Power System Control 2022 Dr Alaa Abdel Razek
Generator – Load Modelling
Generator – Load Modelling
First:
When load has changing, these changing is borrowing from kinetic energy,
which is representing in frequency changing.
𝑎𝑠 𝑤𝑒 ℎ𝑎𝑣𝑒 𝐾. 𝐸. (𝑓𝑟 ) ∝ 𝑓𝑟2 𝑎𝑓𝑡𝑒𝑟 𝑓𝑟𝑒𝑞𝑢𝑒𝑛𝑐𝑦 𝑐ℎ𝑎𝑛𝑔𝑖𝑛𝑔. 𝑤𝑒 ℎ𝑎𝑣𝑒
2
𝐾. 𝐸. (𝑓𝑛𝑒𝑤 ) ∝ 𝑓𝑛𝑒𝑤 , 𝑎𝑠 𝑓𝑛𝑒𝑤 = 𝑓𝑟 − ∆𝑓
2
𝑓𝑛𝑒𝑤 𝑓𝑟2 − 2𝑓𝑟 ∙ ∆𝑓 + ∆𝑓 2
𝐾. 𝐸. (𝑓𝑛𝑒𝑤 ) = 𝐾. 𝐸. (𝑓𝑟 ) ∙ ( 2 ) = 𝐾. 𝐸. (𝑓𝑟 ) ∙ ( )
𝑓𝑟 𝑓𝑟2
𝑎𝑠 𝑓𝑛𝑒𝑤 = 𝑓𝑟 − ∆𝑓
2∆𝑓 ∆𝑓 2
𝐾. 𝐸. (𝑓𝑛𝑒𝑤 ) = 𝐾. 𝐸. (𝑓𝑟 ) ∙ (1 − + 2)
𝑓𝑟 𝑓𝑟
∆𝑓 2
𝑎𝑠 𝑡ℎ𝑒𝑠𝑒 𝑣𝑎𝑙𝑢𝑒 𝑖𝑠 𝑣𝑒𝑟𝑦 𝑠𝑎𝑚𝑙𝑙, 𝑐𝑎𝑛 𝑏𝑒 𝑛𝑒𝑔𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑒𝑑 2 ≈ 0
𝑓𝑟
2∆𝑓
𝐾. 𝐸. (𝑓𝑛𝑒𝑤 ) = 𝐾. 𝐸. (𝑓𝑟 ) ∙ (1 − )
𝑓𝑟
2∆𝑓
𝐾. 𝐸. (𝑓𝑛𝑒𝑤 ) = 𝐾. 𝐸. (𝑓𝑟 ) − ∙ 𝐾. 𝐸. (𝑓𝑟 )
𝑓𝑟
Then, we have the change in kinetic energy due to the change in load is:
𝐾. 𝐸. (𝑓𝑟 )
𝐾. 𝐸. (∆𝑃𝐿 ) = −2 ∙ (∆𝑓)
𝑓𝑟
We can obtain the change in load ΔPL as the following:
𝑑 𝐾. 𝐸. (𝑓𝑟 ) 𝑑
∆𝑃𝐿 = − 𝐾. 𝐸. (∆𝑃𝐿 ) = −2 ∙ ∆𝑓
𝑑𝑡 𝑓𝑟 𝑑𝑡
As we have
𝐾. 𝐸. (𝑓𝑟 ) = 𝐺𝐻, 𝑡ℎ𝑒𝑛
2𝐺𝐻 𝑑 𝟐𝑮𝑯
∆𝑃𝐺 (𝐾. 𝐸) = − ∙ ∆𝑓 𝑖𝑛 𝑙𝑎𝑝𝑙𝑎𝑐𝑒 ∆𝑷𝑮 (𝑺) = − ∙ 𝑺∆𝒇
𝑓𝑟 𝑑𝑡 𝒇𝒓
Page 1 of 3
Power System Control 2022 Dr Alaa Abdel Razek
Generator – Load Modelling
Second:
The change in load equals change in load independently frequency ΔPL and
other part dependently frequency change ΔPLα f:
𝑇ℎ𝑒 𝑡𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 𝑐ℎ𝑎𝑛𝑔𝑒 𝑖𝑛 𝑙𝑜𝑎𝑑 = ∆𝑃𝐿 + 𝐷 ∙ ∆𝑓
Final:
The total change in load = the change in supply
The change in supply = the change in mechanical power and the change in
kinetic energy
Then we have:
∆𝑃𝑚 + ∆𝑃𝐺 (𝐾. 𝐸) = ∆𝑃𝐿 + 𝐷 ∙ ∆𝑃𝐿
2𝐻
∆𝑃𝑚 − ∙ 𝑆∆𝑓 = ∆𝑃𝐿 + 𝐷 ∙ ∆𝑓
𝑓𝑟
Then, we have
2𝐻
∆𝑃𝑚 − ∆𝑃𝐿 = ∙ 𝑆∆𝑓 + 𝐷 ∙ ∆𝑓
𝑓𝑟
2𝐺𝐻
∆𝑃𝑚 − ∆𝑃𝐿 = 𝐷 (1 + ∙ 𝑆 ) ∙ ∆𝑓
𝐷𝑓𝑟
The final relation for Generator -Load modelling is:
𝑘𝑃
∆𝑓 = ∙ (∆𝑃𝑚 − ∆𝑃𝐿 )
(1 + 𝜏𝑃 𝑠)
1 2𝐺𝐻
𝑤ℎ𝑒𝑟𝑒, 𝑘𝑃 = 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝜏𝑃 =
𝐷 𝐷𝑓𝑟
∆𝑃𝐿 (𝑆)
-
∆𝑃𝑚 (𝑆) + 𝑘𝑃
1 + 𝜏𝑃 𝑠 ∆𝑓(𝑆)
Page 2 of 3
Power System Control 2022 Dr Alaa Abdel Razek
Generator – Load Modelling
Example:
Consider an isolated generator of 500MVA, τP = 10 sec. The unit is supplying a
load of 400MVA. The load changes by D =20 MW/Hz. Draw the block diagram
for the equivalent generator-load system. For an increase of 10MVA in the load,
determine the steady-state frequency deviation and response.
The Solution:
𝑘𝑝
∆𝑓(𝑠) = (∆𝑃𝑚 (𝑠) − ∆𝑃𝐿 (𝑠)) ∙ ( )
1 + 𝜏𝑝 𝑠
If the load increased by 10MW, with the mechanical power remaining the same
ΔPm=0 , therefore:
∆𝑃𝐿 𝑘𝑝 𝐴 𝐵
∆𝑓(𝑠) = (− )∙( )= +
𝑠 1 + 𝜏𝑝 𝑠 𝑠 (1 + 𝜏𝑝 𝑠)
10 0.05 𝐴 𝐵
∆𝑓(𝑠) = (− ) ∙ ( )= +
𝑠 1 + 10𝑠 𝑠 (1 + 10𝑠)
𝑡ℎ𝑒𝑛, 𝐴 = 0.05 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝐵 =
Page 3 of 3
