INSECT ANTENNA The antennae are a pair of sense organs located on insect's head capsule. It is commonly called feelers. You may be surprised to find out that antennae contain chemoreceptors for _— smell, mechanoreceptors for touch, thermoreceptors for temperature, and hygroreceptors for humidity. Insects can also use their antennae for hearing. Functions of Antenna By means of antenna insects- C1 Feel their way Q Detect their danger G Locate food G Find their mates Cl Communicate with other G Act as a hearing organ Ly. 28> oe Characteristics of Antenna Segmented Q Movable 0 Sensory in funetion O Variable in shape & size Parts of Antenna Although antennae vary widely in shape, size and function, all of them can be divided into three basic parts: 1, Scape the basal segment that articulates with the head capsule 2. Pedicel-- the second antennal segment 3. Flagellum ~ all the remaining segments (individually called flagellomere)Types of Insect Antennae: eetaales eRe: antares st We Tedonteresi a Geacrtie Erte ne eaneea oo gradually diminish 4 ameter ‘ond > mm [Link] ~ threaeike ~ eran The flagellomeres, an Grassshopper ; mpeiicimrett is Fig. Typicalinsect antenna Pinca re he ofa similarsize. re x Types of Antennae: Types of Antennae: [Link] — gradually . Antenna of ‘Antenna of Flagellomeres are more or Termite clubbed The lagllomeres Butterflies jess spherical and'look ike =: ge 287 inereasein diam : string of beads. Ger graddallytowardthe ‘ apex | a i A sbrupth ‘Antenna of i Antenna of [Link] -- abruptly enna 4Serrate ~ sawtoothed. The Click beetles clubbed. The last Red flour flagellomeres _ display flagellomeres are of greater peatle diameter than the ones pointed, lateral prolongation before, forming a ‘club: ne side or both. on one side or bot 2) nyTypes of Antennae: ELEMENT TaLamellate = nested plates eo as Antennas ‘Only the fast lagellomeres c 2 Dung EG abe para SY moths display long, lateral rts laterally, forming a fine and expansions more or less elongated projeetion [Link]:-The Antenna of [Link]~ eae ct flagellum displays ong, some beetles Doublecomb-like. The sion flattened or more or less flagellomeres project wae cylindrical , laterally over two sides expansions. of each flagellum. ‘Types of Antennas ‘and elongated ‘named the style. angles wi with the — oe "Antenna of House fies [Link] ~ pouch-lke with lateral bristle. The last flagelomere bear a lateral bristle,~ Types of Antenna: 24Plcse brush ike aternaf Flagellomeres «with few short hairs: deme mosquito [Link] -- feather-like ‘Antenna of Flagellomeres with male numerous long hairs, are Za mosquito arranged in a feather-like S ‘orwhorled form. cP'e following parts, in al to distal: Sequence from most proxim, 1. Coxa(e) 2. Trochanter(s), 3. Femur(Femora), 4. Tibia(e) and S. Tarsus(tarsi), The Coxa: is the proximal segment and functional base of the leg. The Trochanter: is the 2° segment of leg. It is usually very short, triangular quadrangular segment in between coxa and femur. The Femur: is the 3” segment of leg and the largest & strongest segment of leg. Fig. Typical insect leg The Tibia: is the fourth part of leg. As a rule, the tibia of an insect is slender in comparison to the femur, but it generally is at least as long and often longer. Near the distal end there is generally a tibial spur, often two or more. The Tarsus: is the most distal part of leg. It consists of a series of small segments varying in number from 1-6, but typically 5 in number, The terminal segment of the tarsus is known as pretarsus.2. Aribatat latory (Walking) ly tlongate and "slender eye walking. ce These legs are designed for 3. Saltatorial(Jumping) legs: Enlarged hind lees adapted for jumping. These legs are characterized by an elongated femur and tibia. Examples: Grasshoppers, crickets and katydids (Orthoptera). en ENO TAD Pen tos, 2. Cursorial (Running) legs: These legs modified for running. They have long, thin segments, Examples: Cockroaches (Blattaria), ground anc tiger beetles (Coleoptera). re 4. Fossorial(Digging) legs: Powerful, spade like forelegs adapted for digging and rapid burrowing. Examples: Ground dwelling insects, mole erickets {order Orthoptera) and Cicada nymphs (order Hemiptera), |’ 5. Natatorial(Swimmin A 1g) ley legs of aauatic inet Pate re pee ave long setae on the tarsi aaete ee othe cee serve as Examples: Mantids, ambush gant bugs (order Hemiptera), ee ; j 6. Raptorial(Preying) lees: 7, Clinging legs: Have a sharp claw on the tIP of 2, Corbiculate(Pollen carrying) legs: On the hing: coch leg so that it may better cling t6 the halr of Tog there are three interesting structures: 1M its host. pollen basket fringed with hairs, the heavy wax Example: Head louse (Mellopha¢e) Pincers, and the poten comb at the tip. Example-Honey bee (Hymenoptera)Thighly ns of insect legs: Qa eee Play an important defensive role, Permitting escape by running,” burrowing, and swimming bt such as kicking and slashing. O The spines on the legs of many insects, when used in defense, effective predation and can inflict considerable damage. Insects such as stink bugs and treehoppers deliver powerful kicks at parasitoids and predators that attempt to attack their young. not only jumping, but also in ways The hind leg of honey bees is specially modified to gather pollen Legs often are used to hold onto objects. The grasping function is seen, in the pincer-like, spiny raptorial forelegs of many predacious insects. i Flies that feed on the blood of birds typically have a thumbrlike lobe at the base of each of their talon-like claws. I Configurations of pattern and color of legs Play a role in camouflage, mimicry, and courtship. = oe MMBC are Dall legs are equipped with an extensio arrangement of sensory structures that allo the insect to feel, hear, and taste, providing the insect’ with its initial assessment of the environment. . Legs also can be used to produce sound for intraspecific communication by drumming them against a substrate (To maintain hygiene, insects spend considerable time for grooming their body and appendages with the help of various leg structures