"Data management technology that can support easy data access from and to mobile devices is

among the main concerns in mobile information systems

" Mobile computing may be considered a variation of distributed computing.

" Among the wired components, the entire database is distributed, possibly with fullor partial
replication

"A base station or fixed host manages its own database with a DBMS like functionality, with
additional functionality for locating mobile units and additional query and transaction
management features to meet the requirements of mobile environments.

"Among the base stations or fixed hosts and mobile units, the data management responsibility
is shared.

" Here are some of the issues which arises in data management of the mobile databases:
"1. Mobile database design - Because of the frequent shutdown and for handling the queries,
the global name resolution problem is compounded.

. 2. Security - The data which is left at the fixed location is more secure as compared to
mobile data. That is mobile data is less secure. Data are also becoming more volatile and
techniques must be able to compensate for its loss. The most important thing needed in this
environment is the authorizing access to critical data and proper techniques

"3. Data distribution and replication - Uneven distribution of data among the mobile units
and the base stations take place here. Higher data availability and low cost of remoteaccess
is there ín data distribution and replication. The problem of Cache management is
compounded by the consistency constraints. The most updated data and frequently
accessed data is provided by the Caches to the mobile units. It process their own transactions.
There is most efficient access of data and higher security is available.
 signalling due to increase
for updates and
of costs
issues - There is increase
4. Replication can move anywhere and anytime.
replicas. Mobile hosts
in number of transactions
correctness of
issues of
models- In mobile
environment, the
ACID
properties,these
Transaction
"6. must satisfy the
aggravated. All transactions of the
and fault tolerance are the movemnent
isolation, and durability. Depending upon
are atomic, consistency, station, a mobile
through several base
sets and disconnected, ACID
mobile unit, possibly on multiple data computers are
mobile
transaction is executed sequentially. When the
properties gets hard to enforce. perform its
fault tolerance - Fault tolerance is the ability of asystem to
"7. Recovery and
be classified in two
of internal faults. Faults can
function correctly even in the presence will be
permnanent. Without any apparent intervention, a transient fault
types: transient and
remain unless it is removed by some
eventually disappeared but a permanent fault will
external agency.
challenging tasks which must be undertaken is
.8. Location based service One of the most
in order to enable a
determining the location of mobile users, which must be undertaken
move location
location based service. A cache information becomes sale when clients
location and
dependent. Eviction techniques are important in this case.Issues that arises in
services are:
User Privacy
Diverse mobile mapping standards
Market capability
Interoperability

9. Query processing Because of the mobility and rapid resource changes of mobile units,
Query optimization becomes the most complicated. That is query processing is affected
when mobility is considered. There is a need to returned a query response to mobile units that
maybe in transit. The cost that affects the most in centralized environments is the input/output.
Communication cost is the most important in distributed environments. It is possible to
formulate location dependent queries.
 Continue. Communication
Corporate Corporate Link
Laptop
Server DB -Mobile DBMS

Corporate Mobile þB
DBMS

Mobile DBMS PDA

Continue..
Components of a Mobile Database
. Corporate Database Server
Manages and stores corporate data, provides corporate
applications
Remote Database/DBMS
.Manages and stores mobile data, provides mobile
applications
Mobile Database Platform
. Laptop, PDA, etc.
Two-WayCommunication Link Between Corporate
and Mobile Database Servers
. Often, butnot always, wireless
 Integrated System
Mobile database
PSTN VLA
HLA MSC

DBS DBS MSC

BSC
BSC
FIxed host

Fxed host BS
MU

MU
MU
BS, BS
MU MU
Requirements of a Mobile DBMS
Communicates with a centralized database server in
a mode such aS:
Wirelessly
Using Internet
centralized
Replicates and Synchronizes data on the
server and mobile host (MH).
as the
Can capture data from various sources such
Internet
Manages and Analyzes the data on the MH
Can create custom mobile applications

Current Mobile DBMS

. Current most mobile DBMSs only provide
limited prepackaged SQL functions for the
mobile application.
lt is expected that in the near-future, mobile
DBMSS will provide functionality matching
that at the corporate site.
Some Mobile DBMSs
. Microsoft SQL Server CE
Oracle Lite Edition

7
Mobile Transaction
workflow
introduced using
can be
Flexibility transaction can be
Thus, a part of the
Concept. independent to its other
executed and committed
parts.
MH takes part in its
Atransaction where at least one
execution.
- Difficult to enforce ACID properties in mobile
transactions.
models are being created to deal with
Thus, new
mobile transactions 14

Continue...
Execution scenario:
User issues transactions from his/her MH and the
final results comes back to the same MH.
The user transaction may not be completely
executed at the MH so it is fragmented and
distributed among database servers for execution.
This creates a Distributed mobile execution.

15
Requirements of aMobile DBMS
Communicates witha centralized database server in
a mode such as:
. Wirelessly
Using Internet
Replicates and Synchronizes data on the centralized
server and mobile host (MH).
Can capture data from various sources such as the
Internet
Manages and Analyzes the data on the MH
Can create custommobile applications

6
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 4/5/2023

Mobility Constraints What is Mobility?

" CPU
Power
A
device that moves between
Variable Bandwidth
Delay tolerance, but unreliable different geographical locations
Physical size Between different networks
Constraints on peripherals and GUIS
A person who moves between
Frequent Location dhanges
Security different geographical locations
Heterogeneity different networks
Expensive
Frequent disconnections but predictable different communication devices
different applications

Device mobility
Mobility Means Changes
Laptop moves between Ethernet, WaveLAN and Metricom " Addresses
networks
- IP addresses
Wired and wireless network access
Network performance
Potentially continuous connectivity, but may be breaks in
service
- Bandwidth, delay, bit error rates, cost, connectivity
Network interfaces
Network address changes - PPP, eth0, strip
Radically
networks
different network performance on different Between applications
- Different interfaces over phone &
- Network interface changes laptop
Within applications
Can we achieve best of both worlds? - Loss of
- bandwidth trigger change from color to B&W
Continuous connectivity of wireless access " Available resources
- Performance of better networks when available Files, printers, displays, power, even routing
 Energy Management
Bandwidth Management

Battery life expected to increase by only

" Clients assumed to have weak and/or 20% in the next 10 years
unreliable communication capabilities Reduce the number of messages sent
Broadcast-scalable but high latency " Doze modes
On-demand-less scalable and requires " Power aware system software
more powerfulclient, but better response " Power aware microprOcessors
Client caching allows bandwidth " Indexing wireless data to reduce tuning
conservation time

Why Mobile Data Management? Mobile Data Applications

handheld Sales Force Automation - especially in

" Wireless Connectivity and use of PDA'S,
computing devices on the rise pharmaceutical industry, consumer goods,
parts
Workforces will carry extracts of Corporate
Financial Consulting and Planning
databases with them to have continuous connectivity
Insurance and Claim Processing - Auto,
these
" Need central database repositories to serve General, and Life Insurance
keep them fairly upto-date and
work groups and Real Estate/Property Management
consistent Maintenance and Building Contracting
" Mobile E-commerce
 4/5/2023

Mobility - Impact on DBMS DBMS ndustry Scenario

Most RDBMS vendors support the mobile scenario

" Handling/representing fast-changing data but no design and optimization aids
Scale
" Specialized Environments for mobile applications:
Data Shipping v/sQuery shipping Sybase Remote Server
Transaction Management Synchrologic iMOBILE
Replica management Microsoft SOL server- mobile application support
Integrity constraint enforcement Oracle Lite
" Recovery Xtnd-Connect-Server (Extended Technologies)
" Location Management Scoutware (Riverbed Technologies)
Security
" User interfaces

Location Management
Query Processing

" New Issues

" New Issues - Tracking Mobile Users
Query Processing Context
- Energy Efficient " Old Issues- New lnformation
Query Processing Intensive LOcation
- Location Dependent - Managing Update
Reduce Latency for Location
Context Providing Replication to
" Old Issues - New
Cost Model Queries Information
Maintenance of Location
- Consistent
 Transaction Processing DataProcessing Scenario
" One server or many serverS
" Shared Data
New Issues mostly subset of
" Some Local Data per client,
- Recovery of Mobile Transactions
global data
- Lock Management in Mobile Transaction " Need for accurate, up-to-date information,
but some
applications can tolerate bounded inconsistency
Old Issues - New Context
Extended Transaction Models " Client side and Server side Computing

- Partitioning Objects while Maintaining " Long disconnection should not constraint availability
Correctness " Mainly Serial Transactions at Mobile Hosts
" Update Propagation and Installation

Transaction management in Mobile Computing Architecture of General Mobile Environment

Why need Mobile Computing: Two Entities
Mobile units
. Appearance of powerful portable computers Fixed Host
. Development of fast reliable network

1
 Unique Features Transaction Models
Asymmetry in Communication Data Escrow Method
Frequent Disconnecting Disscmination Walborn & Chrysanthis Generilazation
Power Limitations
Impact on transaction Managcment Demarcation Protocol
Screen Size Two Tier
Impact on kind of interlacos
Replication Algorithm
Certification reports
Isolation only transactions
Roamig tcedsa
Roaming of clicnts through diflercnt cclls
"Location Dependcnt Qucries lssuc

lbtaho Depanadla 14

Escrow Method
Demonstration
" Divides the total number of instances of an item
among no. of sites in system.
lent
Atransaction can only successfully complete at a
site if no. of instances it requires does not exceed
available instances at that site.
TranIs

Move to S2
Trans I
Syn. By 2 Phase Commit
Algorithm Server2
It will take decision based on
It only need next operation to
available instances
be performed
 Walborn &Chrysathis Generilazation
Demarcation Protocol

Splits large and complex objects into consistent sets of Sends request to access object with
smaller fragments condition
Cache a set on Mobile client

Advantage:
Concurrent Operations on a set of Mobile Clients Part of the object is only
accessed by the client
OASISLC conditions

37 Remaining part available for other clients

Two Tier Replication Algorithm

Two Tier Replication Algorithm (cont' d)
" Tentative transactions at mobile clients on replicated data Advantage:
while they are disconnected
Standard way of propagating updates to replicas.

Disadvantage:
No May result in unacceptable no, of failed transactions
Yes
Perform tentative Replicated Updates
transactions on Fail updates
replicated data
Inform the client

39
 4/5/2023

Isolation Only Transactions(10T)

" Strong Consistency can be Isolation Only
"
Without guarantying other
guaranteed Transact
Execution
ions(10T)-cont'
of transaction on
d
client
atomicity and durability. transaction properties such as not Requires
partitioneddata
acces
Requircs paritioncd data
Do
Committed
access
Pending state and waits Jor validathon
Successfulvalidation

Results visible on server

Reintegration of results
sIcoes fiul val1dation
Resolved manually o
aulomatically
Commil on server

4)

Model for Multilevel

" What is Transactions
Multilevel Security Level: Current Multilevel Secure
"Users could only access
data on which they They DBMS
havc sccurity rights implement security level.
No writing down. multi
NowriLing dow
In same
level. session.reading from one level
and writing to a Solution
lower MUSET (Mulli levcl Sccure
Transactions) Projcct

43