 82.75
Air Hose Removal All Engines Idle 111.40 81.97
Electric Disconnect All Engines Idle 109.80 79.64
Wheel Chock Pull All Engines Idle 116.00 85.69
Wing Marshal All Engines Idle 110.10 79.78
Wing Marshal All Engines 85% RPM 129.30 98.29
Trim Adjustment All Engines Idle 120.30 89.88

59
 Spectral Comparison of Measured and Calculated Noise
Engine 1 Start
All Engines Idle

120.00 -

100.00 . . . . . . . . .. ..... ....

80.00

e. E3Measured Noise
W 60.00 -
IN .Calculated At Ear Noise

40.00

20.00

0.00

Frequency (Hz)

Figure D-1. Spectral Comparison of the Noise Levels for E-3A Ground Crew, Engine I Start.

Spectral Comparison of Measured and Calculated Noise

Wing Marhsal
Engines 85%

140.00

120.00................

100.00i

-80.00
80,measured Noise

.
iV= 60.00 Calculated In Ear Noise

40.00

20.00

0.00 .

Frequency (Hz)

Figure D-2. Spectral Comparison of the Noise Levels for the E-3A Ground Crew, Wing Marshal, Engines
85%.

60
 Appendix E - References for Noise Measurement

REFERENCES

AMRL/BBE-SP-7, "Standard Procedure For Performing 1/3 Octave Band Spectral

Analysis of Time Varying and Stationary Signals Using the GR Analyzer."

AMRL/BBE-SP-9, "Standard Procedure for Free-Field Comparison Micro-phone

Comparison."

AMRL/BBE-SP-1 1, "Standard Procedure for Calibration of B&K 4220 Piston Phones

and B&K 4230 Field Calibrators."

REQUIREMENTS

Air Force Occupational Safety and Health Standard 48-19, Hazardous Noise Program

Code of Federal Regulations, Title 29, Chapter XVII, Part 1910, Subpart G

ANSI Std. S 12.6-1997 (Real Ear Attenuation at Threshold Method for the Measurement
of Attenuation of Hearing Protection Devices)

ANSI Std. S 12.42-1995 (Microphone in Real Ear Method for the Measurement of
Attenuation of Hearing Protection Devices)

61